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Dreams in Chinese Fiction: Spiritism, Aestheticism, and Nationalism (Routledge Focus on Literature)
by Johannes D. KaminskiThis book considers the contemporary political formula of the “Chinese Dream” in the light of the treatment of dreams in Chinese literary history since antiquity. Sinic literary and philosophical texts document an extensive spectrum of dream possibilities: starting with Zhuangzi’s eminent butterfly dream, an early example of the inversion of the dreamer’s reality, through to confusing visions of the spiritual realm. In classical dramas, novels, and ghost stories, dreams see the earthly realm enter into conflict with higher realms of existence. They indulge the dreamer’s quest for sensual pleasures, but then spiritual beings relentlessly harvest the dreamers’ life energy. Dreams promise spiritual enlightenment – only to abandon the dreamer in a state of utter confusion. In the early twentieth century, traditional dream knowledge is abandoned in favour or Freudian episodes of sexual repression. In this context, the collective national dream emerges as an unexpected vehicle of the pained individual’s hope for national rejuvenation.
Dreams in Chinese Fiction: Spiritism, Aestheticism, and Nationalism (Routledge Focus on Literature)
by Johannes D. KaminskiThis book considers the contemporary political formula of the “Chinese Dream” in the light of the treatment of dreams in Chinese literary history since antiquity. Sinic literary and philosophical texts document an extensive spectrum of dream possibilities: starting with Zhuangzi’s eminent butterfly dream, an early example of the inversion of the dreamer’s reality, through to confusing visions of the spiritual realm. In classical dramas, novels, and ghost stories, dreams see the earthly realm enter into conflict with higher realms of existence. They indulge the dreamer’s quest for sensual pleasures, but then spiritual beings relentlessly harvest the dreamers’ life energy. Dreams promise spiritual enlightenment – only to abandon the dreamer in a state of utter confusion. In the early twentieth century, traditional dream knowledge is abandoned in favour or Freudian episodes of sexual repression. In this context, the collective national dream emerges as an unexpected vehicle of the pained individual’s hope for national rejuvenation.
Garth Boomer, English Teaching and Curriculum Leadership (Key Thinkers in English in Education and the Language Arts)
by Bill GreenThis book provides a broad introduction to the critical work of leading Australian educator Garth Boomer, widely recognised as a significant figure in English teaching. This insightful text provides an accessible introduction to his work, with particular reference to English curriculum and pedagogy, and provides a fascinating account of his journey as a scholar-practitioner, from classroom teaching to the highest levels of the educational bureaucracy.Bill Green explores Boomer’s huge influence on literacy education, teacher development, curriculum inquiry, and educational policy, and critically asks why Boomer’s insights and arguments about English teaching from the last century have such importance for the field now. This text also focuses on the nature and significance of his curriculum thinking, specifically his arguments and provocations regarding English teaching, the English classroom, and the contexts that infuse and shape them. It constitutes a rich resource for rethinking English teaching in the present day and provides an important contribution to the historical imagination.With all due consideration of the larger context of social life and educational thought, this text will help any student of English in Education and Language Arts obtain a deeper understanding of Boomer’s vital contribution to the field of education.
Garth Boomer, English Teaching and Curriculum Leadership (Key Thinkers in English in Education and the Language Arts)
by Bill GreenThis book provides a broad introduction to the critical work of leading Australian educator Garth Boomer, widely recognised as a significant figure in English teaching. This insightful text provides an accessible introduction to his work, with particular reference to English curriculum and pedagogy, and provides a fascinating account of his journey as a scholar-practitioner, from classroom teaching to the highest levels of the educational bureaucracy.Bill Green explores Boomer’s huge influence on literacy education, teacher development, curriculum inquiry, and educational policy, and critically asks why Boomer’s insights and arguments about English teaching from the last century have such importance for the field now. This text also focuses on the nature and significance of his curriculum thinking, specifically his arguments and provocations regarding English teaching, the English classroom, and the contexts that infuse and shape them. It constitutes a rich resource for rethinking English teaching in the present day and provides an important contribution to the historical imagination.With all due consideration of the larger context of social life and educational thought, this text will help any student of English in Education and Language Arts obtain a deeper understanding of Boomer’s vital contribution to the field of education.
Inclusive, Sustainable, and Transformational Education in Arts and Literature: Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Language, Education, and Culture, (ISoLEC, 2023), July 07—08, 2023, Malang, Indonesia
This book contains the proceedings of The International Seminar on Language, Education, and Culture (ISoLEC) 2023, an annual conference hosted by the Faculty of Letters, Universitas Negeri Malang. With the theme, Inclusive, Sustainable, and Transformational Education in Arts and Literature, ISoLEC aims to address key issues such as inclusive education in language, arts, and culture, sustainable education in language, arts, and culture, post-pandemic teaching and learning practices, corpus-based language, teaching and research, language in media, gender and identity, pop contemporary and digital culture, culture and spirituality, multilingualism and translanguaging, visual and performing arts, oral tradition and local culture, and digital literacy and information science. This book is a collection of selected articles that were presented at the conference covering issues of arts, language, and cultures. This conference addressed a range of relevant topics including:· Inclusive Education in Language, Arts, & Culture· Sustainable Education in Language, Arts, & Culture· Post Pandemic Teaching and Learning Practices· Corpus-Based Language, Teaching and Research· Language in Media· Gender and Identity· Pop, Contemporary and Digital Culture· Culture and Spirituality· Multilingualism and Translanguaging· Visual and Performing Arts· Oral Tradition & Local Culture· Digital Literacy and Information ScienceThis proceeding will be of interest to students, lecturers, teachers, and academics who are interested in developing their knowledge in the field of language, education, and culture. Specifically, this book will be an interesting read for those who want to reimagine the inclusive and sustainable education.
Inclusive, Sustainable, and Transformational Education in Arts and Literature: Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Language, Education, and Culture, (ISoLEC, 2023), July 07—08, 2023, Malang, Indonesia
by Sari Karmina Kusubakti Andajani Lidya Amalia RahmaniaThis book contains the proceedings of The International Seminar on Language, Education, and Culture (ISoLEC) 2023, an annual conference hosted by the Faculty of Letters, Universitas Negeri Malang. With the theme, Inclusive, Sustainable, and Transformational Education in Arts and Literature, ISoLEC aims to address key issues such as inclusive education in language, arts, and culture, sustainable education in language, arts, and culture, post-pandemic teaching and learning practices, corpus-based language, teaching and research, language in media, gender and identity, pop contemporary and digital culture, culture and spirituality, multilingualism and translanguaging, visual and performing arts, oral tradition and local culture, and digital literacy and information science. This book is a collection of selected articles that were presented at the conference covering issues of arts, language, and cultures. This conference addressed a range of relevant topics including:· Inclusive Education in Language, Arts, & Culture· Sustainable Education in Language, Arts, & Culture· Post Pandemic Teaching and Learning Practices· Corpus-Based Language, Teaching and Research· Language in Media· Gender and Identity· Pop, Contemporary and Digital Culture· Culture and Spirituality· Multilingualism and Translanguaging· Visual and Performing Arts· Oral Tradition & Local Culture· Digital Literacy and Information ScienceThis proceeding will be of interest to students, lecturers, teachers, and academics who are interested in developing their knowledge in the field of language, education, and culture. Specifically, this book will be an interesting read for those who want to reimagine the inclusive and sustainable education.
Law, Literature, and Violence Against Women: Ending the Victim Blame Game
by Erin L. KelleyThis book engages legal and literary texts in order to examine acquaintance crimes, such as rape, sexual harassment, stalking, and domestic abuse, and to challenge how the victim’s physical or psychological "freeze response" is commonly and inaccurately mistaken for her consent.Following increased interest in the #MeToo movement and the discoveries of sexual abuse by numerous public figures, this book analyzes themes in law and literature that discredit victims and protect wrongdoers. Interpreting a present-day novel alongside legislation and written court cases, each chapter pairs a fictional text with a nonfictional counterpart. In these pairings, the themes, events, and arguments of each are carefully unpacked and compared against one another. As the cross-readings unfold, we learn that a victim does not "ask for it," and she should not arouse suspicions just because she does not fight, run away, or report the crime. Instead, and as this book demonstrates, the more common and most practical response is to become physically and mentally paralyzed by fear; the victim dissociates, shuts down, and remains stuck in the fright and captivity of abuse.This book will interest scholars and students working in, and especially at the intersection of, law, literature, gender studies, and criminology.
Law, Literature, and Violence Against Women: Ending the Victim Blame Game
by Erin L. KelleyThis book engages legal and literary texts in order to examine acquaintance crimes, such as rape, sexual harassment, stalking, and domestic abuse, and to challenge how the victim’s physical or psychological "freeze response" is commonly and inaccurately mistaken for her consent.Following increased interest in the #MeToo movement and the discoveries of sexual abuse by numerous public figures, this book analyzes themes in law and literature that discredit victims and protect wrongdoers. Interpreting a present-day novel alongside legislation and written court cases, each chapter pairs a fictional text with a nonfictional counterpart. In these pairings, the themes, events, and arguments of each are carefully unpacked and compared against one another. As the cross-readings unfold, we learn that a victim does not "ask for it," and she should not arouse suspicions just because she does not fight, run away, or report the crime. Instead, and as this book demonstrates, the more common and most practical response is to become physically and mentally paralyzed by fear; the victim dissociates, shuts down, and remains stuck in the fright and captivity of abuse.This book will interest scholars and students working in, and especially at the intersection of, law, literature, gender studies, and criminology.
Media, Dissidence and the War in Ukraine (Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics)
by Tabe Bergman Hearns-Branaman, Jesse OwenThis volume examines the global media coverage of the armed conflict in Ukraine, focusing on the marginalization of dissident perspectives in the West and the information quality and diversity on social media.Along with presenting original, empirical studies on how mainstream media in countries as diverse as Israel, the Czech Republic, Ghana, and the Netherlands have covered the conflict between NATO and Russia since 2022, this book sheds light on the role of the state and the media in policing the boundaries of permissible thought on the conflict in the West, as well as in Russia and Ukraine. It also delves into the war’s representation on prominent social media platforms.Written by a diverse group of international researchers, this multifaceted volume offers new perspectives and insights on the reporting of the ongoing conflict. It will interest scholars of international communication and media, foreign policy and international politics, war and conflict, content analysis, and journalism.
Media, Dissidence and the War in Ukraine (Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics)
by Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman Tabe BergmanThis volume examines the global media coverage of the armed conflict in Ukraine, focusing on the marginalization of dissident perspectives in the West and the information quality and diversity on social media.Along with presenting original, empirical studies on how mainstream media in countries as diverse as Israel, the Czech Republic, Ghana, and the Netherlands have covered the conflict between NATO and Russia since 2022, this book sheds light on the role of the state and the media in policing the boundaries of permissible thought on the conflict in the West, as well as in Russia and Ukraine. It also delves into the war’s representation on prominent social media platforms.Written by a diverse group of international researchers, this multifaceted volume offers new perspectives and insights on the reporting of the ongoing conflict. It will interest scholars of international communication and media, foreign policy and international politics, war and conflict, content analysis, and journalism.
The Routledge International Handbook of Positioning Theory (Routledge International Handbooks)
This handbook is the first of its kind to explore Positioning Theory. Taking inspiration from the groundwork set by Rom Harré and collaborators such as Bronwyn Davies, Fathali Moghaddam, Luk Van Langenhove, and others the book explores the emergence, historical context, and disciplinary applications of Positioning Theory and its basic precepts as a social psychological theory.This volume encompasses over 20 chapters across four sections, assimilating cross-disciplinary insights that try to understand the theoretical underpinnings, methodological applications, and contemporary relevance of Positioning Theory. Part 1 explores the movement of scholarly figures and their numerous works on the subject. It discusses the foundational origins and the historical contexts of the existing theories on positioning and new directions for scholarship. Part 2 examines the methodological and narrative investigations used for data analysis in positioning research, navigating through the epistemological orientations and theoretical landscapes of Positioning Theory. Part 3 explores numerous applications across disciplines to consider the reach and influence of positioning within and across multiple disciplines. Lastly, the authors contemplate the future directions for Positioning Theory.Featuring researchers from leading research institutions from across the globe, the book is important reading for scholars interested in positioning and Positioning Theory. We recommend this handbook for graduate-level courses in social psychology, communication, discourse studies and related disciplines.
The Routledge International Handbook of Positioning Theory (Routledge International Handbooks)
by Luk Van Langenhove Cynthia H. Brock Mary B. McVee Bo Allesøe ChristensenThis handbook is the first of its kind to explore Positioning Theory. Taking inspiration from the groundwork set by Rom Harré and collaborators such as Bronwyn Davies, Fathali Moghaddam, Luk Van Langenhove, and others the book explores the emergence, historical context, and disciplinary applications of Positioning Theory and its basic precepts as a social psychological theory.This volume encompasses over 20 chapters across four sections, assimilating cross-disciplinary insights that try to understand the theoretical underpinnings, methodological applications, and contemporary relevance of Positioning Theory. Part 1 explores the movement of scholarly figures and their numerous works on the subject. It discusses the foundational origins and the historical contexts of the existing theories on positioning and new directions for scholarship. Part 2 examines the methodological and narrative investigations used for data analysis in positioning research, navigating through the epistemological orientations and theoretical landscapes of Positioning Theory. Part 3 explores numerous applications across disciplines to consider the reach and influence of positioning within and across multiple disciplines. Lastly, the authors contemplate the future directions for Positioning Theory.Featuring researchers from leading research institutions from across the globe, the book is important reading for scholars interested in positioning and Positioning Theory. We recommend this handbook for graduate-level courses in social psychology, communication, discourse studies and related disciplines.
Television Sitcom and Cultural Crisis (Routledge Advances in Television Studies)
This volume demonstrates that television comedies are conduits through which we might resist normative ways of thinking about cultural crises.By drawing on Gramscian notion of crisis and the understanding that crises are overlapping, interconnected, and mutually constitutive, the essays in this collection demonstrate that situation comedies do more than make us laugh; they also help us understand the complexities of our social world’s moments of crisis. Each chapter takes up the televisual representation of a modern cultural crisis in a contemporary sitcom and is grounded in the extensive body of literature that suggests that levity is a powerful mechanism to make sense of and cope with these difficult cultural experiences.Divided into thematic sections that highlight crises of institutions and systems, identity and representation, and speculation and futurism, this book will interest scholars of media and cultural studies, political economy, communication studies, and humor studies.
Television Sitcom and Cultural Crisis (Routledge Advances in Television Studies)
by Holly Willson Holladay Chandler L. ClassenThis volume demonstrates that television comedies are conduits through which we might resist normative ways of thinking about cultural crises.By drawing on Gramscian notion of crisis and the understanding that crises are overlapping, interconnected, and mutually constitutive, the essays in this collection demonstrate that situation comedies do more than make us laugh; they also help us understand the complexities of our social world’s moments of crisis. Each chapter takes up the televisual representation of a modern cultural crisis in a contemporary sitcom and is grounded in the extensive body of literature that suggests that levity is a powerful mechanism to make sense of and cope with these difficult cultural experiences.Divided into thematic sections that highlight crises of institutions and systems, identity and representation, and speculation and futurism, this book will interest scholars of media and cultural studies, political economy, communication studies, and humor studies.
A Typological Study of the Existential Clause: A Functional Linguistics Perspective
by Wang YongThis book investigates the existential clause (EC) from a cross-linguistic perspective and within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics.The prototypical EC in the less familiar languages is identified through its functional equivalents in the more familiar ones, which share the common semantic basis of ‘there exists something in some location’. Topics addressed include the morpho-syntactic features of the EC, the subject of the EC, the definiteness effect and its manifestations in the EC, the EC as impersonals, the distinction between entity- vs. event-existentials, and the EC and its related constructions. Drawing on both cross-linguistic observations based on the language sample and in-depth investigations in particular languages (e.g., in Chinese and English), the study aims to unravel how the lexico-grammar of EC is related to its meanings and functions, that is, how meaning is realised in form.The title will appeal to scholars and students in the field of linguistics, especially functional linguistics, and syntax.
A Typological Study of the Existential Clause: A Functional Linguistics Perspective
by Wang YongThis book investigates the existential clause (EC) from a cross-linguistic perspective and within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics.The prototypical EC in the less familiar languages is identified through its functional equivalents in the more familiar ones, which share the common semantic basis of ‘there exists something in some location’. Topics addressed include the morpho-syntactic features of the EC, the subject of the EC, the definiteness effect and its manifestations in the EC, the EC as impersonals, the distinction between entity- vs. event-existentials, and the EC and its related constructions. Drawing on both cross-linguistic observations based on the language sample and in-depth investigations in particular languages (e.g., in Chinese and English), the study aims to unravel how the lexico-grammar of EC is related to its meanings and functions, that is, how meaning is realised in form.The title will appeal to scholars and students in the field of linguistics, especially functional linguistics, and syntax.
US Media and Diversity: Representation, Dissemination, and Effects (ISSN)
by Travis L. Dixon Dana MastroThis volume fully illuminates the role of diversity in media representation, dissemination, and effects across various platforms, including social media. Against a backdrop of shifting demographics and increasing diversity, the book highlights the implications for media consumption patterns and explores the simultaneous rise in online hate.Organized into three thematic sections, the book first centers people of color in the discussion of media stereotypes and identity, considering the impact of technology on such identities. This volume then moves to analyze the news media, and how stereotypes are presented and perpetuated, before focusing on paradigm shifts brought on by critical media effects and counter-stereotyping research. The empirical studies and theoretical analyses push readers to imagine better how Communication scholars can advance this essential work at a precarious time in history.Budding and senior scholars interested in understanding stereotypical media representations and effects will gain insights from this critical and timely book, and it will interest those working in the areas of media and communication, media representation, social justice, diversity and inclusion, media sociology, social media, and journalism.
US Media and Diversity: Representation, Dissemination, and Effects (ISSN)
by Travis L. DixonThis volume fully illuminates the role of diversity in media representation, dissemination, and effects across various platforms, including social media. Against a backdrop of shifting demographics and increasing diversity, the book highlights the implications for media consumption patterns and explores the simultaneous rise in online hate.Organized into three thematic sections, the book first centers people of color in the discussion of media stereotypes and identity, considering the impact of technology on such identities. This volume then moves to analyze the news media, and how stereotypes are presented and perpetuated, before focusing on paradigm shifts brought on by critical media effects and counter-stereotyping research. The empirical studies and theoretical analyses push readers to imagine better how Communication scholars can advance this essential work at a precarious time in history.Budding and senior scholars interested in understanding stereotypical media representations and effects will gain insights from this critical and timely book, and it will interest those working in the areas of media and communication, media representation, social justice, diversity and inclusion, media sociology, social media, and journalism.
Thomas Bernhard's Afterlives (New Directions in German Studies)
by Stephen Dowden, Gregor Thuswaldner, and Olaf BerwaldIn his prose fiction, memoirs, poetry, and drama, Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989)--one of the 20th century's most uniquely gifted writers--created a new and radical style, seemingly out of thin air. His books never “tell a story” in the received sense. Instead, he rages on the page, he rants and spews vitriol about the moral failures of his homeland, Austria, in the long amnesiac aftermath of the Second World War. Yet this furious prose, seemingly shapeless but composed with unparalleled musicality, and taxing by conventional standards, has been powerfully echoed in many writers since Bernhard's death in 1989. These explorers have found in Bernhard's singular accomplishment new paths for the expression of life and truth.Thomas Bernhard's Afterlives examines the international mobilization of Bernhard's style. Writers in Italian, German, Spanish, Hungarian, English, and French have succeeded in making Bernhard's Austrian vision an international vision. This book tells that story.
Girl Culture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance: Performance and Pedagogy
by Deanne WilliamsDeanne Williams offers the very first study of the medieval and early modern girl actor. Whereas previous histories of the actress begin with the Restoration, this book demonstrates that the girl is actually a well-documented category of performer and a key participant in the drama of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It explores evidence of the girl actor in archival records of payment, eyewitness accounts, stage directions, paintings, and in the plays and masques that were explicitly composed for girls, and, in some cases, by them.Contradicting previous scholarly assumptions about the early modern stage as male-dominated, this evidence reveals girls' participation in medieval religious drama, Tudor civic pageants and royal entries, Elizabethan country house entertainments, and Stuart court and household masques. This book situates its historical study of the girl actor within the wider contexts of 'girl culture', including girls as singers, translators and authors. By examining the impact of the girl actor on constructions of girlhood in the work of Shakespeare – whose girl characters register and evoke the power of the performing girl – Girl Culture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance argues that girls' dramatic, musical and literary performances actively shaped medieval and early modern culture. It shows how the active presence and participation of girls shaped medieval and Renaissance culture, and it reveals how some of its best-known literary and dramatic texts address, represent, and reflect upon girl children, not as an imagined ideal, but as a lived reality.
Knight Prisoner: Thomas Malory Then and Now
by T.J. Lustig"THIS WAS DRAWYN BY A KNYGHT PRESONER, SIR THOMAS MALLEORE, THAT GOD SENDE HYM GOOD RECOVER." In 1934, these were the lines which made the Librarian of Winchester College realize that he had discovered a hitherto unknown version of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, a work known to all previous readers only through Caxton's 1485 edition. For it was known that Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel had been imprisoned on numerous occasions between the 1450s and his death in 1471 by Lancastrians and Yorkists. But who was Malory? Why did successive authorities want to lock him up? How did he come to write the Morte d'Arthur? And why has that text been so persistent a presence in English culture? Going in quest of Malory and of the meaning of the Morte the author addresses the text's central preoccupations violence, desire, and the nature of Englishness. Malory is placed in his social context, at a time of unprecedented national and regional unrest. Lustig traces the connections between writers and commentators from Tennyson to T.S. Eliot who have been fascinated by Malory's work. A prime purpose of the volume is to reveal the Morte's extraordinary ability to move its readers intensely, to become part of their lives. Accordingly, the author delves into his own boyhood fascination with the stories of King Arthur, exploring their influence on him both then and now. The Morte d'Arthur was one of the last great literary works of the Middle Ages. But it was also one of the first to articulate a distinctively modern set of concerns particularly with the nature of identity, both personal and national. Knight Prisoner: Thomas Malory Then and Now will send readers back to Malory's work with renewed enjoyment and understanding.
World of Echo: Noise and Knowing in Late Medieval England
by Adin E. LearsBetween late antiquity and the fifteenth century, theologians, philosophers, and poets struggled to articulate the correct relationship between sound and sense, creating taxonomies of sounds based on their capacity to carry meaning. In World of Echo, Adin E. Lears traces how medieval thinkers adopted the concept of noise as a mode of lay understanding grounded in the body and the senses. With a broadly interdisciplinary approach, Lears examines a range of literary genres to highlight the poetic and social effects of this vibrant discourse, offering close readings of works by Geoffrey Chaucer and William Langland, as well as the mystics Richard Rolle and Margery Kempe. Each of these writers embraced an embodied experience of language resistant to clear articulation, even as their work reflects inherited anxieties about the appeal of such sensations. A preoccupation with the sound of language emerged in the form of poetic soundplay at the same time that mysticism and other forms of lay piety began to flower in England. As Lears shows, the presence of such emphatic aural texture amplified the cognitive importance of feeling in conjunction with reason and was a means for the laity—including lay women—to cultivate embodied forms of knowledge on their own terms, in precarious relation to existing clerical models of instruction. World of Echo offers a deep history of the cultural and social hierarchies that coalesce around aesthetic experience and gives voice to alternate ways of knowing.
Writing, Authorship and Photography in British Literary Culture, 1880 - 1920: Capturing the Image
by Emily EnnisAt the turn of the 20th century, printing and photographic technologies evolved rapidly, leading to the birth of mass media and the rise of the amateur photographer. Demonstrating how this development happened symbiotically with great changes in the shape of British literature, Writing, Authorship and Photography in British Literary Culture, 1880-1920 explores this co-evolution, showing that as both writing and photography became tools of mass dissemination, literary writers were forced to re-evaluate their professional and personal identities. Focusing on four key authors-Thomas Hardy, Bram Stoker, Joseph Conrad and Virginia Woolf-each of which had their own private and professional connections to photographs, this book offers valuable historical contexts for contemporary cultural developments and anxieties. At first establishing the authors' response to developing technologies through their non-fiction, personal correspondences and working drafts, Ennis moves on to examine how their perceptions of photography extend into their major works of fiction: A Laodicean, Dracula, The Secret Agent, The Inheritors and The Voyage Out. Reflecting on the first 'graphic revolution' in a world where text and image are now reproduced digitally and circulated en masse and online, Ennis redirects our attention to when image and text appeared alongside each other for the first time and the crises this sparked for authors: how they would respond to increasingly photographic depictions of everyday life, and in turn, how their writing adapted to a distinctly visual mass media.