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Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Informationstheorie (Communication and Cybernetics #1)
by Werner Meyer-Eppler
Integral Operators in the Theory of Linear Partial Differential Equations (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und Ihrer Grenzgebiete. 1. Folge #N. F., 23)
by Stefan Bergman
International Compendium of Numerical Data Projects: A Survey and Analysis
by Codata (The CODATA (The Committee on Data for Science and Technology ofthe International Council of Scientific Unions)At the time of its establishment in 1966, by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), the Committee on Data for Science and Technol ogy (CODATA) was given the basic mission of promoting and encouraging, on a worldwide basis, the production and distribution of compendia and of collections of critically selected numerical data on substances other forms of interest and importance to science and technology. To accomplish this aim, the following tasks were assigned to CODATA: (1) To ascertain, on a worldwide basis, what work on compilation of numerical data is being carried on in each country and under each union, and from this information, to prepare and distribute a Directory or Com pendium of the Data-Compiling Projects and Related Publications of the World; (2) To achieve coordination of existing programs and to recommend new programs; (3) To encourage, from all appropriate sources, financial support for work on compilation; (4) To encourage the use of internationally approved symbols, units, constants, terminology, and nomenclature; (5) To encourage and coordinate research on new methods for preparing and disseminating data for science and technology. In its first two years of operation, 1966 to 1968, in Washington, D. c. , U. S. A. , CODATA fortunately had as its Director Dr. GUY WADDINGTON, who was also Director of the Office of Critical Tables of the National Research Council (NRC), U. S. A. Dr.
Probability and Information Theory: Proceedings of the International Symposium at McMaster University, Canada, April, 1968 (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #89)
by M. Behara K. Krickeberg J. Wolfowitz
Programming by Case Studies: An Algol Primer (Introduction Monographs In Mathematics Ser.)
by O.B. Chedzoy Sandra Elizabeth Ford
Programming—ALGOL
by D. J. Malcolme-LawesProgramming—ALGOL is an instructional book on how to write programs using the Algol language. The book starts with an introduction to computers. The Algol language, which runs on instructions typed or punched on strips of paper by the flexowriter, is explained. The text also compares the instructions used in Algol with words in the English language. The command instructions, calculation of numbers, and printing the output are discussed. After a brief introduction into what a program is, the book gives other commands to be added and improve the program. A sample program for repeating calculations is shown with different variables inputted to the program, and then arranging these for the output. The text then introduces the label and the block parts of the program, especially in procedures when several similar sets of commands are required. After the Algol syntax is explained, the different techniques used in programming are considered. In getting a problem into a form and making translation to Algol easier, the flow diagram is introduced. The process of actually running the program by compiling it, using data and program tapes, then begins. The text makes for interesting reading for computer programming instructors, students of introductory programing, and for readers who are interested in the history of computer programming.
Report of Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 (Handbook for Automatic Computation #1)
by Adriaan van Wijngaarden
Der praktische Einsatz von Datenverarbeitungssystemen: Kybernetische und betriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte
by Ernst P. Billeter
The European Computer Users Handbook 1968/69: Pergamon Computer Data Series
by Sam StuartThe European Computer Users Handbook 1968/69, Sixth Edition is a handbook of computers and computer peripherals which could be used in Europe. Details of computers and peripheral devices, including analog computers, calculators, and data transmission equipment, are presented. This book is organized into 10 sections and begins by giving information on digital computers that could be used in Europe based on recommendations by Computer Consultants Limited. Comments on the particular computer manufacturer concerned are included and the particular item of equipment is described. Digital computers, electronic calculators, analog computers, peripheral equipment, and data transmission equipment available in Europe are then listed. The names and addresses of computer manufacturers and selling organizations concerned with computers used in Europe are also provided. Two tables are given: one for computer installations by number, import value, and home built value in sixteen European countries, and another for computer installations in the United States. This monograph will be a valuable resource for both computer users and manufacturers.
Neural Networks: Proceedings of the School on Neural Networks June 1967 in Ravello
by E. R. CaianielloSciences may be nowadays grouped into three classes, having as their subjects of study respectively Matter, Life and Intelligence. That "Intelligence" may be studied in a quantitative manner is a discovery of our age, not less significant in many ways than the 17th ceiltury realization that celestial phenomena are of one and the same nature as terrestrial and all other physical accidents. As the latter was accomplished through and accompanied by a major revolution in philosophy and method, so is now the scientific investigation of intelligent phenomena - although harely begun - already causing an unprecedented revolution in all our previous conceptions as mind and machine, society and organization. What electronic com puters have already accomplished in disclosing perspectives to sciences and imposing new approached to management is but a negligible change, if compared to those yet in store, which will closely follow the understanding of the many as yet unknown functional principles which make nervous systems act and react the way they do. The study of Neural Networks is the key point in the systematic quantitative investigation of such phenomena. With patience and humility, neuroanatomists and physiologists try to connect structure with function in systems of neurons which are "simple" enough to be studied with the extant techniques, either because of the paucity of their elements or because of the high degree of symmetry these possess (e. g.
Nicht-numerische Informationsverarbeitung: Beiträge zur Behandlung nicht-numerischer Probleme mit Hilfe von Digitalrechenanlagen
by R. GunzenhäuserDie nicht-numerische Informationsverarbeitung mit Hilfe von Rechen automaten begann in den frühen fünfziger Jahren. 1950 befaßte sich SHANNON mit Schachprogrammen, 1952 schrieb RUTISHAUSER seine bahnbrechende Arbeit über automatische Rechenplanfertigung und begründete damit die Entwicklung der formalen Sprachen. Etwa um die gleiche Zeit veröffentlichte D. H. LEHMER, angeregt durch die Bedürfnisse der Kernphysiker, die bis jetzt gebräuchlichste Methode zur Erzeugung von Zufallszahlen auf Rechenautomaten. Damit standen Zufallszahlen auch für nicht-numerische Anwendungen zur Verfügung. 1953 wurde die Sprache FORTRAN publiziert, 1960 die Sprache ALGOL. Im gleichen Jahr ließ H. WANG 220 Sätze aus den Principia mathematica in 3 Minuten von einem Rechenautomaten beweisen, 196:3 entstanden die ersten Computographien von }( NAKE. Die Anregung, das rasch wachsende Gebiet in einer deutschen Buchveröffent lichung darzustellen, geht auf Herrn Direktor Dr. W. SCHWABL vom Springer Verlag Wien zurück. Bald zeigte sich hierbei, daß ein einzelner Autor nicht imstande sein würde, das Gebiet in seiner ganzen Vielfalt darzustellen, und zwar selbst dann nicht, wenn die rein kommerzielle nicht-numerische Datenverarbeitung ausgeklammert würde. Damit entstand der Gedanke, eine Arbeitsgemeinschaft von Autoren ins Leben zu rufen, die jeweils eine zusammenfassende Darstellung über ihr eigenes Arbeitsgebiet geben sollten.
Asbestzement: Technologie und Projektierung
by Harald KlosIn Gesprächen mit Asbestzement-Erzeugern, Betriebsleitern, Betriebs leuten und Technologen sowie mit auf diesem Gebiet tätigen Maschinen bauern, Projektanten, Konstrukteuren und für die Inbetriebsetzung ver antwortlichen Technikern konnte ich immer wieder feststellen, wie sehr das Fehlen ausreichender Literatur über Asbestzement als Mangel empfunden wird. Dabei konnte ich zusätzlich feststellen, daß selbst die vorhandene Asbestzement-Literatur viel zuwenig bekannt ist. Daraus resultierte mein Entschluß, manohes, was in der Literatur aufzufinden war, sowie einiges von den Erfahrungen, die ich als projektierender und konstruierender Ingenieur bei der Inbetriebsetzung mehrerer Anlagen und in Gesprächen mit Kunden und Interessenten gesammelt hatte, systematisch zu ordnen und in Form des vorliegenden Buches einem größeren Kreise zugänglich zu machen. Das Buch wendet sich in erster Linie an den praktisch tätigen Ingenieur. Von diesem Gesichtspunkt aus habe ich jene Abschnitte kürzer gehalten, die für den Praktiker von geringerer Bedeutung sind, und habe bewußt auf die Behandlung allzu spezieller Probleme verzichtet. Die Asbesttechnologie enthält noch viele Fragen, die nicht restlos geklärt sind. Meine Darstellung, die sich weitgehend auf eigene Erfahrungen stützt, ist daher an manchen Stellen notwendigerweise subjektiv. Ich hoffe jedoch, daß dies kein Mangel ist.
Die Fehlerhaftigkeit von Gesetzen und Verordnungen: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Gesetzes- und Verordnungskontrolle durch den Verfassungsgerichtshof (Forschungen aus Staat und Recht #5)
by Richard NovakDie »Forschungen aus Staat und Recht" sind WALTER ANTONIOLLI gewidmet. Er hat als Forscher und Lehrer den eigentlichen AnstoB zu einer Erneuerung des Denkens auf den Gebieten des offentlichen Rechts und der Staatslehre in Osterreich gegeben. Schuler und Freunde haben es ihm zu danken, daB er ihnen den Weg zu methodischen Auffassun gen gewiesen hat, die aus dem engen Formalismus herausfiihren. Dar aus erkHirt es sich, daB die Forschungsreihe unverkennbar von methodi schen Anliegen gepdigt ist. Diese zeigen sich auch in jenen Untersuchun gen, die spezielle Themen zum Gegenstand haben. Die vorliegenden und die geplanten Abhandlungen verbindet das Bestreben zu einer Einheit, mit allen Mitteln der Erkenntnis zur Erforschung von Staat und Recht in wissenschaftlich-selbstkritischer Weise beizutragen. Darin liegt gleichzeitig eine offene Absage an ein ideologisierendes Rechtsden ken einerseits und an eine verengte formalisierende Methode anderer seits. In diesem Sinn ist die Forschungsreihe nicht nur als ein Zeichen offentlichen Dankes an WALTER ANTONIOLLI, sondern auch als ein wissenschaftliches Bekenntnis gedacht. Seit Jahren liegt die Veroffentlichung von Monographien auf den Gebieten des offentlichen Rechts und der Staatslehre im argen. Die durch das vorgegebene Absatzgebiet gebotene Beschrankung jeder Auf lage machte ihre Herstellung ohne fremde Mittel geradezu unmoglich. Private und offentliche Stellen zeigten sich dieser Notlage gegenuber aufgeschlossen und unterstutzten durch groBzugige Forderung dieses fiir die wissenschaftliche Diskussion wie fur die Praxis gleicherma6en wichtige Vorhaben. Ihnen sei an dieser Stelle aufrichtig gedankt.
Einführung in die allgemeine Informationstheorie (Communication and Cybernetics #6)
by Johannes Peters
Ludwig Wittgenstein: His Place in the Development of Semantics (Foundations of Language Supplementary Series #3)
by T. De MauroVarious students of general linguistics and semantics quote and discuss Wittgenstein, among others, OGDEN and RICHARDS (1960), ULLMANN (1951, 1962), PAGLIARO (1952, 1957), WELLS (1960), REGNELL (1960) and 1 ZIFF (1960). For the most part however they quote the Tractatus and not 2 the Philosophical Investigations ; not all of them consider the most important ideas in the Tractatus but often discuss marginal points; above all they often make the discussion of Wittgenstein's ideas secondary to the development of their own thought. It should be added, moreover, that these students are exceptions. The large majority of language theorists, especially those with a philological background, have almost no know ledge of Wittgenstein's ideas. One scholar thinks that Wittgenstein's linguistic philosophy rests upon a grotesque misunderstanding of the workings of language (HERDAN, 1962, Chapter 24). The present book seeks to draw the attention of students of general linguistics and semantics to the thought of both the early and the later Wittgenstein: not only the Philosophical Investigations but also the Tractatus is concerned with everyday language: Wittgenstein was thinking of the propositions of everyday language, when he affirmed that the proposition is a picture of reality (Chapter 1). This conception is very old, it is in fact found in Aristotle and it dominated ancient, mediaeval and modern rationalistic thought; only Locke, Vico and Leibniz criticized it strongly (Chapter 2).
Structural Linguistics and Human Communication: An Introduction into the Mechanism of Language and the Methodology of Linguistics (Communication and Cybernetics #2)
by Bertil MalmbergThe point of departure of this general survey of modern structural linguistics is the place of language in human relations. Linguistics will consequently be understood as a science of communication. My book is not intended as an elementary handbook. The readers are supposed to be in the first place advanced students of linguistics and phonetics and of neighbouring fields where a real awareness of linguistic methods and problems is essential (such as psychology, phoniatrics, speech therapy, language teaching, communication engineering). The book may, however, be of some value also for the general reader who is interested in language, in language learning, or in communication processes. It might finally serve as an introduction to structural theories and practice for those linguists of traditional orientation who would like to make contact with the new trends in the study of language. It is self-evident that, under such circumstances, any reader will find certain chapters in this book rather complicated, others irritatingly elementary. This is, however, unavoidable in a work whose aim is to cover a vast field of knowledge and to offer the reader a synthesis of what appears at first sight to be widely disparate facts and phenomena. Many of the facts brought together here may, regarded superficially, seem to have few or no mutual connections. They can, nevertheless, be combined into a wide humanistic and scientific unity within which numerous lines of relationship bind together physical and psychic, individual and social phenomena.
Automatic Translation of Languages: Papers Presented at NATO Summer School Held in Venice, July 1962
by Aldo GhizzettiAutomatic Translation of Languages is a collection of papers that discusses the various concerns in automatic language translation systems. The text first covers algebraic linguistics and machine translation, and then proceeds to tackling the main concepts in automatic translation of languages. Next, the selection deals with the equivalence of models of language used in the fields of mechanical translation and information retrieval. The text also discusses computational procedure in linguistic research. The next chapters detail syntax and syntactic integration. The book will be of great use to scientists and professionals who involved in the research and development of computerized language translation systems.
Correlation Equations: For Statistical Computations
by Aristarkh K. Mitropol skiiThis book presents methods for computing correlation equations. All the topics treated hefe are eluci dated in terms of concrete examples, which have been chosen, for the most part, from the Held of analysis of the mechanical properties of steel, wood, and other materials. A necessary prerequisite for any study of correlation equations is so me knowledge of the moments of random variables. In the Appendix, there is provided a brief treatment of moments, as well as a discussion of the simplest methods of computing them. We have paid particular attention in this book to the techniques of computing correlation equations, and to the use of tables for alleviating the computationalload. The mathematical bases of the methods used in setting up correlation equations are expounded in the books cited at the end of this volume. A. M. December 1965 PIe ase note that the abbreviation 19 is used in this book to designate the logarithm to base ten, Note further that the comma has been retained as the decimal point in tabular material.