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Foundations of the Logical Theory of Scientific Knowledge (Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science #9)

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science are devoted to symposia, con­ gresses, colloquia, monographs and collected papers on the philosophical foundations of the sciences. It is now our pleasure to include A. A. Zi­ nov'ev's treatise on complex logic among these volumes. Zinov'ev is one of the most creative of modern Soviet logicians, and at the same time an innovative worker on the methodological foundations of science. More­ over, Zinov'ev, although still a developing scholar, has exerted a sub­ stantial and stimulating influence upon his colleagues and students in Moscow and within other philosophical and logical circles of the Soviet Union. Hence it may be helpful, in bringing this present work to an English-reading audience, to review briefly some contemporary Soviet investigations into scientific methodology. During the 1950's, a vigorous new research program in logic was under­ taken, and the initial published work -characteristic of most Soviet pub­ lications in the logic and methodology of the sciences - was a collection of essays, Logical Investigations (Moscow, 1959). Among the authors, in addition to Zinov'ev himself, were the philosophers A. Kol'man and P. V. Tavanec, and the mathematicians and linguists, S. A. Janovskaja, A. S. Esenin-Vol'pin, S. K. Saumjan, G. N. Povarov.

Keynes aus nachkeynesscher Sicht: Zum 50. Erscheinungsjahr der „Allgemeinen Theorie” von John Maynard Keynes

Die fünfzigjährige Wirkungsgeschichte der "Allgemeinen Theorie der Beschäf­ tigung, des Zinses und des Geldes" von John Maynard Keynes bildete den An­ laß eines wirtschaftstheoretischen Kolloquiums, das am 23. und 24. Oktober 1986 auf Einladung des Instituts für Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Rheinisch­ Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule, Aachen, stattfand. Die hier veröffentlichten Kolloquiumsbeiträge wurden zum Teil von den Auto­ ren überarbeitet und ergänzt. Die Reihenfolge entspricht der der Referate des Kolloquiums. Eine besondere Gruppierung der Abhandlungen erschien nicht sinnvoll, da es sich jeweils um selbständige und abgeschlossene Texte handelt, die nicht direkt aufeinander Bezug nehmen. Die Einleitung beschränkt sich darauf, die einzelnen Beiträge kurz vorzustellen, ohne daß Verbindungen zwischen ihnen hergestellt oder Unterschiede in dem jeweiligen Zugang zur Theorie Keynes' herausgehoben werden. Unvoll­ kommenheiten, mögliche Irrtümer oder falsche Gewichtung von Thesen und Ar­ gumenten in der einleitenden Präsentation der Aufsätze sind ausschließlich vom Herausgeber zu verantworten. Den Autoren sei für die Bereitschaft gedankt, ihre Referate der Veröffent­ lichung verfügbar zu machen. 4 EINLEITUNG Das Interludium der monetaristischen Wirtschaftspolitik scheint sich in der zweiten Hälfte der 1980er Jahre seinem Ende zuzuneigen. Damit dürfte auch die monetaristische Theorie an schulbiIdendem Einfluß verlieren. Ob damit allerdings auch eine Rückkehr des Keynesianismus als wirtschaftspolitischer Orientierungslehre verbunden sein wird, läßt sich noch nicht erkennen. Sollte eine wirtschaftspolitische Keynes-Renaissance eintreten, so dürfte allerdings sicher sein, daß es sich um einen Keynesianismus neuer Prägung handeln wird, und zwar in zweifacher Hinsicht.

Disobedience And Democracy (PDF): Nine Fallacies On Law And Order

In this slim volume, Zinn lays out a clear and dynamic case for civil disobedience and protest, and challenges the dominant arguments against forms of protest that challenge the status quo. Zinn explores the politics of direct action, nonviolent civil disobedience, and strikes, and draws lessons for today.

Corporate Sustainability as a Challenge for Comprehensive Management (Contributions to Management Science)

Sustainability has become a topic of global relevance: Corporations and other economically acting organizations increasingly need to realize economic, environmental and social objectives in order to survive. Supplementary to "classical" environmental management, realizing corporate sustainability requires comprehensive approaches which allow the integration of social and economic aspects. Such concepts can be found e.g. in international excellence models mainly based on a TQM thinking but also in the field of human factors in organizational design and management. Understood as systems approaches, they include the interests of all relevant stakeholders with a mid- or long-term time perspective and are thus highly linked with the principles of sustainable development. In this book internationally leading scientists discuss the issue of sustainability from their perspective, resulting in an innovative view on different management approaches under the umbrella of corporate sustainability.

The Legacy of Aristotelian Enthymeme: Proof and Belief in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Bloomsbury Studies in the Aristotelian Tradition)

The Legacy of Aristotelian Enthymeme provides a historical-logical analysis of Aristotle's rhetorical syllogism, the enthymeme, through its Medieval and Renaissance interpretations. Bringing together notions of credibility and proof, an international team of scholars highlight the fierce debates around this form of argumentation during two key periods for Aristotle's beliefs.Reflecting on medieval and humanist thinkers, philosophers, poets and theologians, this volume joins up dialectical and rhetorical argumentation as key to the enthymeme's interpretation and shows how the enthymeme was the source of a major interpretive conflict. As a method for achieving the standards for proof and credibility that persist across diverse fields of study today including the law, politics, medicine and morality, this book takes in Latin and Persian interpretations of the enthymeme and casts contemporary argumentation in a new historical light.

The Meaning of Something: Rethinking the Logic and the Unity of the Ontology (Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning #29)

This innovative volume investigates the meaning of ‘something’ in different recent philosophical traditions in order to rethink the logic and the unity of ontology, without forgetting to compare these views to earlier significative accounts in the history of philosophy. In fact, the revival of interest in “something” in the 19th and 20th centuries as well as in contemporary philosophy can easily be accounted for: it affords the possibility for asking the question: what is there? without engaging in predefined speculative assumptions The issue about “something” seems to avoid any naive approach to the question about what there is, so that it is treated in two main contemporary philosophical trends: “material ontology”, which aims at taking “inventory” of what there is, of everything that is; and “formal ontology”, which analyses the structural features of all there is, whatever it is. The volume advances cutting-edge debates on what is the first et the most general item in ontology, that is to say “something”, because the relevant features of the conceptual core of something are: non-nothingness, otherness. Something means that one being is different from others. The relationality belongs to something.: Therefore, the volume advances cutting-edge debates in phenomenology, analytic philosophy, formal and material ontology, traditional metaphysics.

Abstract State Machines 2004. Advances in Theory and Practice: 11th International Workshop, ASM 2004, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany, May 24-28, 2004. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #3052)

Europäischer Republikanismus: Ein kohärenter Erklärungsansatz für wirtschaftliche und politische Integration in Europa?

In diesem Buch werden die aktuellen Theorien der europäischen Integration, wie Föderalismus, Neofunktionalismus und liberaler Intergouvernementalismus, mit ihren Stärken und Schwächen vorgestellt. Es wird dann argumentiert, dass die Kombination der republikanischen Theorie mit der Theorie des öffentlichen Gutes, der res publica der öffentlichen Güter, die europäische Integration besser erklären könnte. Die Theorie der öffentlichen Güter muss jedoch übernommen werden, um sie auf den europäischen Republikanismus anwendbar zu machen. Schließlich zeigt das Buch, wie dieser neue Rahmen weitere akademische Debatten beeinflussen kann, z. B. über Souveränität und Währungsintegration, externe Effekte eines gemeinsamen europäischen Marktes und die treibende Kraft der europäischen Integration. Da der republikanische Ansatz nicht einer rein wirtschaftlichen Logik folgt, bleibt Raum für politische Überlegungen und Motivationen. In diesem aktuellen und interdisziplinären Buch verbindet der Autor viele wichtige Stränge der europäischen Integrationstheorie, der Geschichte, der Ökonomie und der Politikwissenschaften, die klar zu einem kohärenten analytischen Diskurs zusammengeführt werden. Seine Stärke liegt in der interdisziplinären Interaktion zwischen Politik und Wirtschaft sowie in theoretischen und praktischen Fragen, die für die öffentliche Debatte in Europa von hoher Relevanz sind. Dieses Buch wird für Wissenschaftler und Studenten von Interesse sein, die sich für wirtschaftliche Integration sowie für Geschichte und politische Philosophie interessieren.

European Republicanism: Combining Political Theory with Economic Rationale

This book presents current theories of European integration, such as federalism, neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism with their strengths and weaknesses. It is then argued that the combination of republican theory with public good theory, the res publica of public goods, could better explain European integration. Public good theory has, however, to be adopted in order to make it applicable to European republicanism. Finally, the book demonstrates how this new framework can influence further academic debates, such as on sovereignty and monetary integration, externalities of a common European market and the driving force of European integration. It is maintained that as the republican approach does not follow a pure economic logic, there remains space for political considerations and motivations.In this topical and interdisciplinary book, the author combines many important strings of European integration theory, history, economics and political sciences, which are clearly brought together into a coherent analytical discourse. Its strength is the interdisciplinary interaction between politics and economics, as well as theoretical and practical issues which are of high relevance for public debate in Europe. This book will be of interest to scholars and students interested in economic integration, as well as history and political philosophy.

Kreativität und Form: Programm eines Glasperlenspiels zum Experimentieren mit Wissen

Ausgehend von der Idee des Glasperlenspiels, die Hermann Hesse in seinem gleichnamigen Roman entwirft, haben die Autoren in diesem Band die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen eines solchen Spiels im Umgang mit Wissen ausgelotet. Sie zeigen neue Methoden für das Wissensmanagement auf und verbinden dafür Erkenntnisse verschiedener Wissenschaftsgebiete wie Logik, System- und Erkenntnistheorie sowie Semiotik, Kognition und Kommunikation. Das begleitende Computerprogramm unterstützt Leser beim Experimentieren mit Wissen.

Berechenbarkeit: Berechnungsmodelle und Unentscheidbarkeit (essentials)

In diesem essential werden wesentliche Konzepte der Berechenbarkeitstheorie erörtert. Zunächst werden unterschiedliche Modelle der Berechenbarkeit eingeführt und ihre semantische Gleichwertigkeit gezeigt. Dieses Resultat steht in Einklang mit der Church-Turing-These, nach der jede intuitiv berechenbare Funktion partiell-rekursiv ist. Neben zentralen Instrumenten der Berechenbarkeit, wie etwa der Gödelisierung von berechenbaren Funktionen und der Existenz universeller berechenbarer Funktionen, stehen unentscheidbare Probleme im Fokus, wie etwa das Halteproblem sowie das Wortproblem für die Term-Ersetzung. Semi-entscheidbare Mengen werden beleuchtet und die zentralen Sätze von Rice und Rice-Shapiro werden skizziert.

Hermeneutics: Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Biblical Hermeneutics (Very Short Introductions #5)

Hermeneutics is the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, a behaviour that is intrinsic to our daily lives. As humans, we decipher the meaning of newspaper articles, books, legal matters, religious texts, political speeches, emails, and even dinner conversations every day . But how is knowledge mediated through these forms? What constitutes the process of interpretation? And how do we draw meaning from the world around us so that we might understand our position in it? In this Very Short Introduction Jens Zimmermann traces the history of hermeneutic theory, setting out its key elements, and demonstrating how they can be applied to a broad range of disciplines: theology; literature; law; and natural and social sciences. Demonstrating the longstanding and wide-ranging necessity of interpretation, Zimmermann reveals its significance in our current social and political landscape. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Hermeneutics: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

Hermeneutics is the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, a behaviour that is intrinsic to our daily lives. As humans, we decipher the meaning of newspaper articles, books, legal matters, religious texts, political speeches, emails, and even dinner conversations every day . But how is knowledge mediated through these forms? What constitutes the process of interpretation? And how do we draw meaning from the world around us so that we might understand our position in it? In this Very Short Introduction Jens Zimmermann traces the history of hermeneutic theory, setting out its key elements, and demonstrating how they can be applied to a broad range of disciplines: theology; literature; law; and natural and social sciences. Demonstrating the longstanding and wide-ranging necessity of interpretation, Zimmermann reveals its significance in our current social and political landscape. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Human Flourishing in a Technological World: A Theological Perspective

Human Flourishing in a Technological World addresses the question of human identity and flourishing in the light of recent technological advances. The chapters in Part I provide a philosophical-theological evaluation of changing major anthropological assumptions that have guided human self-understanding from antiquity to modernity: How did we move from a religious and mostly embodied anthropology of the person to the idea that we can upload human consciousness to computing platforms? How did we come to imagine that machines can actually be intelligent, or even learn in human fashion? Moreover, what metaphysical changes explain our mostly uncritical embrace of a technological determination of being and thus of how reality "works"? In Part II, the focus turns to the practical implications of our changing understanding of what it means to be human. Covering some of the most pressing current concerns about human flourishing, these chapters deal with the impact of technology on education, healthcare, disability, leisure and the nature of work, communication, aging, death, and the nature of wisdom for human flourishing in light of evolutionary biology. The volume includes the text of a lecutre by virtual reality engineer and computer scientist Jaron Lanier, and a discussion between Lanier and other contributors.

Re-Envisioning Christian Humanism: Education and the Restoration of Humanity

Since the early 1980s, there has been renewed scholarly interest in the concept of Christian Humanism. A number of official Catholic documents have stressed the importance of 'Christian humanism', as a vehicle of Christian social teaching and, indeed, as a Christian philosophy of culture. Fundamentally, humanism aims to explore what it means to be human and what the grounds are for human flourishing. Featuring contributions from internationally renowned Christian authors from a variety of disciplines in the humanities, Re-Envisioning Christian Humanism recovers a Christian humanist ethos for our time. The volume offers a chronological overview (from patristic humanism to the Reformation and beyond) and individual examples (Jewell, Calvin) of past Christian humanisms. The chapters are connected through the theme of Christian paideia as the foundation for liberal arts education.

International Relations: Theories in Action

The definitive applied theory textbook that helps you make sense of global issues through theoretical concepts. Not presupposing any prior knowledge, this introduction equips you with the skills to use theories as adaptable tools to tackle complex global issues. Adopting a critical and questioning approach, you will be equipped in theory as a series of tools to be used, adapted, combined, and applied when grappling with some of the most contested issues in global politics. Theoretical perspectives are brought alive as a vital tool to understand concrete historical and contemporary examples. This indispensable text starts by examining key theories spanning constructivism and postcolonialism to realism and liberalism with a real-world perspective which prioritises empirical purchase. From here, chapters take a critical, questioning approach to tackle core problems of international politics – from armed conflict and financial markets to the climate crisis, global inequality, gender and race. This text is the ideal companion for all undergraduate and postgraduate students of global affairs. Hubert Zimmermann is Professor of International Relations at Philipps University of Marburg, Germany. Milena Elsinger is Head of the student information department at Philipps University of Marburg, Germany. Alex Burkhardt teaches at the Bundessprachenamt in Koblenz, Germany and previously taught at Philipps University Marburg, Germany.

International Relations: Theories in Action

The definitive applied theory textbook that helps you make sense of global issues through theoretical concepts. Not presupposing any prior knowledge, this introduction equips you with the skills to use theories as adaptable tools to tackle complex global issues. Adopting a critical and questioning approach, you will be equipped in theory as a series of tools to be used, adapted, combined, and applied when grappling with some of the most contested issues in global politics. Theoretical perspectives are brought alive as a vital tool to understand concrete historical and contemporary examples. This indispensable text starts by examining key theories spanning constructivism and postcolonialism to realism and liberalism with a real-world perspective which prioritises empirical purchase. From here, chapters take a critical, questioning approach to tackle core problems of international politics – from armed conflict and financial markets to the climate crisis, global inequality, gender and race. This text is the ideal companion for all undergraduate and postgraduate students of global affairs. Hubert Zimmermann is Professor of International Relations at Philipps University of Marburg, Germany. Milena Elsinger is Head of the student information department at Philipps University of Marburg, Germany. Alex Burkhardt teaches at the Bundessprachenamt in Koblenz, Germany and previously taught at Philipps University Marburg, Germany.

International Relations: Theories in Action

The definitive applied theory textbook that helps you make sense of global issues through theoretical concepts. Not presupposing any prior knowledge, this introduction equips you with the skills to use theories as adaptable tools to tackle complex global issues. Adopting a critical and questioning approach, you will be equipped in theory as a series of tools to be used, adapted, combined, and applied when grappling with some of the most contested issues in global politics. Theoretical perspectives are brought alive as a vital tool to understand concrete historical and contemporary examples. This indispensable text starts by examining key theories spanning constructivism and postcolonialism to realism and liberalism with a real-world perspective which prioritises empirical purchase. From here, chapters take a critical, questioning approach to tackle core problems of international politics – from armed conflict and financial markets to the climate crisis, global inequality, gender and race. This text is the ideal companion for all undergraduate and postgraduate students of global affairs. Hubert Zimmermann is Professor of International Relations at Philipps University of Marburg, Germany. Milena Elsinger is Head of the student information department at Philipps University of Marburg, Germany. Alex Burkhardt teaches at the Bundessprachenamt in Koblenz, Germany and previously taught at Philipps University Marburg, Germany.

Advances in Computational Intelligence and Learning: Methods and Applications (International Series in Intelligent Technologies #18)

Advances in Computational Intelligence and Learning: Methods and Applications presents new developments and applications in the area of Computational Intelligence, which essentially describes methods and approaches that mimic biologically intelligent behavior in order to solve problems that have been difficult to solve by classical mathematics. Generally Fuzzy Technology, Artificial Neural Nets and Evolutionary Computing are considered to be such approaches. The Editors have assembled new contributions in the areas of fuzzy sets, neural sets and machine learning, as well as combinations of them (so called hybrid methods) in the first part of the book. The second part of the book is dedicated to applications in the areas that are considered to be most relevant to Computational Intelligence.

Fuzzy Set Theory — and Its Applications

Since its inception 20 years ago the theory of fuzzy sets has advanced in a variety of ways and in many disciplines. Applications of this theory can be found in artificial intelligence, computer science, control engineering, decision theory, expert systems, logic, management science, operations research, pattern recognition, robotics and others. Theoretical advances, too, have been made in many directions, and a gap has arisen between advanced theoretical topics and applications, which often use the theory at a rather elementary level. The primary goal of this book is to close this gap - to provide a textbook for courses in fuzzy set theory and a book that can be used as an introduction. This revised book updates the research agenda, with the chapters of possibility theory, fuzzy logic and approximate reasoning, expert systems and control, decision making and fuzzy set models in operations research being restructured and rewritten. Exercises have been added to almost all chapters and a teacher's manual is available upon request.

Fuzzy Set Theory—and Its Applications

Fuzzy Set Theory - And Its Applications, Third Edition is a textbook for courses in fuzzy set theory. It can also be used as an introduction to the subject. The character of a textbook is balanced with the dynamic nature of the research in the field by including many useful references to develop a deeper understanding among interested readers. The book updates the research agenda (which has witnessed profound and startling advances since its inception some 30 years ago) with chapters on possibility theory, fuzzy logic and approximate reasoning, expert systems, fuzzy control, fuzzy data analysis, decision making and fuzzy set models in operations research. All chapters have been updated. Exercises are included.

Fuzzy Set Theory—and Its Applications

This introduction to fuzzy set theory and its multitude of applications seeks to balance the character of the book with the dynamic nature of the research. This edition includes new chapters on possibility theory, fuzzy logic and approximate reasoning, expert systems, fuzzy control, fuzzy data analysis, decision making and fuzzy set models in operations research. Existing material has been updated, and extended exercises are included.

Practical Applications of Fuzzy Technologies (The Handbooks of Fuzzy Sets #6)

Since the late 1980s, a large number of very user-friendly tools for fuzzy control, fuzzy expert systems, and fuzzy data analysis have emerged. This has changed the character of this area and started the area of `fuzzy technology'. The next large step in the development occurred in 1992 when almost independently in Europe, Japan and the USA, the three areas of fuzzy technology, artificial neural nets and genetic algorithms joined forces under the title of `computational intelligence' or `soft computing'. The synergies which were possible between these three areas have been exploited very successfully. Practical Applications of Fuzzy Sets focuses on model and real applications of fuzzy sets, and is structured into four major parts: engineering and natural sciences; medicine; management; and behavioral, cognitive and social sciences. This book will be useful for practitioners of fuzzy technology, scientists and students who are looking for applications of their models and methods, for topics of their theses, and even for venture capitalists who look for attractive possibilities for investments.

The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746-1759 (Studies in Modern History)

The argument presented in this book arose from an extension to the question whether the suppression of the Jacobite Rising of 1745-46, as represented by a long-standing historiographical consensus, spelled the end of Jacobite hopes, and British fears, of another restoration attempt. The principal conclusion of this book is that the Jacobite Movement persisted as a viable threat to the British state, and was perceived as such by its opponents to 1759.

Ignorance and Moral Responsibility

Michael J. Zimmerman investigates the relation between ignorance and moral responsibility. He begins with the presentation of a case in which a tragedy occurs, one to which many people have unwittingly contributed, and addresses the question of whether their ignorance absolves them of blame for what happened. Inspection of the case issues in the Argument from Ignorance, whose conclusion is that, to be blameworthy for one's behaviour and its consequences, one must at some time in the history of that behaviour have known that one was engaged in wrongdoing-a thesis that threatens to undermine many everyday ascriptions of responsibility. This argument is examined and refined in ensuing chapters by way of, first, a detailed inquiry into the nature of moral responsibility, ignorance, and control, all of which play a crucial role in the argument, and then an application of the fruits of this investigation to the question of whether and how someone might be to blame for behaviour that stems from either culpable ignorance, negligence, recklessness, or the kind of fundamental moral ignorance that often characterizes evildoers. The Argument from Ignorance implies that in a great many such cases the agent has an excuse for the wrongdoing in question. This is a disturbing verdict, and in the final chapter challenges to the argument are entertained. Despite the merits of some of these challenges, it is held that the argument, revised one last time, survives them.