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The Prefects and Provincial France (Routledge Library Editions: Government)
by Brian ChapmanOriginally published in 1955, this book traces the history of the Corps from its foundation in 1800, the successive stages in the career of a Prefect, his or her legal powers and influence on the social, political and economic life of the country. As well as being an original piece of research, it provides an absorbing picture of life in provincial France and explains the fundamental strength of France despite her political contradictions.
The Prefects and Provincial France (Routledge Library Editions: Government)
by Brian ChapmanOriginally published in 1955, this book traces the history of the Corps from its foundation in 1800, the successive stages in the career of a Prefect, his or her legal powers and influence on the social, political and economic life of the country. As well as being an original piece of research, it provides an absorbing picture of life in provincial France and explains the fundamental strength of France despite her political contradictions.
Über den Philosophie-Begriff Platons. Die Mathematik und die physikalische Realität (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen)
by Josef Pieper
Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato’s ‘Timaeus’
by George S. ClaghornThe purpose of this study is to determine Aristotle's attitude toward the content and method of Plato's natural science. Plato and Aristotle have often been regarded as on opposite sides of a philosophic 'Great Divide'. On the other hand, those who have found that the two men were in agreement have sometimes mentioned only scattered instances of that agreement. There is need for a new comparison of the two philosopher- one which is limited in scope, based on the primary texts, and which is systematic and thorough in method. If successful, such a comparison would bring into sharp focus one phase of Aristotle's comments on Plato. Our attempt to meet this need is Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's TIMAEUS. In pursuing this study, it has been necessary to reject a number of uncritically-accepted interpre tations of the Timaeus. Contrary to the view of many, we have concluded that Aristotle largely agreed with Plato, both in the principles and presuppositions of his natural science. A number of implications stem from this study. There is, for example, the oft-questioned manner in which Aristotle treated Plato's philosophy. In the great majority of instances, Aristotle stands forth as a reliable reporter and a skilled critic. Moreover, the study sheds light on that ancient riddle: whether Plato and Aristotle are basically akin or at odds in their general philosophies.
Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan: A General Survey of the Progress of Christianity in India from Apostolic Times to the Present Day
by P. ThomasOriginally published in 1954, Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan is an historical account of Christianity from the time of Apostle Thomas through to contemporary times. The book records the vicissitudes of the Church prior to the Reformation, the work of the early Protestant missions, and the results of British influence. It provides an overview of Christianity in contemporary India and Pakistan, and explores a range of topics including Indian traditions, the labours of Armenians and the missionaries of the West, the political and social position of Indian Christians, and Christian influences on Hinduism. Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan will appeal to those with an interest in the history of Christianity.
Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan: A General Survey of the Progress of Christianity in India from Apostolic Times to the Present Day
by P. ThomasOriginally published in 1954, Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan is an historical account of Christianity from the time of Apostle Thomas through to contemporary times. The book records the vicissitudes of the Church prior to the Reformation, the work of the early Protestant missions, and the results of British influence. It provides an overview of Christianity in contemporary India and Pakistan, and explores a range of topics including Indian traditions, the labours of Armenians and the missionaries of the West, the political and social position of Indian Christians, and Christian influences on Hinduism. Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan will appeal to those with an interest in the history of Christianity.
The Contemplative Activity: Eight Lectures on Aesthetics (Routledge Revivals)
by Pepita HaezrahiFirst published in 1954, The Contemplative Activity analyses our knowledge of aesthetic experience, making the basic assumption that the existence of such experience is a hard core of fact which can only be described. Haezrahi’s approach to the problem of aesthetic judgment is analytical, concerned with clarifying its preconditions, determining its categories and tracing its implications. Her analysis reveals it consists a particular mode of perception and a particular attitude adopted towards what is so perceived. The various philosophies of art and beauty, though they represent attitudes different from the purely aesthetic one, are carefully examined too since the contemplative spectator is indebted to them for the achievement of adequate aesthetic responses to specific works of art. Haezrahi also discusses methods of objective evaluation of the aesthetic experience as well as possible means to reduce the margin of error involved in the particular responses of critics and theorists. This book will be particularly important for students of philosophy and of art.
The Contemplative Activity: Eight Lectures on Aesthetics (Routledge Revivals)
by Pepita HaezrahiFirst published in 1954, The Contemplative Activity analyses our knowledge of aesthetic experience, making the basic assumption that the existence of such experience is a hard core of fact which can only be described. Haezrahi’s approach to the problem of aesthetic judgment is analytical, concerned with clarifying its preconditions, determining its categories and tracing its implications. Her analysis reveals it consists a particular mode of perception and a particular attitude adopted towards what is so perceived. The various philosophies of art and beauty, though they represent attitudes different from the purely aesthetic one, are carefully examined too since the contemplative spectator is indebted to them for the achievement of adequate aesthetic responses to specific works of art. Haezrahi also discusses methods of objective evaluation of the aesthetic experience as well as possible means to reduce the margin of error involved in the particular responses of critics and theorists. This book will be particularly important for students of philosophy and of art.
The Cosmic Fragments
by Heraclitus G. S. KirkThis work provides a text and an extended study of those fragments of Heraclitus' philosophical utterances whose subject is the world as a whole rather than man and his part in it. Professor Kirk discusses fully the fragments which he finds genuine and treats in passing others that were generally accepted as genuine but here considered paraphrased or spurious. In securing his text, Professor Kirk has taken into account all the ancient testimonies, and in his critical work he attached particular importance to the context in which each fragment is set. To each he gives a selective apparatus, a literal translation and and an extended commentary in which problems of textual and philosophical criticism are discussed. Ancient accounts of Heraclitus were inadequate and misleading, and as Kirk wrote, understanding was often hindered by excessive dogmatism and a selective use of the fragments. Professor Kirk's method is critical and objective, and his 1954 work marks a significant advance in the study of Presocratic thought.
Die klassische Demokratie (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen #3)
by Hans Erich Stier
Die Unsachlichkeit der Existenzphilosophie: Vier kritische Aufsätze
by Kurt ReidemeisterDie folgenden vier Aufsätze sind der kritischen Darstellung einiger Grundgedanken der Existenzphilosophie gewidmet. Der erste Aufsatz zeigt die Grenze des existenziellen Verstehens in einer konkreten theo logischen Situation auf. Der zweite Aufsatz schildert die systematische Bedeutung des Sprunges in der Existenzphilosophie als eine unbegrün dete Ablehnung apriori des Positivismus. Der dritte Aufsatz sucht den Gegensatz zwischen Positivismus und Existenzphilosophie zu besserem Verständnis von innen her durch Einbettung in den Gegen satz zwischen positivem und hermeneutischem Verstehen zu bringen. Im vierten Aufsatz wird der spekulative Charakter des existenziellen Denkens an einem Beispiel aufgehellt. Ich hoffe, daß diese Darstellung einer sachlichen Auseinandersetzung den Weg ebnet. Einen festumrissenen Standpunkt für eine solche Aus einandersetzung habe ich in meinem Buch 'Geist und Wirklichkeit' entwickelt, auf das ich im folgendem zwecks näherer Begründung mehrfach zu verweisen habe. KURT REIDEMEISTER INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Ober den Ursprung der Theologie Bultmanns I Positivismus und Existenzphilosophie 10 Die Einheit des Denkens in Philosophie und Wissenschaft 18 Ober den Begriff der Spekulation . . . . . . . . . . 33 üBER DEN URSPRUNG DER THEOLOGIE BULTMANNS Die sokratische Ironie ist noch immer aktuell, und wenn wir uns dem Gebiet des allgemeinen Welt- und Selbstverständnisses nähern und in ihm bewegen wollen, tun wir gut daran, uns den Sinn jenes »ich weiß, daß ich nicht weiß" vor Augen zu halten und kritische Vor sicht walten zu lassen auch da, wo Geläufiges-Allzugeläufiges ein rasches Urteil zu erlauben scheint.
Einführung in die symbolische Logik: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendungen
by Rudolf CarnapIn der Gestalt der symbolischen oder mathematischen Logik oder Logistik hat die Logik seit etwa 100 Jahren eine völlig neue Form an genommen. Die Verwendung von Symbolen ist zwar das auffallendste Merkmal der neuen Logik, aber nicht das wesentlichste. Wichtiger sind die Exaktheit der Formulierung, die große Ausdehnung des Gebietes, ins besondere in der Theorie der Relationen und der Begriffe höherer Stufen, und die vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeit der neuen Methoden. In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist daher das Interesse an der symbolischen Logik in weiteren Kreisen wachgeworden, besonders unter Philosophen und Mathematikern, aber auch unter den Fachwissenschaftlern, die an der Analyse der Begriffe ihrer Fachwissenschaften interessiert sind. Ins besondere in den Vereinigten Staaten ist die symbolische Logik heute ein anerkanntes Fachgebiet in Forschung und Unterricht; hier betrachten die meisten Autoren, die über Philosophie der Erkenntnis, Sprachanalyse, Methodenlehre der Wissenschaft, Grundlagen der Mathematik, axioma. tische Methode und ähnliches schreiben, die symbolische Logik als ein unentbehrliches Hilfsmittel. Dieses Buch möchte dazu beitragen, das Interesse an der symbolischen Logik in den deutschsprachigen Ländern zu fördern. Es unterscheidet sich von den übrigen Lehrbüchern, die meist in englischer Sprache erschienen sind, hauptsächlich in folgenden Punkten. Hier werden nicht nur, wie sonst üblich, die elementaren Teile der Theorie dargestellt, sondern auch ausführlich die höheren Gebiete, besonders die Logik der Relationen, die für die Anwendung besonders wichtig sind. Ferner ist der ganze Teil II der Anwendung der symbolischen Logik gewidmet.
The First and Last Freedom
by J KrishnamurtiIf truth can set us free, where do we find it? In The First and Last Freedom, Krishnamurti argues that we will not find truth in formal institutions, nor in organised religions and their dogmas, nor in any guru or outside authority; for, according to Krishnamurti, truth can only be realised through self-understanding. Controversial and challenging, yet always enlightening, Krishnamurti guides us through society’s common concerns, such as suffering and fear, love and loneliness, sex and death, the meaning of life, the nature of God, and personal transformation - consistently relating these topics to the essential search for pure truth and perfect freedom. This classic philosophical and spiritual study offers wisdom and insights particularly suited to our own uncertain times.
The Little Book of Zen: Sayings, Parables, Meditations & Haiku
by David SchillerA revised edition of the classic little book, which has over 500,000 copies in print. New material and illustrations make the book even more accessible to readers who are interested in mindfulness, in seizing the moment, in staying steady in hard times.
Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning, Volume 1: Induction and Analogy in Mathematics
by G. PolyaA guide to the practical art of plausible reasoning, this book has relevance in every field of intellectual activity. Professor Polya, a world-famous mathematician from Stanford University, uses mathematics to show how hunches and guesses play an important part in even the most rigorously deductive science. He explains how solutions to problems can be guessed at; good guessing is often more important than rigorous deduction in finding correct solutions. Vol. I, on Induction and Analogy in Mathematics, covers a wide variety of mathematical problems, revealing the trains of thought that lead to solutions, pointing out false bypaths, discussing techniques of searching for proofs. Problems and examples challenge curiosity, judgment, and power of invention.
Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning, Volume 2: Logic, Symbolic and mathematical
by G. PolyaA guide to the practical art of plausible reasoning, this book has relevance in every field of intellectual activity. Professor Polya, a world-famous mathematician from Stanford University, uses mathematics to show how hunches and guesses play an important part in even the most rigorously deductive science. He explains how solutions to problems can be guessed at; good guessing is often more important than rigorous deduction in finding correct solutions. Vol. II, on Patterns of Plausible Inference, attempts to develop a logic of plausibility. What makes some evidence stronger and some weaker? How does one seek evidence that will make a suspected truth more probable? These questions involve philosophy and psychology as well as mathematics.
The Meaning of Aristotle’s ‘Ontology’
by Werner MarxThis study forms part of a wider investigation whieh will inquire into the relationship of Ontology and Anthropology. Since the meaning of the term 'ontology' is far from clear, the immediate task is to ask the 'father of ontology' what he might have understood it to mean. The introductory chapter emphasizes the fact that Aristotle hirnself never used the term 'ontology. ' It should be stressed at once that, even had be used it, he could not very weH have employed it to denote the discipline of ontology. For it was only during the era of the schoolmen that the vast and rich body of the prote philosophia came to be disciplined into classifications; these classifications reflected the Christian, - not the pagan Greek -, view of all-that-is. The metaphysica specialis dealing with God (theology), his creatures (psychology), and the created universe (cosmology), was differentiated from the metaphysica generalis, dealing with being-in-general (ens commune). This latter discipline amounted to the 'discipline of ontology'. 1 We are not concemed with the meaning of the metaphysica generalis. We wish to approach our problem with an open mind and want to hear directly from Aristotle - on the basis of the text of the prote Philosophia alone - which body of thought he might have called his 'ontology' and what its meaning might have been.
Philosophy of Comics: An Introduction
by Sam Cowling Wesley CrayWhat exactly are comics? Can they be art, literature, or even pornography? How should we understand the characters, stories, and genres that shape them?Thinking about comics raises a bewildering range of questions about representation, narrative, and value. Philosophy of Comics is an introduction to these philosophical questions. In exploring the history and variety of the comics medium, Sam Cowling and Wesley D. Cray chart a path through the emerging field of the philosophy of comics.Drawing from a diverse range of forms and genres and informed by case studies of classic comics such as Watchmen, Tales from the Crypt, and Fun Home, Cowling and Cray explore ethical, aesthetic, and ontological puzzles, including: - What does it take to create-or destroy-a fictional character like Superman?- Can all comics be adapted into films, or are some comics impossible to adapt?- Is there really a genre of “superhero comics”?- When are comics obscene, pornographic, and why does it matter? At a time of rapidly growing interest in graphic storytelling, this is an ideal introduction to the philosophy of comics and some of its most central and puzzling questions.
Psychologie der Weltanschauungen
by Karl JaspersEs ist philosophische Aufgabe gewesen, eine Weltanschaung zu gleich als wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis und als Lebenslehre zu ent wickeln. Die rationale Einsicht sollte der Halt sein. Statt dessen wird in diesem Buch der Versuch gemacht, nur zu verstehen, welche letzten Positionen die Seele einnimmt, welche Kräfte sie bewegen. Die faktische Weltanschauung dagegen bleibt Sache des Lebens. Statt einer Mitteilung dessen, worauf es im Leben ankomme, sollen nur Klärungen und Möglichkeiten als Mittel zur Selbstbesinnung gegeben werden. Wer direkte Antwort auf die Frage will, wie er leben solle, sucht sie in diesem Buche vergebens. Das Wesentliche, das in den konkreten Entscheidungen persönlichen Schicksals liegt, bleibt ver schlossen. Das Buch hat nur Sinn für Menschen, die beginnen, sich zu verwundern, auf sich selbst zu reflektieren, Fragwürdigkeiten des Daseins zu sehen, und auch nur Sinn für solche, die das Leben als persönliche, irrationale, durch nichts aufhebbare Verantwortung er fahren. Es appelliert an die freie Geistigkeit und Aktivität des Lebens durch Darbietung von Orientierungsmitteln, aber es versucht nicht, Leben zu schaffen und zu lehren. Heidelberg. Karl J aspers. VORWORT ZUR VIERTEN AUFLAGE. Dies Buch meiner Jugend aus der Zeit, als ich von der Psychiatrie her zum Philosophieren kam, aus der Zeit des ersten Weltkriegs und der Er schütterung unserer Überlieferung, ist das Ergebnis der Selbstbesinnung jener Tage. Es erscheint jetzt, nachdem es fast zwei Jahrzehnte vergriffen war, unverändert in neuer Auflage.
Robert Pippin and Film: Politics, Ethics, and Psychology after Modernism (Film Thinks)
by Dominic LashRobert Pippin (1948- ) is a major figure in contemporary philosophy, having published influential work on thinkers including Kant, Hegel, and Nietzsche. He is also an original thinker about – and critic of – film who has written books and numerous articles on canonical subjects such as the Western, Film Noir, and Hitchcock's Vertigo. In Robert Pippin and Film, Dominic Lash demonstrates the ways that film has been crucial to Pippin's thought on important philosophical topics such as political psychology, ethics, and self-knowledge. He also explores the implications of Pippin's methodological commitments to clear language and to maintaining close contact with the details of the films in question. In so doing, Lash brings Pippin's work on film to a wider audience and contributes to current debates both within film studies and beyond. This includes those concerning the relationships between film and philosophy, criticism and aesthetics, and individual subjectivity and political consciousness.Lash focuses on Pippin's major works on film – Hollywood Westerns and American Myth (2010), Fatalism in American Film Noir (2012), The Philosophical Hitchcock (2017), and Filmed Thought (2020) as well as his many shorter writings on film.
Tragic Sense of Life
by Miguel De UnamunoThe acknowledged masterpiece of one of Spain's most influential thinkers. Between despair and the desire for something better, Unamuno finds that "saving incertitude" that alone can console us. Dynamic appraisal of man's faith in God and in himself.
