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Expert Laws of War: Restating and Making Law in Expert Processes (Elgar International Law series)
by Anton O. PetrovOver recent decades, international humanitarian law has been shaped by the omnipresence of so-called expert manuals. Astute and engaging, this discerning book provides a comprehensive account of these black letter rules and commentaries produced by private expert groups and demonstrates why the general acceptance of these expert manuals is largely unjustified. This theoretically grounded book bridges the divide between theory and practice by linking legal theory to the doctrinal and practical concerns of the laws of war. The author innovatively links interdisciplinary insights to the needs of military lawyers in practice, showing the pitfalls of relying on private manuals as arguable restatements and interpretations of the law 'as it is'. At the same time, he explains why expert processes are so successful and why this should be of concern to all of us. Stimulating and challenging, this book will prove essential reading for students and scholars of public international law, legal theory, and those focussing on the laws of war more specifically. Its practical approach will also greatly benefit legal practitioners working in the field of military law.
Research Handbook on Law, Movements and Social Change (Research Handbooks in Law and Society series)
The study of law and social movements provides an ideal lens for rethinking fundamental questions about the relationship between law and power. This Research Handbook takes up that challenge, framing a more global, dynamic, reflexive, and contextualised phase of social movement studies.Featuring international and interdisciplinary contributions, chapters focus on democratic and authoritarian rule, social movement strategies, identities, social positions, and the relationship between narratives and power. This Research Handbook not only asks why movements succeed or fail, but more broadly how law and movements become conduits for entrenching or resisting power. Calling for novel approaches to law and social movements scholarship, it provides an expansive range of case studies on the topic, and grapples with questions of governmental regimes, power, and social change.This interdisciplinary Research Handbook will be of great value to sociologists, political scientists, and other sociolegal scholars with an interest in global perspectives on social movements, democracy, and authoritarianism. It will also be a relevant read for policymakers, activists, and legal professionals.
Civility and Participatory Democracy: The Importance of Civil Society and Active Citizenship
by Thomas P. BojeThis thought-provoking book conceptualizes the importance of civil society and citizenship in building a sustainable and participatory democracy. It considers the ways in which networks and organizations promoting common interests contribute to this mediating space between the public and private spheres, examining the impacts of the diversity of values and attitudes held by these organizations.Taking a normative position, Thomas P. Boje argues for the importance of social justice and civility in an active, liberating, equitable and participatory society. He presents a series of ideas for democratic involvement and emancipation through civil society organizations, as well as societal institutions more generally. This innovative book concludes with a detailed discussion of the conditions required for a participatory democratic system in which all citizens are involved in the planning, decision-making and implementation of crucial decisions influencing the development of an equitable society.This timely book will be an illuminating read for students and scholars seeking to understand the role of civil society and real participatory democracy in liberal democracies. It will also be a key resource for policy makers, professionals and activists wishing to become more informed about conditions for participatory democracy and activism.
Mobility and Travel Behaviour Across the Life Course: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Transport, Mobilities and Spatial Change)
This thought-provoking book analyses recent innovations for researching travel behaviour over the life course. Original in its approach, it synthesises quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods to contribute to conceptual, methodological and empirical advancements in the field. Through a rich array of new studies, leading scholars from across the globe present work that pushes the theoretical boundaries of mobility biographies research. A balanced range of methods are showcased to establish a fruitful dialogue between disciplines and methodologies, overcoming the prevalence of statistical analyses of travel behaviour data that has governed the field. The book goes beyond a mere stocktaking exercise by offering critical reflections of previous work from a variety of backgrounds, including geography, sociology, psychology, transport planning and civil engineering. Mobility and Travel Behaviour Across the Life Course is a key resource for students, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and established researchers in areas such as transport studies, geography and urban planning. Furthermore, policy makers and planners will benefit from the practical recommendations included throughout.
The UN Human Rights Council: A Practical Anatomy (Elgar Practical Guides)
by Eric TistounetSince its establishment the work of the Human Rights Council (UNHRC) has been subject to many interpretations, with differing theories proffered and conclusions drawn. This comprehensive guide, from an author with an intimate knowledge of the organisation, dissects every aspect of the UNHRC’s work and examines the efficiency of, and interactions between, its mechanisms. The book also offers a meticulous overview of the structure and functions of the Council and its processes, providing readers not only with a clear and practical guide, but a platform from which to formulate their own opinions and conclusions. Key Features: • Authored by the first Secretary of the UNHRC • Unique practical insights from a UN insider • Explanation of the complex decision-making processes of the Council • UNHRC procedures described within the overall context in which they operate • Highlights vital, but hard to access, UN and UNHRC documents and references Clear and accessible, this informative book will be a key resource for NGOs, diplomats, UN officials and other participants in UNHRC proceedings, whilst also being valuable to human rights students and academics seeking to broaden their understanding of UNHRC operations.
Ordinary Cities, Extraordinary Geographies: People, Place and Space (Cities series)
This insightful book explores smaller towns and cities, places in which the majority of people live, highlighting that these more ordinary places have extraordinary geographies. It focuses on the development of an alternative approach to urban studies and theory that foregrounds smaller cities and towns rather than much larger cities and conurbations.Comparative case studies from Australia, Cambodia, India, Korea, the UK and US provide a rich collection of theoretically informed investigations into smaller urban centres that are connected in complex ways to regional, national and international flows of people, goods, ideas and materials. The book further examines policy development and implementation in smaller towns and cities. Chapters analyse core societal challenges, including economic restructuring, urban decline and renewal, and ageing populations.This is a timely and important book for students of human geography, urban studies, planning, and economic geography, particularly those focusing on cities and economic development. It will also appeal to policymakers and planners seeking insights on current debates reframing urban theory to embrace more ordinary towns and cities.
Research Handbook on the Institutions of Global Migration Governance (Elgar Handbooks in Migration)
Drawing together the work of leading researchers from various disciplines and backgrounds, this illuminating Research Handbook contributes to a revitalised understanding of migration governance. It introduces novel debates regarding how actors and institutions shape significant migration dynamics. This erudite Research Handbook features a systematic review of the analytical framework of global migration governance. Chapters identify and explain key institutions involved in global migration, focusing on changes in patterns and actor behaviours. Key actors explored in the Research Handbook include international organisations, migrant networks, civil society groups, smuggling cartels, religious transnational organisations, security firms and trade unions. Ultimately, it aims to contribute to a renewed understanding of migration drivers and proceedings. Students and advanced scholars of international relations and politics studying topics such as migration policy will find this thorough Research Handbook to be incredibly valuable. Experts and agents of international and non-government organisations will additionally find it to be beneficial.
Rules of Origin for Services: From the Early Days of GATS to the Era of Servicification
by Duy DinhIn an era where services play an increasingly vital role in servicified global value chains, this insightful book provides a comprehensive study of legal aspects of rules of origin for services and their importance in international trade. The author identifies and examines the defects in the current approach to rules of origin for services through an astute analysis of these rules in the General Agreement on Trade in Services and in preferential trade agreements. In addition, by asserting that trade in goods and trade in services cannot be separated, the author provides a comparative analysis of rules of origin in these two fields, offering a better understanding of their boundaries and connections. Paving the way for further development, the author concludes that certain aspects of rules of origin for goods, such as the product-based approach, may be repurposed for services. Addressing an area of rule making insufficiently explored to date, this book will prove important reading for students and scholars of international trade, economics, and governance. The focus on new patterns of international trade will also benefit trade experts, policy makers and businesses.
Colonialism, Tourism and Place: Global Transformations in Tourist Destinations
This unique book examines the vital and contested connections between colonialism and tourism, which are as lively and charged today as ever before. Demonstrating how much of the marketing of these destinations represents the constant renewal of colonialism in the tourism business, this book illustrates how actors in the worldwide tourism industry continue to benefit from the colonial roots of globalisation. This interdisciplinary book focuses on the relationships between tourism, colonialism and place, in both historical and contemporary periods. Chapters explore cases of tourism and colonialism in locations across the globe, from colonial Korea and French Indochina, to colonial Australia, U.S Tourism in the British West Indies, heritage tourism in Mozambique, and city branding in Dunedin. Expert contributors analyse the motivations and impacts of colonial tourism, investigating such diverse topics as the Chinese tourist rush to Taiwan, issues of displacement at wildlife sites in Zimbabwe, the impact of tourism on Indigenous peoples in Hawaii and the pursuit of Macanese identity and re-colonisation. Excavating the range and diversity of colonialism at work in tourism across a wide variety of global destinations, Colonialism, Tourism and Place will be an illuminating read for students and scholars interested in tourism and development, heritage studies, and social, cultural and human geography.
Handbook of Theories of Public Administration and Management (Elgar Handbooks in Public Administration and Management)
This innovative Handbook offers a wide-ranging overview of the multi-faceted field of public administration and management. It provides a broad approach to the discipline, addressing the range of descriptive, normative and critical theories required to diagnose public service issues and prescribe administrative action. Chapters assess the state of the field, presenting a comprehensive roadmap for future theoretical development. Featuring contributions from top international experts, the Handbook considers the key theories on the role, function and organization of public administration. It further offers critical insights on the people who work in public management, and a broad range of significant perspectives on the field. Interdisciplinary and comprehensive, it applies leading and emerging theories in public administration and management and applies them to latent and developing issues of public service and the relationship between government and society. This Handbook provides a far-reaching analysis of the field for scholars, researchers and graduate students of public administration and management, particularly those interested in an international or comparative approach to the field. Its theoretical insights will also benefit policymakers and practitioners working in public service provision in need of both trusted and innovative public management solutions.
Advanced Introduction to Public Policy (Elgar Advanced Introductions series)
by B. G. PetersElgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. In this updated second edition, internationally renowned scholar B. Guy Peters provides a succinct introduction to public policy and illustrates the design approach to policy problems. Peters demonstrates how decision-makers can make more effective choices and why a design approach to public intervention can improve policy formulation. Key features of the second edition include: • Analytical identification and evaluation of the vital components of policy design • Reflections on the challenges posed by Covid-19 and public policy solutions • An expanded overview of evaluation and behavioral public policy analysis • Critical discussions of alternatives to cost-benefit analysis. Offering a timely and concise approach to the field, this book will be crucial for high-level students who are new to public policy, as well as scholars and researchers hoping to improve and advance their understanding of the design perspective. Its analytic and theoretical grounding will also prove useful for policy practitioners, enabling sophisticated solutions to common policy problems.
Advanced Introduction to Housing Studies (Elgar Advanced Introductions series)
by William A.V. ClarkElgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This timely Advanced Introduction explores the links between housing and households, including the complex process of how people sort themselves into houses and neighborhoods. It covers the choices that households make, why these choices are made, and the constraints faced in achieving housing aspirations, with a particular focus on the contemporary difficulties facing young adults and those unable to buy a house despite a reasonable income. Key features include: • using the concept of the life course to analyse residential decisions and choices • discussing tenure choice, affordability and social housing, as well as how neighborhoods matter in urban studies • reviewing what is known about how the housing market operates, and how families and individuals engage with the process of becoming homeowners • providing new information on the urban housing environment in a time of rising inequality, low income growth and extensive regulation in the housing market. Advanced students and professionals of geography, planning, demography and economics will find this an invigorating read on how housing markets operate and the role of individual decisions about homeownership and residential space.
A Research Agenda for Multilevel Governance (Elgar Research Agendas)
Elgar Research Agendas outline the future of research in a given area. Leading scholars are given the space to explore their subject in provocative ways, and map out the potential directions of travel. They are relevant but also visionary. This Research Agenda provides a broad and comprehensive overview of the field of multilevel governance. Illustrating theoretical and normative approaches and identifying prevailing gaps in research, it offers a cutting-edge agenda for future investigations. Leading experts from a range of disciplines explore key questions of multilevel governance pertaining to institutions and institutional dynamics, power relationships and the division of power, as well as policymaking and policy change. Chapters engage with a broad range of policy areas, including digitization, security, climate change and redistributive policies, addressing key multilevel governance issues and dilemmas in coordination, intergovernmental relations, democracy and the transformation of political authority. In an era demarcated by major transformative challenges, this Research Agenda represents an essential reading for students, academics and policy practitioners interested in public policy, comparative politics and intergovernmental or international relations. Offering a state-of-the-art agenda for future research, this book is crucial reading for researchers and graduate students in political science, public administration and federal studies. Its practical insights into contemporary policymaking will also benefit practitioners interested in multilevel governance policy.
Research Handbook on Law and Diplomacy (Research Handbooks in Law and Politics series)
This timely Research Handbook examines the dynamic and interdependent relationship between law and diplomacy in the contemporary international system. Through accounts of the actual practice of international law and diplomacy, it provides insights into how international law and relations operate and examines the complex relationship.An impressive selection of contributors provides analyses of bilateral and multilateral diplomacy in international law making, interpretation, and adjudication. These accounts include examinations of legal diplomacy, reforms within international organisations, judicial diplomacy, and the role of non-state actors – including NGOs and corporations – in the international system. Chapters consist of case studies of treaty negotiations, multilateral legal reform, and the resolution of disputes under formal and informal international legal mechanisms. This Handbook also assesses the relative roles of lawyers, diplomats and lawyer-diplomats within the international system, and the ethical framework for their professional conduct.This Handbook will be helpful to advanced undergraduate, graduate, and law students, as well as researchers, practitioners, and policy makers interested in multilateralism, diplomacy, international law, international organisations, civil society, and the ethics of law and diplomacy.
Rethinking International Political Economy (Rethinking Political Science and International Studies series)
by Benjamin J. CohenIn this timely book, Benjamin J. Cohen identifies and analyses a range of critical pathologies currently afflicting the field of international political economy (IPE) and offers remedies to restore the field’s vitality. The book addresses the purpose of IPE as a field of study, highlighting the key questions posed by scholars since the modern field’s inception, and explores how research seeks to engage with politics in practice.Tackling contemporary factionalism in the field, chapters consider IPE’s remarkable diversity and fragmentation of research traditions across the globe and draw attention to the lack of clear methods and behavioural assumptions established as ‘best practice’ internationally. To rejuvenate the field, Cohen argues, reforms are needed that would both encourage more policy engagement by IPE scholars and maximize opportunities to enjoy the benefits of the field’s diversity. The book offers a cutting-edge research agenda, emphasising the need for collaboration across scholarly divides and the obligations of leading professional associations and societies to countervail the forces that keep these groups separated. A powerful critique and a rousing call-to-arms, this book is crucial reading for scholars of IPE in search of innovative ways to develop new research and revitalise the field as a whole. It also offers key insights for students who need to understand the challenges facing IPE and its potential research trajectories.
Research Handbook on the Belt and Road Initiative
This timely Research Handbook investigates the radically transformative impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), addressing key questions regarding its economic, political and strategic consequences: What does the Chinese government hope to achieve with the BRI? How have recipient states responded? And what are its potential opportunities and risks?Bringing together prominent international scholars and analysts, this Research Handbook arrives at a critical time in the infrastructural development of the BRI, shedding light on its influence in the future of global politics and economics. Chapters unpack the role of the BRI in Chinese foreign policy, placing infrastructural development at the centre of regional affairs, great power dynamics and economic and investment trends. Employing geopolitical and diplomatic modes of investigation, it offers critical and holistic views of the progress and challenges of the BRI’s implementation and its implications on the world stage.Providing an innovative global viewpoint on the BRI, this Research Handbook offers cutting-edge perspectives for scholars and students of political science, particularly those investigating the latest developments in Chinese domestic and foreign policy. Its practical insights and broad empirical analysis will also benefit policymakers and think tank analysts working in the field.Huiyao Wang, Center for China and Globalization (CCG)
Handbook on Governance and Development (Elgar Handbooks in Development)
This Handbook provides readers with an expert overview of the key theoretical approaches to governance and development, covering a broad range of policy areas and domains. Utilising a critical approach to assess issues from a multidisciplinary perspective, the contributions in this Handbook review different social contexts and policy areas, governance arrangements, and processes relating to issues of development. Chapters illustrate at global, regional and national levels how the specific forms of governance impact development and how ongoing trends of development can influence governance concerns. Further insights are also offered regarding the functioning of the state and the transformation of the role of the state in modern society, illustrating the place for governance in future development policies. Researchers in governance and development will find this comprehensive Handbook an excellent resource for their area of specialisation, and scholars in governance, political science, social sciences and economics will be provided with a useful entry point into the literature. Practitioners will also welcome this as an informative read for updating their knowledge and accessing the latest research findings.
Handbook of Sustainable Politics and Economics of Natural Resources (Elgar Handbooks in Energy, the Environment and Climate Change)
This timely Handbook draws together insightful analyses of natural resource management challenges and solutions in the face of sustainable development targets and a changing global climate. Expert contributors illustrate the ways in which resource- and region-specific challenges shape national and global strategies, exploring the institutional aspects of resource management and their implications for policy making. They consider the economic, legal, environmental, social, financial and technological dimensions of resource management, consolidating interdisciplinary knowledge and setting the agenda for future research. Advancing scientific knowledge in the field, the Handbook offers a roadmap for well-informed policy making, highlighting the uncertainties and risks associated with climate change, energy and sustainability transition, and the need for a forward-looking approach to resource management. Assembling state-of-the-art contributions to provide a clearer understanding of the transformative policy developments ahead, this Handbook is crucial reading for academics and researchers of resource management, public policy, sustainability, energy transition, climate change and environmental studies. It also offers critical empirical insights for policy makers and practitioners developing innovative strategies to meet sustainability targets.
Handbook of Quality of Life Research: Place and Space Perspectives
This erudite Handbook demonstrates how multiple approaches have been used to conceptualize, measure, and model the complex issue of quality of life (QOL) and individual well-being, emphasizing place and space as critical factors in a meaningful QOL experience.The Handbook of Quality of Life Research brings together an international array of esteemed academics who examine QOL through a series of case studies and empirical investigations, covering a range of environmental settings from rural and metropolitan regions to neighbourhoods and home environments to hospitals. Chapters use a range of methodologies and theoretical perspectives to investigate QOL in relation to place and space and their unique impacts on people. In light of the current threat posed by the climate crisis and changing worldwide demographic trends, the Handbook explores issues of migration, the impact of urbanization, the effect of natural environments and environmental degradation on QOL, and a sub-section dedicated to the importance of place for the well-being of older adults.Offering critical methodological insight into the complex and elusive concept of QOL, this book will be crucial reading for students and scholars of urban geography, social and cultural geography, sociology and sociological theory, and environmental psychology. Also, given presentation of timely empirical findings, it will be an invaluable read for urban and regional planners.
Research Handbook on the Politics of Human Rights Law (Research Handbooks in Law and Politics series)
International human rights law is undoubtedly intertwined with politics. This Research Handbook explores and provokes reflection on how politics impacts human rights legislation and, conversely, how human rights law shapes politics and the functioning of the state.Bringing together leading international scholars in human rights law and politics, the Research Handbook provides theoretical reflections and empirical analyses across the areas of governance and policies and examines the implementation mechanisms of human rights law in national and international jurisdictions. Chapters discuss issues such as the mobilization of human rights in developing countries, the politics of torture and resource allocation, and the influence of politics on international institutions. It also presents a critical analysis of the human rights regimes in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East, and how the state works in ways which respect the ethics and values of human rights law.Providing a comprehensive overview of the reciprocal relationship between politics and human rights legislation, this Research Handbook will be essential reading for students and academics in human rights, international politics, law and politics, and public policy.
Handbook of Economic Nationalism
This cutting-edge Handbook puts economic nationalism in its historical context, from early industrialization to globalization. It explores how economic nationalism has emerged to new prominence in the post-globalization era as states are trying to protect their economies, societies, and cultures from unwanted external influences. Drawing together contributors from a wide range of disciplines, the Handbook demonstrates the many ways in which nationalisms and national cultures affect and are affected by the economy, paying attention to the different contexts in which they emerge. Chapters consider key topics including economic nationalism and climate change, resource nationalism, economic nationalism in left-wing ideologies and far-right party discourse, and dimensions of economic nationalism in the US, Russia, India and Japan. Providing a comprehensive analysis of the historical, theoretical, and geographical dimensions of economic nationalism, this Handbook will be a key resource for scholars and students of political economy, international economics and the history of economic thought. Its use of case studies from a range of countries will also be beneficial for policy makers and practitioners in these fields.
Handbook of Alternative Theories of Political Economy
This Handbook provides an overview of established and cutting-edge contributions to political economic thought. Chapters by leading and emerging scholars showcase the diverse approaches and productive debates among researchers. Separate sections of the book deal with political economy as an area of knowledge, its principal theoretical traditions, the dynamics and socio-ecological foundations of economic systems, and political economy’s interdisciplinary connections. Thirty-two chapters cover the full spectrum of contemporary political economy, including classical, Marxist, post-Keynesian, institutional, evolutionary, and feminist approaches, recent studies of capital as power, modern money theory, behavioural economics, social structures of accumulation, and race, gender and class. The volume concludes by reflecting on how these theories of political economy can contribute to making a better world. Pluralist and interdisciplinary in its approach, this Handbook is a key resource for students and teachers of political economy and heterodox economics, as well as for other social scientists wanting to understand political economic processes.
A Research Agenda for Terrorism Studies (Elgar Research Agendas)
Elgar Research Agendas outline the future of research in a given area. Leading scholars are given the space to explore their subject in provocative ways, and map out the potential directions of travel. They are relevant but also visionary.Asking vital questions concerning the future directions of terrorism research, this topical Research Agenda dives into the current state, emerging methodologies and key trends of this emotive and controversial field.Structured in four distinct sections, the book initially explores the major perspectives in terrorism studies research, before taking a theoretical approach to assess its methodologies including ethnography, interviews, social media and databases. Using a broad range of case studies, the book then tackles the major debates and controversies facing terrorism research today, including gender issues, the private sector, and ethics. Exploring the strengths, weaknesses and policy and practice impacts of this research, the book concludes with a forward-thinking look at the future directions terrorism studies can and should take.Taking an interdisciplinary approach to this challenging research area, this timely book will prove vital to students and scholars studying terrorism, counterterrorism, security and conflict, alongside counterterrorism policymakers looking to innovate their future policies.
Digital Identity, Virtual Borders and Social Media: A Panacea for Migration Governance?
This insightful book discusses how states deploy frontier and digital technologies to manage and control migratory movements. Assessing the development of blockchain technologies for digital identities and cash transfer; artificial intelligence for smart borders, resettlement of refugees and assessing asylum applications; social media and mobile phone applications to track and surveil migrants, it critically examines the consequences of new technological developments and evaluates their impact on the rights of migrants and refugees. Chapters evaluate the technology-based public-private projects that govern migration globally and illustrate the political implications of these virtual borders. International contributors compare and contrast different forms of political expression, in both personal technologies, such as social media for refugees and smugglers, and automated decision-making algorithms used by states to enable migration governance. This timely book challenges hegemonic approach to migration governance and provides cases demonstrating the dangers of employing frontier technologies denying basic rights, liberties and agencies of migrants and refugees. Stepping into a contentious political climate for migrants and refugees, this provocative book is ideal reading for scholars and researchers of political science and public policy, particularly those focusing on migration and refugee studies. It will also benefit policymakers and practitioners dealing with migration, such as humanitarian NGOs, UN agencies and local authorities.
Rethinking Theories of Governance (Rethinking Political Science and International Studies series)
by Christopher AnsellAre theories of governance useful for helping policymakers and citizens meet and tackle contemporary challenges? This insightful book reflects on how a theory becomes useful and evaluates a range of theories according to whether they are warranted, diagnostic, and dialogical.By arguing that useful theory tells us what to ask, not what to do, Christopher Ansell investigates what it means for a theory to be useful. Analysing how governance theories address a variety of specific challenges, chapters examine intractable public problems, weak government accountability, violent conflict, global gridlock, poverty and the unsustainable exploitation of our natural resources. Finding significant tensions between state- and society-centric perspectives on governance, the book concludes with a suggestion that we refocus our theories of governance on possibilities for state-society synergy. Governance theories of the future, Ansell argues, should also strive for a more fruitful dialogue between instrumental, critical and explanatory perspectives.Examining both the conceptual and empirical basis of theories of governance, this comprehensive book will be an invigorating read for scholars and students in the fields of public administration, public policy and planning, development studies, political science and urban, environmental and global governance. By linking theories of governance to concrete societal challenges, it will also be of use to policymakers and practitioners concerned with these fields.