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Greenwashing: Wirkungsvolle Ansätze zur Identifikation und Vermeidung (essentials)
by Stefan Nertinger Michael Hans Kraft Ronald Ivancic"Tue Gutes und sprich darüber" – aber wie funktioniert das glaubwürdig? Das essential beleuchtet verschiedene Facetten des Greenwashings, bei denen Aktivitäten irreführend ein höheres Maß an Engagement suggerieren, als tatsächlich vorhanden ist. Ausgehend von der Analyse der Dilemmata der Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation werden Instrumente und Ansätze aufgezeigt, wie diese praxistauglich überwunden werden können. Für Organisationen wird ein Selbstevaluationstool aufgezeigt, auf Basis dessen die richtigen Hebel zur Vermeidung und Schadensprävention von Greenwashing angewandt werden können.
Beyond Houses: Architectural Thinking and Practice for Climate, Disaster and Forced Displacement Crises (The Urban Book Series)
by A. Nuno Martins Carmen Mendoza-Arroyo Liliane Hobeica Jorge León Adib HobeicaThis book delves into the complexities of urban crises, focusing on the efforts of researchers and practitioners who confront precarious housing and forced displacement. Originating from the 8th International Conference on Building Resilience (convened in November 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal), this book examines challenges across diverse contexts and geographies, including Chile, India, Kenya, Mexico, Portugal, and Syria. Structured in three parts, the book's 12 chapters address disaster prevention and recovery, humanitarian architecture, and issues related to housing, migration, and urban forced displacement. The narratives emphasize vulnerabilities, community-driven design, and cross-cultural perspectives, comprehensively reviewing global urban planning, slum upgrading, and incremental housing strategies. The contributions engage readers with practical insights for mitigating urban vulnerability and intellectual analyses that consider the complexities of life amid systemic injustices. Ultimately, the authors suggest integrating architectural practice with social work within communities to address intricate urban housing challenges.
Systems Thinking for Sustainability Education in Business Schools (SpringerBriefs in Complexity)
by Hassan Qudrat-UllahThis book delves into the current state and future prospects of systems thinking and sustainability education within business schools. It meticulously examines the trends and drivers shaping the demand and supply of such education, along with the implications and challenges it presents for various stakeholders and society at large. Strategic recommendations and suggestions are provided to elevate and propel systems thinking and sustainability education in business schools, outlining a visionary roadmap for the future. Furthermore, the book explores the intersectionality of sustainability and diversity in business education, offering examples and cases of visionary and innovative initiatives and projects in the field. Distinguished by special features such as illustrations, the book offers a comprehensive and integrative overview of the current landscape and future trajectories of systems thinking and sustainability education in business schools. The primary benefit for readers lies in gaining a deeper and broader understanding of systems thinking and sustainability education in business schools. It equips them with the knowledge to apply systems thinking and sustainability principles and tools to tackle the complex and wicked problems of the twenty-first century. Additionally, the book aims to inspire and inform business schools and their stakeholders to embrace and enhance systems thinking and sustainability education in their curricula and pedagogy, contributing to the advancement of sustainability and systems thinking in both business and society.
Indian Metallurgy: The Platinum Years (Indian Institute of Metals Series)
by Amol A. Gokhale R. Divakar S. V. S. Narayana Murty S. SrikanthThe book marks the Platinum Jubilee of the Indian Institute of Metals, closely matching independent India's age. It is envisaged as a compilation of technical articles tracing the birth and growth trajectory of metallurgical science, engineering and technology in the nation, attempting a degree of prognostication covering the next quarter of a century. It contains the essence of the metallurgical research and development and industrial progress India has witnessed in the last 75 years. This book comprises technical articles written by industry leaders and eminent technocrats. It includes overviews by distinguished researchers who have strived to build foundations of new metallurgical research and engineering fields. It includes learned writings of persons associated with premier institutions heavily dependent on metallurgy and materials. They have made seminal contributions by nurturing the growth of metallurgical research and industrial production or have made first-hand contributions to building the great organisations we have today. Coinciding with the Platinum Jubilee year of the Indian Institute of Metals, this book brings out the enormous efforts of these individuals representing their organisations to share insights that led to their success as an entity. Similarly, several professionals who significantly contributed to the understanding of metallurgical engineering, have held important positions and steered the national strategic programmes or academically nurtured students in their illustrious careers also share their journey in this book. This book chronicles the significant advances made in the field of metallurgical science, engineering and technology in India, presenting the historical perspective and prospects in the format of a technical volume.
Geodynamics of the Alps 1: Present-Structure and Regional Alpine Studies from Extension to Collision
by Claudio L. Rosenberg Nicolas BellahsenGeodynamics of the Alps consists of three volumes. This first volume describes the recent and present-day structure and tectonic setting of the Alpine chain, from the lithospheric mantle to brittle crust and surface topography. It also provides a historical overview of Alpine research, with two chapters covering specific Alpine regions (Corsica and the Eastern Alps) through all phases of Alpine history. The aim of this book is to create a space for experts on Alpine research to present the state of the art of specific subjects and provide their own interpretations.
Geodynamics of the Alps 2: Pre-collisional Processes
by Claudio L. Rosenberg Nicolas BellahsenGeodynamics of the Alps consists of three volumes. This second volume presents the pre-collisional history of the Alps. It discusses the Variscan orogeny in the Alpine realm, the inferred paleo-geography, the structure and processes affecting continental margins and the mantle structure in the pre-orogenic Alpine realm. It concludes by describing oceanic and continental subduction processes. The aim of this book is to create a space for experts on Alpine research to present the state of the art of specific subjects and provide their own interpretations.
Snow Cover Distribution and Dynamics: The Trans-Himalayan Region of Ladakh, India (Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research)
by Stanzin PassangThis comprehensive book examines a high mountain snow-covered expanse, spanning an investigation period of almost two decades. Leveraging advanced remote sensing and innovative algorithms, it meticulously maps the temporal and spatial dimensions of the snow cover extent of Ladakh, India. Rigorous statistical analyses, terrain examinations, and a groundbreaking snowfall prediction model contribute to a nuanced understanding. Grounded in empirical data, the volume not only enriches the research framework but also serves as a guiding compass for sustainable development amid the challenges of global warming. Seamlessly blending scientific rigour with a passion for discovery, the book invites readers to immerse themselves in a captivating snow-clad terrain, unlocking the secrets of its unique environment. Snow Cover Distribution and Dynamics: The Trans-Himalayan Region of Ladakh, India is divided into five chapters. The book begins with an introduction and a comprehensive overview of the materials and methods used in the study. The focus is on the application of the MODIS NDSI snow mapping algorithm, validated using Landsat images. The research also involves the development of innovative algorithms for the removal of clouds from MODIS data and for forecasting snowfall. The study is further enriched by on-ground measurements and the deployment of terrestrial cameras across diverse topographies for data validation. Chapter 3 presents the results, including observed patterns and trends of the snow cover distribution, and the application of an ARIMA model for future snowfall predictions. The final two chapters discuss the findings in detail, draw conclusions, and provide a future outlook, thereby offering a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Understanding Atmospheric Rivers Using Machine Learning (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Manish Kumar Goyal Shivam SinghThis book delves into the characterization, impacts, drivers, and predictability of atmospheric rivers (AR). It begins with the historical background and mechanisms governing AR formation, giving insights into the global and regional perspectives of ARs, observing their varying manifestations across different geographical contexts. The book explores the key characteristics of ARs, from their frequency and duration to intensity, unraveling the intricate relationship between atmospheric rivers and precipitation. The book also focus on the intersection of ARs with large-scale climate oscillations, such as El Niño and La Niña events, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The chapters help understand how these climate phenomena influence AR behavior, offering a nuanced perspective on climate modeling and prediction. The book also covers artificial intelligence (AI) applications, from pattern recognition to prediction modeling and early warning systems. A case study on AR prediction using deep learning models exemplifies the practical applications of AI in this domain. The book culminates by underscoring the interdisciplinary nature of AR research and the synergy between atmospheric science, climatology, and artificial intelligence
Climate Change and Human Systems: Innovative Adaptation Services as a Soft-Resilience Strategy to Tackle Emerging Risks (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Chiara BernardiniThis book offers a thorough review of studies on climate change and urban adaptation strategies and plans. It takes the moves from the identification of three primary barriers to adaptation, including the uncertainty surrounding climate change and its evolution, the complexity of human systems, and the widespread perception that climate change impacts are improbable. From this analysis arises the idea of the need to adopt a new approach to the climate issue: the soft approach. This approach focuses on the intangible and organizational aspects of systems and is proposed as a valid alternative in contexts of high uncertainty. It complements the structural (hard) option in response to emerging risks. Furthermore, soft solutions have intrinsic characteristics of flexibility, reversibility, adaptability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, making them often low-regret and co-benefit. Based on these principles, the book suggests that a climate-wise reorganization of urban services couldconstitute an effective soft strategy to help cities tackle the impacts of climate change and investigates the potential for Urban Facility Management services to evolve through their integration with climate information. The concept of urban Adaptation services, which integrate knowledge and practices of climate services into urban services management processes, is an innovative perspective which stems from a reading of reality through the lens of specific needs.
Remote Sensing Application II: A Climate Change Perspective in Agriculture (New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives #77)
by Tofael AhamedThis book focuses solely on the issues of agricultural productivity analysis with advanced modeling approaches bringing solutions to food-insecure regions of the world, especially in south and southeast Asia and in Africa. Advanced modeling tools and their use in regional planning provide an outstanding opportunity to help face the challenges of climate change. The sudden effect of flash floods, drought, salinity, and sea water rises causing saltwater intrusions and its impact on agricultural production are some of the disastrous results of climate change. In this edited volume, information on climate-induced impacts for flooding, flash floods, and drought impact on agricultural crops is provided to address possible solutions for food security in south Asia, southeast Asia, and some regions of Africa. Leading-edge research methodology is presented as it relates to remote sensing applications for regional science and allied fields. In regional policy planning, agriculture andforestry play key roles in food security along with environmental conservation and depend on geo-spatial variability. Satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems have an immense potential to encompass all these factors and to catalogue the regional variability of climate change and climate economics. In the satellite remote sensing domain, advanced modeling tools, deep learning applications, and cloud-based earth engines significantly increase the flexibility of decision making and its application for regional perspectives. The result can increase agricultural and forest productivity and ensure its resilience and sustainability. The book’s chapters introduce modeling techniques such as machine learning and fuzzy expert system using satellite remote sensing datasets based on cloud application. These methods assist regional planners to increase crop production, land use, and detection of changes in land cover in order to better understand their vulnerability toclimate-related disaster. Furthermore, remote sensing and in-depth GIS analysis are integrated with machine learning to address natural uncertainties such as flash floods, droughts, and cyclones so that emergency responses for agricultural production management can be adopted more effectively.
Introduction to Multidisciplinary Science with Artificial Intelligence: Geodesy, Geotherms, Quantum Entanglement, and Spectroscopy
by Luc Thomas IkelleThe book is about multidisciplinary science education. The challenges of our time, such as improving the length and quality of lives on Earth and short- and long-distance communication and transportation. In this book, we provide readers with the multidisciplinary education necessary to meet the scientific and technological challenges of our time while optimizing the college experience for students. The fundamental notions addressed in this book include gravitational forces and energy; dark matter and dark energy; heat transfer in solid Earth, stars’ interiors, and human bodies; electromagnetic radiation and spectroscopy; quantum entanglement and computing; accretion disks; matter in plasma state; and exoplanets. We illustrate the importance of these notions with applications across disciplines, including monitoring the deformation of the solid Earth’s surface using satellite measurements, unusual gravity anomalies in Antarctica, a view and characterization of the far side of our Moon, Earth’s climate, Titan’s anti-greenhouse effect, long-distance communication between Earth and the planets and exoplanets, etc. Finally, the book contains analytical and computational problems, including MATLAB software developed especially for the classes associated with this book.Key Features:• Contains multiple analytic and computational (MATLAB) exercises• Explores applications related to space programs' discoveries• Provides an accessible introduction and response to growing Multidisciplinary Science programsDr. Luc Thomas Ikelle is a scientist with Imode Energy. He is also currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Texas A&M University. Previously, he worked at Cray Research Inc. in Minneapolis, developing 3D seismic inversion algorithms for CRAY Y-PM. From 1988 to 1997, he worked as a scientist for Schlumberger Geco-Prakla, Schlumberger Doll Research, and Schlumberger Cambridge Research. From 1997 to 2014, Dr. Ikelle was Robert R. Berg Professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Texas A&M University. He earned a Ph.D. in geophysics and geochemistry from Paris 7 University in France. He received Le Prix de Thesis du CNRS in 1986 for his Ph.D. thesis, an SEG award in 2010 for his contribution to the creation of Geoscientists Without Borders, and a Texas AM University award as an outstanding scientist in 2012. He is a cofounder of Geoscientists Without Borders and of Imode Energy Research, and a member of SEG, AGU, and APS. Dr. Ikelle has worked as a DOE (US Department of Energy) special employer from 2005 to 2012 and was a member of Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee (an advisory committee to the Secretary of Energy) from 2005 to 2012.
Introduction to Multidisciplinary Science with Artificial Intelligence: Geodesy, Geotherms, Quantum Entanglement, and Spectroscopy
by Luc Thomas IkelleThe book is about multidisciplinary science education. The challenges of our time, such as improving the length and quality of lives on Earth and short- and long-distance communication and transportation. In this book, we provide readers with the multidisciplinary education necessary to meet the scientific and technological challenges of our time while optimizing the college experience for students. The fundamental notions addressed in this book include gravitational forces and energy; dark matter and dark energy; heat transfer in solid Earth, stars’ interiors, and human bodies; electromagnetic radiation and spectroscopy; quantum entanglement and computing; accretion disks; matter in plasma state; and exoplanets. We illustrate the importance of these notions with applications across disciplines, including monitoring the deformation of the solid Earth’s surface using satellite measurements, unusual gravity anomalies in Antarctica, a view and characterization of the far side of our Moon, Earth’s climate, Titan’s anti-greenhouse effect, long-distance communication between Earth and the planets and exoplanets, etc. Finally, the book contains analytical and computational problems, including MATLAB software developed especially for the classes associated with this book.Key Features:• Contains multiple analytic and computational (MATLAB) exercises• Explores applications related to space programs' discoveries• Provides an accessible introduction and response to growing Multidisciplinary Science programsDr. Luc Thomas Ikelle is a scientist with Imode Energy. He is also currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Texas A&M University. Previously, he worked at Cray Research Inc. in Minneapolis, developing 3D seismic inversion algorithms for CRAY Y-PM. From 1988 to 1997, he worked as a scientist for Schlumberger Geco-Prakla, Schlumberger Doll Research, and Schlumberger Cambridge Research. From 1997 to 2014, Dr. Ikelle was Robert R. Berg Professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Texas A&M University. He earned a Ph.D. in geophysics and geochemistry from Paris 7 University in France. He received Le Prix de Thesis du CNRS in 1986 for his Ph.D. thesis, an SEG award in 2010 for his contribution to the creation of Geoscientists Without Borders, and a Texas AM University award as an outstanding scientist in 2012. He is a cofounder of Geoscientists Without Borders and of Imode Energy Research, and a member of SEG, AGU, and APS. Dr. Ikelle has worked as a DOE (US Department of Energy) special employer from 2005 to 2012 and was a member of Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee (an advisory committee to the Secretary of Energy) from 2005 to 2012.
Ordinary Differential Equations with Applications (Texts in Applied Mathematics #34)
by Carmen ChiconeThis book, developed during 20 years of the author teaching differential equations courses at his home university, is designed to serve as a text for a graduate level course focused on the central theory of the subject with attention paid to applications and connections to other advanced topics in mathematics. Core theory includes local existence and uniqueness, the phase plane, Poincaré-Bendixson theory, Lyapunov and linearized stability, linear systems, Floquet theory, the Grobman–Hartman theorem, persistence of rest points and periodic orbits, the stable and center manifold theorems, and bifurcation theory. This edition includes expanded treatment of deterministic chaos, perturbation theory for periodic solutions, boundary value problems, optimization, and a wide range of their applications. In addition, it contains a formulation and new proof of a theorem on instability of rest points in the presence of an eigenvalue with positive real part, and new proofs of differential inequalities and Lyapunov’s center theorem. New sections present discussions of global bifurcation, the Crandall–Rabinowitz theorem, and Alekseev’s formula. Of particular note is a new chapter on basic control theory, a discussion of optimal control, and a proof of a useful special case of the maximum principle. A key feature of earlier editions, a wide selection of original exercises, is respected in this edition with the inclusion of a wealth of new exercises. Reviews of the first edition:“As an applied mathematics text on linear and nonlinear equations, the book by Chicone is written with stimulating enthusiasm. It will certainly appeal to many students and researchers.”—F. Verhulst, SIAM Review “The author writes lucidly and in an engaging conversational style. His book is wide-ranging in its subject matter, thorough in its presentation, and written at a generally high level of generality, detail, and rigor.”—D. S. Shafer, Mathematical Reviews
Pavement, Roadway, and Bridge Life Cycle Assessment 2024: ISPRB LCA (RILEM Bookseries #51)
by John Harvey Imad L. Al-Qadi Hasan Ozer Gerardo W. Flintsch Eugene A. Amarh Davide Lo PrestiThis book highlights the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of LCA in pavements, bridges, and roadways, as presented by leading international researchers at the 6th International Symposium on Pavement, Roadway, and Bridge Life Cycle Assessment (ISPRB LCA2024), held in Arlington, VA, USA, on June 6–8, 2024. It covers a diverse range of topics concerning assessment of environmental impacts of pavements, bridges, and roadways, including environmental product declarations (EPDs) and use of life cycle assessment (LCA) in design, data, and case studies: LCA methodologies for transportation infrastructure, durability and service life assessments, maintenance strategies to enhance performance and minimize environmental impacts, evaluating the environmental impacts of materials and construction, recycling and reuse of materials, carbonation of concrete, pavement vehicle interaction, life cycle thinking in climate change planning, and climate change mitigation. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.
Sustainable Management of Mining Waste and Tailings: A Circular Economy Approach
Integrating waste management, environmental sustainability, and economic development is a prime milestone in the circular economy. Critical metals recovery from mining tailings and secondary resources has significant potential, with widespread applications in high-tech industries that are critical to modern society and sustainable development. This book discusses technological advances for managing industrial and mining waste through circular economy approaches and successful critical metal recovery from secondary resources. It highlights how reprocessing of mine waste and tailings results in development of critical raw materials that significantly reduce the mining burden and ensure the lucrative use of waste materials.Features: Describes advances in remediation and valorization technologies for mining wastes Details biotechnological methods, cutting edge research, and applications Covers use of waste mining resources for economic growth and novel opportunities Discusses IR4.0 and machine learning methods Includes reports and case studies on mining waste in value-added products and recovery of strategically important critical minerals This book will be of value to researchers and advanced students working in the mining, chemical and environmental engineering, and renewable energy sectors.
The Management of Forests (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by F. C. OsmastonOriginally published in 1968, this book discusses the principles and methods on which forest management has been founded in the past and how these principles and methods still apply or are affected by modern management skills, changing demands, social habits and resources. The book is concerned mainly with the technical aspects of forestry and the classic foundations of management. To a lesser degree it deals with commercial efficiency, labour relations and the implications of these. The historical chapter shows the tends in the development of forestry, particularly in Europe.
Stoves and Trees: How Much Wood Would a Woodstove Save If a Woodstove Could Save Wood? (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by Lloyd Timberlake Gerald Foley Patricia MossOriginally published in 1984, Stoves and Trees asks whether better stoves really help the two billion people in the developing world who rely on wood and charcoal for cooking and heating their homes. It also asks if improved stoves actually save fuel and if they can help slow down tropical deforestation. The book not only examines newer stoves but also ascertains how people buy, collect and use wood in the developing world. It finds that most forests are cleared for timber or farmland not fuelwood and explains why stoves which show 50% energy savings in European laboratories often save little or none in village homes.
Charcoal Making in Developing Countries (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by Gerald FoleyOriginally published in 1986, this book provides a detailed examination of programmes to introduce improved charcoal making techniques throughout the developing world. Charcoal making is widely regarded as an extremely wasteful use of scarce wood resources. The book includes a section on the physics and chemistry of charcoal and descriptions of the various traditional methods of charcoal making. Patterns of charcoal supply and distribution are analysed and efforts to introduce improved charcoal making techniques are described and evaluated.
The Forest Frontier: Settlement and Change in Brazilian Roraima (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by Peter A. FurleyOriginally published in 1994, this book analysed land developments, deforestation and pasture substitution, colonisation schemes and spontaneous settlement during the latter part of the 20th Century. In so doing, The Forest Frontier presents an overview of the intrinsic environmental and socio-economic resources of the Roraima, the most northerly of the Brazilian Amazon states. Roraima is of special environmental interest because of its extensive savannas and varied forests – the home of some of the largest and most diverse groups of indigenous Indians. This critical assessment of the nature and pace of agricultural advance into Roraima examines the range of strategies which have been proposed to cope with the inevitable development. With the conflict between preserving the natural environment and development still major issues for Brazil, this book remains as relevant now as when it was first published.
Farm and Comunity Forestry (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by Gerald Foley Geoffrey BarnardIn 1984, when this book was originally published the need to take forestry outside the forests and involve local people in tree growing was widely recognised. Projects to encourage farm and community forestry were launched in over 50 developing countries. This book describes the main approaches which were taken, discussing their scope and limitation. It examines the reasons why people plant trees, and the constraints which prevent them from doing so. It analyses supply and demand systems for wood, and the underlying forces causing tree depletion. Key aspects of programme design and implementation are also covered, including technical problems, the role of extension services and programme planning requirements.
The Management of Forests (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by F. C. OsmastonOriginally published in 1968, this book discusses the principles and methods on which forest management has been founded in the past and how these principles and methods still apply or are affected by modern management skills, changing demands, social habits and resources. The book is concerned mainly with the technical aspects of forestry and the classic foundations of management. To a lesser degree it deals with commercial efficiency, labour relations and the implications of these. The historical chapter shows the tends in the development of forestry, particularly in Europe.
Planned Management of Forests (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by N. V. BrasnettOriginally published in 1953, this book was compiled to provide students of forestry with a simple outline of what the management of forests involves, and of the way in which forestry operations are organized and controlled. Topics discussed and explained include economic considerations, stock mapping, topography, climate, soils, form and distribution of crops, scientific forestry, destruction of forests, regulation by volume, area and size and forest protection.
Planned Management of Forests (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by N. V. BrasnettOriginally published in 1953, this book was compiled to provide students of forestry with a simple outline of what the management of forests involves, and of the way in which forestry operations are organized and controlled. Topics discussed and explained include economic considerations, stock mapping, topography, climate, soils, form and distribution of crops, scientific forestry, destruction of forests, regulation by volume, area and size and forest protection.
Stoves and Trees: How Much Wood Would a Woodstove Save If a Woodstove Could Save Wood? (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by Lloyd Timberlake Gerald Foley Patricia MossOriginally published in 1984, Stoves and Trees asks whether better stoves really help the two billion people in the developing world who rely on wood and charcoal for cooking and heating their homes. It also asks if improved stoves actually save fuel and if they can help slow down tropical deforestation. The book not only examines newer stoves but also ascertains how people buy, collect and use wood in the developing world. It finds that most forests are cleared for timber or farmland not fuelwood and explains why stoves which show 50% energy savings in European laboratories often save little or none in village homes.
Farm and Comunity Forestry (Routledge Library Editions: Forestry)
by Gerald Foley Geoffrey BarnardIn 1984, when this book was originally published the need to take forestry outside the forests and involve local people in tree growing was widely recognised. Projects to encourage farm and community forestry were launched in over 50 developing countries. This book describes the main approaches which were taken, discussing their scope and limitation. It examines the reasons why people plant trees, and the constraints which prevent them from doing so. It analyses supply and demand systems for wood, and the underlying forces causing tree depletion. Key aspects of programme design and implementation are also covered, including technical problems, the role of extension services and programme planning requirements.