- Table View
- List View
Everyday Youth Literacies: Critical Perspectives for New Times (Cultural Studies and Transdisciplinarity in Education #1)
by Kathy Sanford Theresa Rogers Maureen KendrickTestifying to the maturity of the youth literacy education field, this collection of papers displays the increasing sophistication of research on the subject, and at the same time offers pointers to its potential for development in the next decade. The contributors track the rapid proliferation of youth literacies in today’s digital age, from video games to social media and film production. Drawing on detailed research and an intimate knowledge of youth communities in nations as diverse as Canada and Uganda, they provide notable examples of digital literacies in situ, and challenge conventional wisdom about literacy education.The chapters do more, however, than merely offer reportage of a crisis in literacy education. The authors embrace the core challenge faced by educators everywhere: how to incorporate and utilize new modes of literacy in education, and how to realize the potential benefits of heterogeneous modern media in youth literacy education, especially in marginalized, remote, and disadvantaged communities. This volume expands our view of digital communications technologies and digital literacies to include complex understandings of how media such as translated videos can serve as learning tools for youths whose access to literacy education is limited. In particular, a number of contributing scholars provide important new information about the praxis of teachers and the literacies adopted by young people in Africa, a continent largely neglected by literacy researchers. This book’s global perspective, and its ground-level viewpoint of youth literacy practices in a variety of locations, problematizes normative assumptions about researching literacy as well as about literacy itself.
Childhood, Philosophy and Open Society: Implications for Education in Confucian Heritage Cultures (Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects #22)
by Chi-Ming LamThe purpose of this book is to develop a theory and practice of education from Karl Popper’s non-justificationist philosophy for promoting an open society. Specifically, the book is designed to develop an educational programme for fostering critical thinking in children, particularly when they are involved in group discussion.The study conducted an experiment to assess the effectiveness of Matthew Lipman’s Philosophy for Children (P4C) programme in promoting Hong Long (Chinese) children’s critical thinking. Forty-two Secondary 1 students volunteered for the experiment, from whom 28 students were randomly selected and randomly assigned to two groups of 14 each: one receiving P4C lessons and the other receiving English lessons. The students who were taught P4C were found to perform better in the reasoning test than those who were not, to be capable of discussing philosophical problems in a competent way, and to have a very positive attitude towards doing philosophy in the classroom. It was also found that P4C played a major role in developing the students’ critical thinking.Considering that the construction of children by adults as incompetent in the sense of lacking reason, maturity, or independence reinforces the traditional structure of adult authority over children in society, it runs counter to the goal of fostering critical thinking in children. As a way to return justice to childhood and to effectively promote critical thinking in children, the present study suggested reconstructing the concept of childhood, highlighting the importance of establishing a coherent public policy on promotion of agency in children and also the importance of empowering them to participate actively in research, legal, and educational institutions.
Korean Education in Changing Economic and Demographic Contexts (Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects #23)
by Hyunjoon Park Kyung-Keun KimThis edited volume offers a comprehensive survey of Korean education in transition. Divided into three parts, the book first assesses the current state of Korean education. It examines how the educational system handles the effects of family background and gender in helping students smoothly transition from school to the labor market. Next, the book introduces growing concerns over whether the traditional model of Korean education can adequately meet the demands of the emerging knowledge-based economy. It examines features of new reform measures that have been introduced to help Korean education prepare students for the new economy. The third part discusses how an influx of diverse migrant groups, including marriage migrants, migrant workers, and North Korean migrants, and the rising divorce rate — two major demographic changes— challenge the fundamental assumption of cultural homogeneity that has long been a part of Korean education. This detailed analysis of a society and educational system in transition will appeal to a wide range of readers, from those involved with Korean education to educators and administrators in countries currently looking for ways to handle their own economic and demographic changes.
Literacy and Language in East Asia: Shifting Meanings, Values and Approaches (Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects #24)
by Marilyn Kell Peter KellThis book critically explores why some Asian nations are on top of the world in students’ achievement tests in reading and literacy, yet governments and industry in these nations are anxious about a crisis in education. Why are governments anxious about the capabilities and skills of school and university graduates in a global economy when there is a Asian economic boom? The authors explore questions about how the Asian countries value test-based examination curriculum and its influence on the practices of teaching learning and the lives of young people in Asia. The authors describe the challenge of change for East Asian nations to develop more relevant approaches to literacy and language and more inclusive societies focussed on the needs of young people and not exam results.
Global Teachers, Australian Perspectives: Goodbye Mr Chips, Hello Ms Banerjee
by Carol Reid Jock Collins Michael SinghThis is the first book on global teachers and the increasingly important phenomenon of ‘brain circulation’ in the global teaching profession. A teaching qualification is a passport to an international professional career: the global teacher is found in more and more classrooms around the world today. It is a two-way movement. This book looks at the growing importance of immigrant teachers in western countries today and at teachers who exit from western countries (emigrant teachers) seeking teaching experience in other countries. Drawing on the international literature in Europe, North America, Asia and elsewhere supplemented by rich insights derived from recent Australian research, the book outlines the personal, institutional and structural processes nationally and internationally underlying the increasing global circulation of teachers. It identifies the key drivers of global teacher mobility: a range of factors including family, lifestyle, classroom experience, travel, opportunities for advancement, discipline, linguistic skills, taxation rates, cultural factors and institutional frameworks and policy support. The book is the first detailed contemporary account of the experiences of Australian immigrant and emigrant teachers in the schools and communities where they teach and live. It makes an important and original theoretical and empirical contribution to the contemporary fields of sociology of education and immigration studies.
Globalization and the Singapore Curriculum: From Policy to Classroom (Education Innovation Series)
by Zongyi Deng, S Gopinathan and Christine Kim-Eng LeeThis volume provides a multi-faceted and critical analysis of the Singapore curriculum in relation to globalization. First, it details reform initiatives established by the Singapore government to meet the challenges posed by globalization. Next, Globalization and the Singapore Curriculum presents how these reforms have been translated into programs, school subjects and operational frameworks and then examines, in turn, how well these have been implemented in schools and classrooms across the country.Through this examination, the book reveals how the initiatives, together with their curricular translation and classroom enactment, reflect on the one hand global features and tendencies and, on the other, distinct national traditions, concerns and practices. It brings to light a set of issues, problems and challenges that not only concern policymakers, educators and reformers in Singapore but also those in other countries as well. Written by curriculum scholars, policy analysts, researchers and teacher educators, Globalization and the Singapore Curriculum offers an up-to-date reference for postgraduate students, scholars and researchers in the areas of curriculum and instruction, comparative education, educational sociology, educational policy and leadership in Singapore, the Asia Pacific region and beyond. It also offers a vital contribution to the story of modern education around the globe: providing international students, scholars and researchers valuable insights into curriculum and curriculum reform for the 21st century.
Academic Migration, Discipline Knowledge and Pedagogical Practice: Voices from the Asia-Pacific
by Colina Mason Felicity Rawlings-SanaeiThis volume makes a distinctive and innovative contribution to the globalisation of higher education literature by highlighting the myriad benefits of academic migration. Sixteen academic migrants across the Asia-Pacific region reflect on their experiences and wisdom gained across geographical, cultural and disciplinary domains. Each one provides an authentic account of ways in which their experiences and insights have benefited their host institutions and enhanced their pedagogical practice. The groundbreaking volume calls for a shift in academic culture – one in which academic migrants are respected for their cultural, social and intellectual resources, their enhanced interpretive ability and their capacity to view the world through multiple lenses. Are these not the characteristics of educators which universities seek in their efforts to internationalise their institutions and develop in their students an understanding of global citizenship? The volume forges new territory in articulating the relationship between academic migrants, conceptual understanding and the construction of knowledge.The following themes are addressed in this book: Migration of Ideas, Conceptual Understanding and Pedagogical EnrichmentIndigenous Pedagogies and Bridging WorldviewsChanging Academic Identities and Reshaping PedagogiesTeaching Practice and the Academic Diaspora.
Implementing Cross-Culture Pedagogies: Cooperative Learning at Confucian Heritage Cultures (Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects #25)
by Pham Thi ThanhDuring the last two decades Confucian heritage culture countries have widely promoted teaching and learning reforms to advance their educational systems. To skip the painfully long research stage, Confucian heritage culture educators have borrowed Western philosophies and practices with the assumption that what has been done successfully in the West will produce similar outcomes in the East. The wide importation of cooperative learning practices to Confucian heritage culture classrooms recently is an example. However, cooperative learning has been documented in many studies not to work effectively in Confucian heritage culture classrooms. The reason is that the educators often impose this instructional method on the students without a careful consideration of its appropriateness in the socio-cultural context of Confucian heritage culture countries. This procedure is not effective and professional because learning does not stand alone. Rather, it is shaped and influenced by other factors including teaching methods, learning tasks, assessment demands, workload and the learning culture of students in the local context. For cooperative learning to work effectively in Confucian heritage culture classrooms, reformers need to consider the importation of this approach in line with a careful examination of all supports and constraints that affect those factors that are associated with learning. The volume provides an applied theoretical framework and culturally appropriate and practical instructions that could assist Confucian heritage culture educators and teachers to address various factors at multiple levels in order to optimize success in importing cooperative learning to their classrooms. Overall, it provides strategies to assist Confucian heritage culture teachers to change their teaching practices, redesign lessons plans, design assessment methods, and organize learning activities in a manner that can influence Confucian heritage culture students to shift from employing teacher-centered learning approaches to cooperative learning.
Educational Policy Innovations: Levelling Up and Sustaining Educational Achievement (Education Innovation Series)
by Sing Kong Lee Wing On Lee Ee Ling LowThis volume presents how high performing education systems over the world are constantly innovating their educational policies to nurture their citizens for the challenges of the future economy and the anticipation of the unknown. This volume includes a state-of-the-art review of the literature in this field, several commissioned focal chapters focusing on the distinctive case of Singapore and internationally commissioned chapters of several other accomplished education systems around the world. A comparative study of Singapore against other high performing education systems is included to provide greater insights to the possible applications to other education systems.
Adaptivity as a Transformative Disposition: for Learning in the 21st Century (Education Innovation Series)
by David Hung Kenneth Y. T. Lim Shu-Shing LeeThis volume introduces the concept of ‘adaptivity’ as occurring when, say, individuals cross boundaries. Through illustrations from both formal and informal learning, the book seeks to provide learning designs and frameworks for adaptivity. This book is unique as it ties together: a) social-individual dialectics; and b) adaptive learning as it relates to creativity and imagination. It highlights case studies from social / new media contexts, school learning milieux, and formal and informal situations. It approaches adaptive learning from the perspectives of students, teachers, school leaders, and participants in social media and other digitally mediated environments. The book is a valuable resource for practitioners and academics who are interested in adaptivity as a learning disposition.
Trends and Applications of Serious Gaming and Social Media (Gaming Media and Social Effects)
by Youngkyun Baek Ryan Ko Tim MarshThis book highlights the challenges and potential of educational learning or industry-based training using serious games and social media platforms. In particular, the book addresses applications used in businesses and education-related organizations in Asia, where the framework and experience of serious games have been used to address specific problems in the real world. The topics that will be present in this book includes future of serious games and immersive technologies and their impact on society; online and mobile games; achievement systems in serious games; persuasive technology and games for saving and money management; malware analytics for social networking; serious games for mental health interventions; educational implications of social network games; learning and acquiring subject knowledge using serious games in classrooms. The target audience for this book includes scientists, engineers and practitioners involved in the field of Serious Games. The major part of this book comprises of papers that have been presented at the Serious Games and Social Connect 2012 conference held in Singapore (October 4, 2012). All the contributions have been peer reviewed and by scientific committee members with report about quality, content and originality.
The Challenge of Reframing Engineering Education
by Dennis SaleThe Challenge of Reframing Engineering Education is the first book to document the experience of implementing the CDIO Engineering Educational Framework in a large educational institution in the Asian context. It focuses on how to successfully implement and manage the key stages, activities and inevitable challenges that have to be negotiated in any large scale curriculum innovation. Its main purpose is to provide a practical resource for curriculum innovators and practitioners on what needs to be done, how and on what basis. It is written in a more narrative style than is typical of the genre, engaging the reader more intimately with the actual decision making processes and rationale that underpins curriculum innovation in the real context of institutional life. The book also encompasses many innovative practices for supporting student learning which are relevant in all mainstream educational contexts. These include an evidence-based learning approach for creative teaching, an explicit model for developing good thinking and a design framework for producing effective and efficient blended learning.
Simulations, Serious Games and Their Applications (Gaming Media and Social Effects)
by Yiyu Cai Sui Lin GoeiThis book presents the state of the art technology in Serious Games which is driven extensive by applications and research in simulation. The topics in this book include: (1) Fashion simulation; (2) Chinese calligraphy ink diffusion simulation; (3) Rehabilitation (4) Long vehicle turning simulation; (5) Marine traffic conflict control; (6) CNC simulation; (7) Special needs education. The book also addresses the fundamental issues in Simulation and Serious Games such as rapid collision detection, game engines or game development platforms. The target audience for this book includes scientists, engineers and practitioners involved in the field of Serious Games and Simulation. The major part of this book comprises of papers presented at the 2012 Asia-Europe Workshop on Serious Games and Simulation held in Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (May 9, 2012). All the contributions have been peer reviewed and by scientific committee members with report about quality, content and originality.
University Rankings: Implications for Higher Education in Taiwan
by William Yat LoThis book adopts a qualitative case study approach to provide the readers with a systematic delineation and interpretation of the implications of the university ranking phenomenon for Taiwan’s higher education system. It reviews the literature on different theories concerning the global transformation of higher education and presents basic information on higher education in Taiwan. The author develops a four-dimensional framework for the analysis of the ranking phenomenon in the island-state. First, the technological/ecological dimension aims to look into how the rankings have impacted Taiwan’s higher education based on empirical findings from five Taiwanese public universities. Next, the technological/geographical dimension examines how Taiwan can use rankings to promote its interests in global higher education. The two conceptual dimensions focus on the relationship between the rankings and power in higher education. They show how the phenomenon can be read and explained through theoretical lenses from ecological and geographical perspectives. From an ecological perspective, the empirical evidence suggests that the influence of rankings varies throughout the academic hierarchy in Taiwan. The theoretical analysis then illustrates the relationship between the ranking phenomenon and the power structure in academic hierarchy. Geographically, while the empirical analysis is based on data from Taiwan, the theoretical analysis offers essential insights that help readers to understand the changing global landscape of higher education and its implications in East Asia.
Changing Practices, Changing Education
by Stephen Kemmis Jane Wilkinson Christine Edwards-Groves Ian Hardy Peter Grootenboer Laurette BristolThis book aims to help teachers and those who support them to re-imagine the work of teaching, learning and leading. In particular, it shows how transformations of educational practice depend on complementary transformations in classroom-school- and system-level organisational cultures, resourcing and politics. It argues that transforming education requires more than professional development to transform teachers; it also calls for fundamental changes in learning and leading practices, which in turn means reshaping organisations that support teachers and teaching – organisational cultures, the resources organisations provide and distribute, and the relationships that connect people with one another in organisations. The book is based on findings from new research being conducted by the authors – the research team for the (2010-2012) Australian Research Council-funded Discovery Project Leading and Learning: Developing Ecologies of Educational Practice.
Contextualized Practices in Arts Education: An International Dialogue on Singapore (Education Innovation Series)
by Chee-Hoo LumThis edited book not only makes a much-needed contribution to research in arts education but also provides a strong grounding of evidential support for Singapore arts education, in contrast to the current state of affairs in arts education in many parts of the world where severe cuts in funding, lackluster support for the arts and imperialist agendas are pervasive. The case of and for Singapore – presented in this edited book through rich descriptions of the dedicated, contextualized practices of arts educators, artists and researchers – offers readers many valuable lessons and reflections on the continued survival and advancement of arts education.
Workforce Development: Perspectives and Issues
by Roger Harris Tom ShortThis book captures the essence of current workforce development perspectives and draws on extensive global research to uncover a range of issues confronting organisations. Taking primarily an Australian outlook after the global financial crisis and tracing the progress of a national industry sector, each chapter delves into a major area of interest for leaders. Overall, the authors make the case that workforce development is an amalgam of activities influenced by context, politics and economic development.As the world becomes increasingly connected and mobile, workforce development is proving to be a major activity for organisations because it impacts their longer-term survival and growth. To stay ahead, successful organisations focus on attracting, building, engaging and retaining talented people. However, in a financially turbulent era where strategy changes quickly, workforce development must not only plan and build the capabilities of people at work, but also contribute to making employment more socially sustainable for a better world.This book provides a thought-provoking collection of scholarly work for business leaders, human resource practitioners and academics working in adult education, business, psychology and social science disciplines. At the same time, it adopts an accessible style for students and others who want to know more about the development of people at work.
The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research
by Stephen Kemmis Rhonda Nixon Robin McTaggartA fully-updated and reworked version of the classic book by Stephen Kemmis and Robin McTaggart, now joined by Rhonda Nixon, The Action Research Planner is a detailed guide to developing and conducting a critical participatory action research project. The authors outline new views on ‘participation’ (based on Jürgen Habermas’s notion of a ‘public sphere’), ‘practice’ (as shaped by practice architectures), and ‘research’ (as research within practice traditions). They provide five extended examples of critical participatory action research studies. The book includes a range of resources for people planning a critical participatory research initiative, providing guidance on how to establish an action research group and identify a shared concern, research ethics, principles of procedure for action researchers, protocols for collaborative work, keeping a journal, gathering evidence, reporting, and choosing academic partners. Unlike earlier editions, The Action Research Planner focuses specifically on critical participatory action research, which occupies a particular (critical) niche in the action research 'family'. The Action Research Planner is an essential guide to planning and undertaking this type of research.
Engaging University Students: International Insights from System-Wide Studies
by Hamish Coates Alexander C. McCormickThis book provides university teachers, leaders and policymakers with evidence on how researchers in several countries are monitoring and improving student engagement—the extent to which students are exposed to and participate in effective educational practices. It captures insights from international implementations of the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), developed in the United States. In the last half decade NSSE has been adapted and used in several other countries, producing the largest international collaboration yet involving educationally relevant data on students’ engagement in higher education. Leaders of established national collaborations draw on their experiences with hundreds of institutions to contribute their insights. Framed by their cultural and educational contexts, they discuss issues concerning first-year learners, international students, part-time and distance learners, as well as teaching and leadership in support of student learning. Each chapter outlines strategies based on national case studies and presents perspectives supported by concrete examples of how these have played out in diverse settings. The book suggests mechanisms that can be used by institutions, ministries and quality agencies around the world.
Inquiry into the Singapore Science Classroom: Research and Practices (Education Innovation Series)
by Aik-Ling Tan Chew-Leng Poon Shirley S.L. LimThis book offers an insight into the research and practices of science teaching and learning in the Singapore classroom, with particular attention paid to how they map on to science as inquiry. It provides a spectrum of Singapore’s science educational practices through all levels of its education system, detailing both successes and shortcomings.The book features a collection of research and discourse by science educators in Singapore, organized around four themes that are essential components of approaching science as inquiry: teachers’ ideas and their practices, opportunities and constraints from a systemic level, students’ competencies and readiness to learn through inquiry and the need for greater awareness of the role of informal learning avenues in science education. In addition, the discourse within each theme is enriched by commentary from a leading international academic, which helps to consolidate ideas as well as position the issues within a wider theoretical and international context.Overall, the papers set out important contexts for readers to understand the current state of science education in Singapore. They also highlight strengths and gaps in practices of science as inquiry as well as provide suggestions about how the system can be improved. These research findings are therefore helpful as they provide honest and evidence-based feedback as well as tangible and doable ideas that policy makers, teachers, students and school administrators can adopt, adapt and enhance.
Measuring Quality of Undergraduate Education in Japan: Comparative Perspective in a Knowledge Based Society
by Reiko YamadaThis book explores how the global trend of quality assurance in higher education is related to the boom of measuring learning outcomes in Japan. It also presents a comparative study in higher education policy between Japan and the US, examining how both countries have reacted to the demands of globalization. This comparative view will help readers understand the present issues Japanese higher education faces and grasp the commonalties and differences between American and Japanese higher education.The book first explores the forces of globalization that have resulted in Japanese universities emphasizing student learning outcomes. Next, it examines how Japanese higher education has learned from the experience of the U.S., whose higher education reform has been regarded as a model for Japan. The book explains why quality assurance for teaching and learning has become important for all Japanese higher education institutions.Higher Education on a global basis is now facing a great issue. In order to help students in a competitive global market, universities need to become more teaching-and-learning-centered and develop more internationalized curricula. This book provides comparative views for cultural and structural similarities and differences in higher education in two countries which could explain significant differences in the gains students make in college. It will help readers understand not only how student learning outcomes can be measured, but why universities throughout the world must continually strive to become world-class institutions.
Journeys of Women Leaders Pushing Boundaries in Asia and Healthcare
by Marion Neubronner Anh Bourcet NguyenThis book brings together a collective of Women Leaders in Healthcare to share their real-life leadership journey in the Asian continent, from a personal angle (heart) and grounded on science (data). They are connected by a strong passion to help improve patient lives and advance women’s leadership in this dynamic, emerging region of Asia, still swaying between tradition and modernity. This is not an academic book but a compendium of inspirational stories meant to provide authentic and pragmatic guidance for women who want to advance their careers in healthcare in Asia, to reduce gender inequality and give a new meaning to the leadership of tomorrow, truly inclusive and diverse.Beyond gender, aspiring leaders can find inspiration from this compendium to succeed in the Asia context, from Japan to India, South East Asia and the Middle East. Although the challenges shared were experienced by the women-authors from diverse backgrounds and leadership, women and men alike can relate to many of the topics covered in the book. The resulting reflections can help the readers more efficiently climb the corporate ladder and become better leaders, to shape a more equitable future. This book provides insights for organizations in their diversity, equity and inclusion endeavors, to develop policies that foster talents in Asia and provide better support to women in leadership positions. It is also a useful read for students and researchers of leadership and gender studies.
Envisioning the Future of Education Through Design (Lecture Notes in Educational Technology)
by Ronghuai Huang Dejian Liu Michael Agyemang Adarkwah Huanhuan Wang Boulus ShehataThis book identifies the educational problems and issues that could be solved by design and discusses how to overcome these challenges by adopting a design thinking approach. The chapters cover topics such as opportunities and challenges for the futures of education, the emerging models of design thinking for education, learning activity design, educational design for learning with special needs, designing learning spaces of the future, designing the classroom of the future, the design of authentic learning, and design of elderly education. It aims to assist educators and various stakeholders (e.g., administrators, practitioners, researchers, teachers, and students) in the educational field to realize the importance of design in education and enables them to use design and design thinking to overcome the educational challenges to achieve sustainable development.
New Pathways of Rural Education in China: Dynamic Changes of Small Schools (Research in Chinese Education)
by Jialing HanThis book summarizes and explores the development model and path of rural education in China, while also describing how small-scale schools can replicate this low-cost local experience. As the “nerve endings” of Chinese education system, rural small-scale schools have unique important values in guaranteeing equity in education and serving the compulsory education in rural areas. This book presents ten vivid stories of the transforming path of rural small-scale schools in China. It shows how the rural small-scale schools acted according to circumstances to enhance education quality, how they broke through the difficult situation and improved, and how they achieved the status of ‘small and beautiful’ and ‘small and good’. It explores a new path for rural education reform and aims to provide some inspirations on rural and urban education development.
Queer Thriving in Catholic Education: Going Beyond the Pastoral Paradigm for LGBTQ+ Inclusion
by Sean Whittle Seán HenryThis book provides readers with the opportunity to go beyond anecdote and supposition in order to get a fuller grasp of research around Catholic education and LGBTQ+ matters. This is an edited collection of chapters which explores LGBTQ+ matters in relation to Catholic education. Although the field of Catholic Education Studies has grown exponentially over the past two decades, little if any attention has been published specifically about the place of LGBTQ+ students (and teachers) in the context of Catholic education. This edited book presents the various strands of research about Catholic education and LGBTQ+ inclusion. More specifically, this edited book of chapters addresses a number of broader themes including:• Is it possible for Catholic education to sit in harmony with the concerns of LGBTQ+ inclusive education?• What does it mean to ‘queer’ education at all? How does this sit in relation to Catholic perspectives on the purpose of Catholic education?• When it comes to LGBTQ+ issues in relation to Catholic education, what is the research agenda?• How might Catholic schools move beyond a ‘pastoral accommodation’ approach to LGBTQ+ students?• What does the evidence from research in Catholic schools indicate? Are they places of inclusion, hospitality, and welcome for LGBTQ+ young people?