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Electric Motor (UEB Uncontracted)

In these diagrams of an electric motor, there is an end view on the left of the page and a top view on the right of the page, separated by a vertical dashed line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. On the end view there is a permanent magnet of south polarity on the left of the page. To the right of this is a large circle which has four electro-magnets around its outer edge. Inside the circle are some thick lines which represent electrical wires that connect the magnets in pairs. Only the wiring connecting one pair of electro-magnets is shown. In the centre is the commutator with the axle in its centre. To the bottom left and upper right of the commutator are the electrical brushes with wires going to the battery (which is not shown). On the far right of the page is a permanent magnet of north polarity. The top view on the right of the page shows the commutator in the bottom right of the page with a single brush. Up from this the electro-magnets are shown. In the end view the permanent magnets to the left and right of the page remain static. The brushes and the wires to the battery also remain static. The electro-magnets, their wiring and the commutator rotate on the axle. The image shows the moment when the positive brush, seen to the upper right of the commutator, supplies electricity to a quadrant of the commutator. This quadrant can then supply electricity via the upper vertical wire to the electro-magnet at the top of the page. The current makes it magnetic with south polarity. This results in the electro-magnet being attracted to and rotating towards the permanent north magnet on the right of the page. The electricity from the charged south electro-magnet flows onwards to the electro-magnet on the opposite side of the diagram, at the bottom of the page, via the longer curved wire. The lower electro-magnet becomes magnetic with north polarity because of the direction of the wiring. This results in the electro-magnet rotating towards the permanent south magnet on the left of the page. The north polarity electro-magnet is currently connected via a vertical wire to a different quadrant of the commutator. As the negative brush contacts this the current can flow back to the battery thus completing the circuit. When this electro-magnet reaches the upper position it will be supplied with electricity again but flowing in the opposite direction so it will become an electro-magnet with south polarity. When the motor is running the pairs of electro-magnets are constantly being turned on and off by the commutator.

Electric Motor (UEB Contracted)

In these diagrams of an electric motor, there is an end view on the left of the page and a top view on the right of the page, separated by a vertical dashed line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. On the end view there is a permanent magnet of south polarity on the left of the page. To the right of this is a large circle which has four electro-magnets around its outer edge. Inside the circle are some thick lines which represent electrical wires that connect the magnets in pairs. Only the wiring connecting one pair of electro-magnets is shown. In the centre is the commutator with the axle in its centre. To the bottom left and upper right of the commutator are the electrical brushes with wires going to the battery (which is not shown). On the far right of the page is a permanent magnet of north polarity. The top view on the right of the page shows the commutator in the bottom right of the page with a single brush. Up from this the electro-magnets are shown. In the end view the permanent magnets to the left and right of the page remain static. The brushes and the wires to the battery also remain static. The electro-magnets, their wiring and the commutator rotate on the axle. The image shows the moment when the positive brush, seen to the upper right of the commutator, supplies electricity to a quadrant of the commutator. This quadrant can then supply electricity via the upper vertical wire to the electro-magnet at the top of the page. The current makes it magnetic with south polarity. This results in the electro-magnet being attracted to and rotating towards the permanent north magnet on the right of the page. The electricity from the charged south electro-magnet flows onwards to the electro-magnet on the opposite side of the diagram, at the bottom of the page, via the longer curved wire. The lower electro-magnet becomes magnetic with north polarity because of the direction of the wiring. This results in the electro-magnet rotating towards the permanent south magnet on the left of the page. The north polarity electro-magnet is currently connected via a vertical wire to a different quadrant of the commutator. As the negative brush contacts this the current can flow back to the battery thus completing the circuit. When this electro-magnet reaches the upper position it will be supplied with electricity again but flowing in the opposite direction so it will become an electro-magnet with south polarity. When the motor is running the pairs of electro-magnets are constantly being turned on and off by the commutator.

Electric Motor (Large Print)

In these diagrams of an electric motor, there is an end view on the left of the page and a top view on the right of the page, separated by a vertical dashed line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. On the end view there is a permanent magnet of south polarity on the left of the page. To the right of this is a large circle which has four electro-magnets around its outer edge. Inside the circle are some thick lines which represent electrical wires that connect the magnets in pairs. Only the wiring connecting one pair of electro-magnets is shown. In the centre is the commutator with the axle in its centre. To the bottom left and upper right of the commutator are the electrical brushes with wires going to the battery (which is not shown). On the far right of the page is a permanent magnet of north polarity. The top view on the right of the page shows the commutator in the bottom right of the page with a single brush. Up from this the electro-magnets are shown. In the end view the permanent magnets to the left and right of the page remain static. The brushes and the wires to the battery also remain static. The electro-magnets, their wiring and the commutator rotate on the axle. The image shows the moment when the positive brush, seen to the upper right of the commutator, supplies electricity to a quadrant of the commutator. This quadrant can then supply electricity via the upper vertical wire to the electro-magnet at the top of the page. The current makes it magnetic with south polarity. This results in the electro-magnet being attracted to and rotating towards the permanent north magnet on the right of the page. The electricity from the charged south electro-magnet flows onwards to the electro-magnet on the opposite side of the diagram, at the bottom of the page, via the longer curved wire. The lower electro-magnet becomes magnetic with north polarity because of the direction of the wiring. This results in the electro-magnet rotating towards the permanent south magnet on the left of the page. The north polarity electro-magnet is currently connected via a vertical wire to a different quadrant of the commutator. As the negative brush contacts this the current can flow back to the battery thus completing the circuit. When this electro-magnet reaches the upper position it will be supplied with electricity again but flowing in the opposite direction so it will become an electro-magnet with south polarity. When the motor is running the pairs of electro-magnets are constantly being turned on and off by the commutator.

Internal combustion engine - Multipage image (UEB Uncontracted)

These diagrams of an internal combustion engine are on two pages with two diagrams per page, separated by a vertical dotted line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Each diagram is titled in the top left and shows a phase of the combustion engine cycle. In the top of each diagram from left to right there is an intake valve, a spark plug and an exhaust valve. In the centre of the image is the cylinder with the piston in its middle. This has a water cooling jacket to the left and right. The piston is connected by a connecting rod to the crankshaft and axle at the bottom of the image. Not all elements are labelled on every diagram. The valves and crankshaft are also in different positions. The crankshaft is continuously turning clockwise (with the top moving to the right) throughout all stages. In the first diagram fuel is being drawn into the cylinder through the open intake valve as the piston moves down. In the second diagram the intake valve has closed, the piston moves up and the air and fuel mixture is squashed. In the third diagram the air and fuel mixture has been ignited by a spark from the spark plug. The mixture burns and expands rapidly driving the piston down. In the last diagram the exhaust valve is open and the piston moves up driving the exhaust out of the cylinder. There are usually at least two cylinders which comprise the whole engine. They all drive the same crankshaft but are phased so that, for example, while one cylinder will be sucking air and fuel in, another will be burning the compressed mixture and generating the power.

Internal combustion engine - Multipage image (UEB Contracted)

These diagrams of an internal combustion engine are on two pages with two diagrams per page, separated by a vertical dotted line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Each diagram is titled in the top left and shows a phase of the combustion engine cycle. In the top of each diagram from left to right there is an intake valve, a spark plug and an exhaust valve. In the centre of the image is the cylinder with the piston in its middle. This has a water cooling jacket to the left and right. The piston is connected by a connecting rod to the crankshaft and axle at the bottom of the image. Not all elements are labelled on every diagram. The valves and crankshaft are also in different positions. The crankshaft is continuously turning clockwise (with the top moving to the right) throughout all stages. In the first diagram fuel is being drawn into the cylinder through the open intake valve as the piston moves down. In the second diagram the intake valve has closed, the piston moves up and the air and fuel mixture is squashed. In the third diagram the air and fuel mixture has been ignited by a spark from the spark plug. The mixture burns and expands rapidly driving the piston down. In the last diagram the exhaust valve is open and the piston moves up driving the exhaust out of the cylinder. There are usually at least two cylinders which comprise the whole engine. They all drive the same crankshaft but are phased so that, for example, while one cylinder will be sucking air and fuel in, another will be burning the compressed mixture and generating the power.

Internal combustion engine - Multipage image (Large Print)

These diagrams of an internal combustion engine are on two pages with two diagrams per page, separated by a vertical dotted line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Each diagram is titled in the top left and shows a phase of the combustion engine cycle. In the top of each diagram from left to right there is an intake valve, a spark plug and an exhaust valve. In the centre of the image is the cylinder with the piston in its middle. This has a water cooling jacket to the left and right. The piston is connected by a connecting rod to the crankshaft and axle at the bottom of the image. Not all elements are labelled on every diagram. The valves and crankshaft are also in different positions. The crankshaft is continuously turning clockwise (with the top moving to the right) throughout all stages. In the first diagram fuel is being drawn into the cylinder through the open intake valve as the piston moves down. In the second diagram the intake valve has closed, the piston moves up and the air and fuel mixture is squashed. In the third diagram the air and fuel mixture has been ignited by a spark from the spark plug. The mixture burns and expands rapidly driving the piston down. In the last diagram the exhaust valve is open and the piston moves up driving the exhaust out of the cylinder. There are usually at least two cylinders which comprise the whole engine. They all drive the same crankshaft but are phased so that, for example, while one cylinder will be sucking air and fuel in, another will be burning the compressed mixture and generating the power.

Rotary Engine (Large Print)

In these diagrams of a rotary engine there are four stages shown, each separated by a dashed line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. In each diagram there are two ports to the left of the engine. The fuel port is to the top and the exhaust port to the bottom. In the centre of each diagram is the cylinder with a triangular rotor which has a small circular marker in one corner of the rotor. You will find this marker moves around in the different diagrams indicating the change of position of the rotor. In the very centre of each diagram is the driveshaft. To the lower right of each diagram is the spark plug. In the top left diagram the fuel intake stage is shown. The rotor rotates clockwise (with the top moving to the right). This movement sucks in the air and fuel mixture. In the top right of the page is the compression stage where the air and fuel mixture is squashed. In the bottom left of the page the compressed mixture is ignited by a spark from the spark plug. As the mixture burns it dramatically expands driving the rotor round. The final diagram in the bottom right of the page is where the rotor drives the expanded exhaust out. Note that all stages of the process actually take place simultaneously. This means that in this last diagram fuel will be sucked into the cylinder in the top left portion and compressed in the right portion at the same time as the exhaust is expelled in the bottom portion.

Jet Turbine engine cross section (UEB Uncontracted)

In these diagrams of a jet engine, there is a cross section view through the length of the engine at the top of the page and in the bottom right of the page, a front view of the engine intake. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. On the left of the page air is forced into the engine by the compressor which has many fan blades. The compressed air is fed into the combustion chamber in the middle of the page. Fuel is injected into the engine through a port in the lower centre part of the combustion chamber. This is where combustion and gas expansion takes place. On the right of the page the exhaust exits past the turbine producing the thrust of the engine. The front view shows the circular opening of the engine with lots of fan blades arranged around the central hub like a huge fan.

Jet Turbine engine cross section (UEB Contracted)

In these diagrams of a jet engine, there is a cross section view through the length of the engine at the top of the page and in the bottom right of the page, a front view of the engine intake. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. On the left of the page air is forced into the engine by the compressor which has many fan blades. The compressed air is fed into the combustion chamber in the middle of the page. Fuel is injected into the engine through a port in the lower centre part of the combustion chamber. This is where combustion and gas expansion takes place. On the right of the page the exhaust exits past the turbine producing the thrust of the engine. The front view shows the circular opening of the engine with lots of fan blades arranged around the central hub like a huge fan.

Aeroplane (UEB Uncontracted)

This is an image of an aeroplane viewed from above. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The front (nose) of the aeroplane is at the left of the page, and the back (tail) on the right. The cockpit, where the pilot sits, is near the nose of the aeroplane. To the right of this is the long main cabin for the passengers. On each side of the passenger cabin there is a long wing. Each wing has an engine on the front, and flaps to control the aeroplane at the rear. The smaller wings making up the tail also have flaps at the rear.

Aeroplane (UEB Contracted)

This is an image of an aeroplane viewed from above. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The front (nose) of the aeroplane is at the left of the page, and the back (tail) on the right. The cockpit, where the pilot sits, is near the nose of the aeroplane. To the right of this is the long main cabin for the passengers. On each side of the passenger cabin there is a long wing. Each wing has an engine on the front, and flaps to control the aeroplane at the rear. The smaller wings making up the tail also have flaps at the rear.

The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson

Greenmantle

One of Ours

The son of a prosperous farmer, Claude Wheeler's future is laid out for him as clear and monotonous as the Nebraska sky--a few semesters at the local Christian college followed by marriage and a lifetime spent worrying about the price of wheat. Many young men would be happy to find themselves in Claude's shoes, but his focus is on the horizon, and on the nagging sense that out there, past the farthest reaches of the Great Plains and beyond the boundaries of convention, his true destiny awaits. When the United States finally enters the war raging in Europe, Claude makes the first, and greatest, decision of his life: He answers the call.<P><P> Pulitzer Prize Winner

On War

The nature and theory of war

From October to Brest-Litovsk

Trotsky's account of the revolutionary events in Russia in 1905. Trotsky's ideas form the basis of Trotskyism, a term coined as early as 1905 by his opponents in order to separate it from Marxism. Trotsky's ideas remain a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism.