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The Comparative Method of Language Acquisition Research
by Clifton PyeThe Mayan family of languages is ancient and unique. With their distinctive relational nouns, positionals, and complex grammatical voices, they are quite alien to English and have never been shown to be genetically related to other New World tongues. These qualities, Clifton Pye shows, afford a particular opportunity for linguistic insight. Both an overview of lessons Pye has gleaned from more than thirty years of studying how children learn Mayan languages as well as a strong case for a novel method of researching crosslinguistic language acquisition more broadly, this book demonstrates the value of a close, granular analysis of a small language lineage for untangling the complexities of first language acquisition. Pye here applies the comparative method to three Mayan languages—K’iche’, Mam, and Ch’ol—showing how differences in the use of verbs are connected to differences in the subject markers and pronouns used by children and adults. His holistic approach allows him to observe how small differences between the languages lead to significant differences in the structure of the children’s lexicon and grammar, and to learn why that is so. More than this, he expects that such careful scrutiny of related languages’ variable solutions to specific problems will yield new insights into how children acquire complex grammars. Studying such an array of related languages, he argues, is a necessary condition for understanding how any particular language is used; studying languages in isolation, comparing them only to one’s native tongue, is merely collecting linguistic curiosities.
A Comparative Historical and Typological Approach to the Middle Eastern State System: Taking Stein Rokkan’s Ambitions Beyond Europe (Comparative Social Research #36)
by LARS MJØSET, NILS BUTENSCHØN AND KRISTIAN BERG HARPVIKENThe study of state formation and nation building is a proud tradition. Currently, however, it is difficult to discern a unified research frontier in this field, due to a persistent gap between the more case-based historical focus seen in area studies, and more generalizing approaches inspired by the natural sciences. Showcasing the legacy of Norwegian political scientist and sociologist Stein Rokkan, this volume explores the potential of his work to address this gap. Featuring Rokkan’s lecture skeleton methodology, given in Paris 1976, but included here as the first ever English language translation, this collection brings into sharp focus how Rokkan developed a set of methodological tools that allowed the construction of regional models and typological maps for guiding paired or clustered comparisons of state formation and nation building in any world region. Acknowledging Rokkan’s key argument that relevant models and maps need to be developed through knowledge about a region’s history rather than through formal concepts alone, contributors draw on the full potential of Rokkan’s innovations by calibrating them with empirical material from a world region not analysed by Rokkan himself: the Middle East. Thoughtfully reconstructing and upgrading Rokkan’s methodology, A Comparative Historical and Typological Approach to the Middle Eastern State System ushers in a new vision in the field of state formation and nation building.
A Comparative Historical and Typological Approach to the Middle Eastern State System: Taking Stein Rokkan’s Ambitions Beyond Europe (Comparative Social Research #36)
by Lars Mjøset Nils Butenschøn Kristian Berg HarpvikenThe study of state formation and nation building is a proud tradition. Currently, however, it is difficult to discern a unified research frontier in this field, due to a persistent gap between the more case-based historical focus seen in area studies, and more generalizing approaches inspired by the natural sciences. Showcasing the legacy of Norwegian political scientist and sociologist Stein Rokkan, this volume explores the potential of his work to address this gap. Featuring Rokkan’s lecture skeleton methodology, given in Paris 1976, but included here as the first ever English language translation, this collection brings into sharp focus how Rokkan developed a set of methodological tools that allowed the construction of regional models and typological maps for guiding paired or clustered comparisons of state formation and nation building in any world region. Acknowledging Rokkan’s key argument that relevant models and maps need to be developed through knowledge about a region’s history rather than through formal concepts alone, contributors draw on the full potential of Rokkan’s innovations by calibrating them with empirical material from a world region not analysed by Rokkan himself: the Middle East. Thoughtfully reconstructing and upgrading Rokkan’s methodology, A Comparative Historical and Typological Approach to the Middle Eastern State System ushers in a new vision in the field of state formation and nation building.
A Comparative Ethnography of Alternative Spaces
by Esther FihlThrough ethnographical cases, this book examines the ways in which social groups position themselves between cultures, states, moralities, and local/state authorities, creating opportunities for agency. Alternative spaces designate in-between spaces rather than oppositional structures and are both inside and outside their constituent elements.
Comparative Education, Terrorism and Human Security: From Critical Pedagogy to Peacebuilding?
by W. NellesPolicy decisions in education have changed drastically as a result of the recent threats to our international and national security. In this timely and compelling collection, authors discuss the significance of policy decisions on education systems, and argue that all forms of violence, including terrorism, are often reproduced through education. Authors incorporate case studies from a broad spectrum of countries to make a case for peace-building alternatives and non-military security cooperation. Comparative Education, Terrorism and Human Security will highlight education systems around the globe that sustain violence, will bring together human security and preventive diplomacy research to predict future trends, will explore foreign policy implications that could lead to non-violent interventions abroad, and will provide teachers and policymakers with relevant reflections on reform. This book arrives at a time when many of us are wondering what education systems can do to eliminate/perpetuate violence and will be the only one of its kind to address these questions on a global scale.
Comparative Early Childhood Education Services: International Perspectives (Critical Cultural Studies of Childhood)
by Judith Duncan and Sarah Te OneThis reconceptualizes the place of early childhood education within communities. It presents a shift in the lens of the teachers and management within early childhood services to incorporate new ways of working with, alongside, and in collaboration with family and the wider community.
Comparative Deviance: Perception and Law in Six Cultures
by Graeme R. Newman Marvin E. Wolfgang"Comparative Deviance" represents a systematic attempt to survey public perceptions of deviant behavior cross-culturally: in India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Yugoslavia and the United States. There is extensive diversity in both law and perception concerning such deviances as taking drugs, homosexuality, and abortion, yet there is evidence for a basically invariant structure in perception of deviance across all cultures. Within the countries studied in this volume, Geraeme Newman discovers that the strength of religious belief and urban rural background accounted for major differences in the perception of deviance - when differences were identified.Contrary to popular academic opinion in the United States, Newman finds that those countries with the most liberal laws on deviance (i.e., the least punitive sanctions) are also those highly economically developed and least totalitarian (United States and Italy). But when public opinion is considered, the public favors harsher punishments than the law provides. In contrast, in the developing countries of India, Iran and Indonesia, where penal sanctions are more severe, public opinion is much more liberal. The crucial question is the role criminal law plays in the process of modernization: whether law is a stable cultural influence, round which public opinion wavers in a startling fashion, depending on the stage of modernization.These findings challenge many assumptions of conflict theory in sociology, of cultural relativism in anthropology, and of ethical relativism in moral philosophy. All findings are examined in relation to research on modernization, social development, and the evolution of law. These fundamental issues are thus important to many different disciplines across the board.
Comparative Deviance: Perception and Law in Six Cultures
by Graeme R. Newman Marvin E. Wolfgang"Comparative Deviance" represents a systematic attempt to survey public perceptions of deviant behavior cross-culturally: in India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Yugoslavia and the United States. There is extensive diversity in both law and perception concerning such deviances as taking drugs, homosexuality, and abortion, yet there is evidence for a basically invariant structure in perception of deviance across all cultures. Within the countries studied in this volume, Geraeme Newman discovers that the strength of religious belief and urban rural background accounted for major differences in the perception of deviance - when differences were identified.Contrary to popular academic opinion in the United States, Newman finds that those countries with the most liberal laws on deviance (i.e., the least punitive sanctions) are also those highly economically developed and least totalitarian (United States and Italy). But when public opinion is considered, the public favors harsher punishments than the law provides. In contrast, in the developing countries of India, Iran and Indonesia, where penal sanctions are more severe, public opinion is much more liberal. The crucial question is the role criminal law plays in the process of modernization: whether law is a stable cultural influence, round which public opinion wavers in a startling fashion, depending on the stage of modernization.These findings challenge many assumptions of conflict theory in sociology, of cultural relativism in anthropology, and of ethical relativism in moral philosophy. All findings are examined in relation to research on modernization, social development, and the evolution of law. These fundamental issues are thus important to many different disciplines across the board.
Comparative Communication Research: A Study of the Conceptual, Methodological, and Social Challenges of International Collaborative Studies in Communication Science (Studies in International, Transnational and Global Communications)
by Sophia Charlotte VolkComparative research has gained enormous popularity in communication and media studies in the last two decades and is increasingly conducted in international research teams. Collaboration with scholars from different countries brings many advantages, but it is also prone to conflict. Sophia Charlotte Volk presents the first systematic reflection on the conceptual, methodological, and social challenges of international collaborative and comparative studies in communication science. A systematic review of comparative studies and expert interviews with communication scholars shed light on how challenges manifest themselves empirically and what solutions have proven to be appropriate. The book proposes a phase model of collaborative and comparative research that can serve as a guide for scholars on what conditions should be created for productive collaboration in temporary research projects.
Comparative Civic Culture: The Role of Local Culture in Urban Policy-Making
by Laura A. Reese Raymond A. RosenfeldThe quest for a theoretical framework for understanding urban policy-making has been a recurring focus of research into local governments. Civic culture is a means for understanding how municipal policy-makers weigh the interests of different groups, govern the local community, frame local goals, engage in decision-making, and ultimately select and implement public policies. While it seems that culture 'matters' in local policy making, how to measure culture in a valid and replicable fashion presents a significant challenge which the authors address in this book. They present their findings of a large multi-city research project to explore the nature of civic culture in cities in the US and Canada. The focus of their analysis is on three overarching 'systems' of community power system, the community value system, and the community decision-making system. The authors address a number of questions around the nature of civic culture and the relationships between the three systemic elements of civic culture, to refine and apply a more sophisticated theory of urban policy-making.
Comparative Civic Culture: The Role of Local Culture in Urban Policy-Making
by Laura A. Reese Raymond A. RosenfeldThe quest for a theoretical framework for understanding urban policy-making has been a recurring focus of research into local governments. Civic culture is a means for understanding how municipal policy-makers weigh the interests of different groups, govern the local community, frame local goals, engage in decision-making, and ultimately select and implement public policies. While it seems that culture 'matters' in local policy making, how to measure culture in a valid and replicable fashion presents a significant challenge which the authors address in this book. They present their findings of a large multi-city research project to explore the nature of civic culture in cities in the US and Canada. The focus of their analysis is on three overarching 'systems' of community power system, the community value system, and the community decision-making system. The authors address a number of questions around the nature of civic culture and the relationships between the three systemic elements of civic culture, to refine and apply a more sophisticated theory of urban policy-making.
Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past
by Ludomir R. LoznyArchaeology, as with all of the social sciences, has always been characterized by competing theoretical propositions based on diverse bodies of locally acquired data. In order to fulfill local, regional expectations, different goals have been assigned to the practitioners of Archaeology in different regions. These goals might be entrenched in local politics, or social expectations behind cultural heritage research. This comprehensive book explores regional archaeologies from a sociological perspective—to identify and explain regional differences in archaeological practice, as well as their existing similarities. This work covers not only the currently-dominant Anglo-American archaeological paradigm, but also Latin America, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa, all of which have developed their own unique archaeological traditions. The contributions in this work cover these "alternative archaeologies," in the context of their own geographical, political, and socio-economic settings, as well as the context of the currently accepted mainstream approaches.
Comparative Approaches to Program Planning
by F. Ellen Netting Mary Katherine O'Connor David P. Fauri"As a practitioner in the field for over thirty years, I have been exposed to endless 'planning' sessions that are prescriptive to the point of being oppressive. Thistext 'gives permission' to the practitioner to allow for emergence, uncertainty, and ambiguity in the planning process. Comparative Approaches to Program Planning provides a guide for the manager, administrator, executive director, strategic planner, and CEO to embrace multiple planning strategies and the understanding of each. This is extremely worthwhile in a dynamic environment and an ever- changing landscape and worldview."—Paul D. McWhinney, ACSW, Director of Social Services City of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia "This is the book I've been waiting for. It provides not only a linear approach to program design, but gives language to the tacit knowledge many planners have of the circular nature of their work. Both linear and circular thinking are important to planning processes and now we have a resource for teaching."—Jon E. Singletary, PhD, MSW, MDiv, Baylor University, School of Social Work The first text on program planning to guide readers in selecting program planning approaches appropriate to setting, culture, and context Valuable for students and practitioners in the social work, public administration, nonprofit management, and community psychology fields, Comparative Approaches to Program Planning provides practical and creative ways to effectively conduct program planning within human service organizations. Written by leaders in the social work education community, this innovative book explores program planning as a multi-layered and complex process. It examines both a traditional linear problem-solving model as well as an alternative emergent approach to program planning, helping professionals to successfully develop and enact effective and culturally competent planning in organizations and communities.
Comparative Approaches to Program Planning
by F. Ellen Netting Mary Katherine O'Connor David P. Fauri"As a practitioner in the field for over thirty years, I have been exposed to endless 'planning' sessions that are prescriptive to the point of being oppressive. Thistext 'gives permission' to the practitioner to allow for emergence, uncertainty, and ambiguity in the planning process. Comparative Approaches to Program Planning provides a guide for the manager, administrator, executive director, strategic planner, and CEO to embrace multiple planning strategies and the understanding of each. This is extremely worthwhile in a dynamic environment and an ever- changing landscape and worldview."—Paul D. McWhinney, ACSW, Director of Social Services City of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia "This is the book I've been waiting for. It provides not only a linear approach to program design, but gives language to the tacit knowledge many planners have of the circular nature of their work. Both linear and circular thinking are important to planning processes and now we have a resource for teaching."—Jon E. Singletary, PhD, MSW, MDiv, Baylor University, School of Social Work The first text on program planning to guide readers in selecting program planning approaches appropriate to setting, culture, and context Valuable for students and practitioners in the social work, public administration, nonprofit management, and community psychology fields, Comparative Approaches to Program Planning provides practical and creative ways to effectively conduct program planning within human service organizations. Written by leaders in the social work education community, this innovative book explores program planning as a multi-layered and complex process. It examines both a traditional linear problem-solving model as well as an alternative emergent approach to program planning, helping professionals to successfully develop and enact effective and culturally competent planning in organizations and communities.
Comparative Anomie Research: Hidden Barriers - Hidden Potential for Social Development
by Peter Atteslander Bettina Gransow John WesternThis title was first published in 2000: This text presents the results of a three-year study in social research, which aimed to measure and explain anomie in different parts of the world with different cultures and different socio-political and economic conditions. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied, and the book not only represents the projects in juxtaposition, but also attempts to show how they relate to each other. The project elaborated instruments for practical use of both public and private agents in development co-operation in order to assess the stability or instability of a given society and to orient development policies accordingly. The book aims to provide the basis for an early detection system for anomie. The main interest is intercultural setting, the detection of hidden anomic potential and the close linkages between scientific research and its applicability for development policy and practice in applied anomie research.
Comparative Anomie Research: Hidden Barriers - Hidden Potential for Social Development
by PETER ATTESLANDER, BETTINA GRANSOW AND JOHN WESTERNThis title was first published in 2000: This text presents the results of a three-year study in social research, which aimed to measure and explain anomie in different parts of the world with different cultures and different socio-political and economic conditions. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied, and the book not only represents the projects in juxtaposition, but also attempts to show how they relate to each other. The project elaborated instruments for practical use of both public and private agents in development co-operation in order to assess the stability or instability of a given society and to orient development policies accordingly. The book aims to provide the basis for an early detection system for anomie. The main interest is intercultural setting, the detection of hidden anomic potential and the close linkages between scientific research and its applicability for development policy and practice in applied anomie research.
Comparative and International Education (Re)Assembled: Examining a Scholarly Field through an Assemblage Theory Lens
by Florin D. Salajan and tavis d. julesDrawing on a post-foundational approach to Deleuze and Guattari's seminal work on assemblage theory, this book explores the scholarly field of comparative and international education (CIE). Written by a diverse collection of international scholars from Australia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA, the chapters use the assemblage paradigm as an analytical tool to examine the continuously evolving field of CIE. The theoretical chapters unpack assemblage theory and its core components, whilst others draw on examples and international case studies to show how assemblage theory could be applied to future CIE research. The field of CIE is prone to constant (re)configurations and this book casts the shaping of the field in a fresh light, prompting new discussions on the field's variability and flexibility.
Comparative and International Education (Re)Assembled: Examining a Scholarly Field through an Assemblage Theory Lens
Drawing on a post-foundational approach to Deleuze and Guattari's seminal work on assemblage theory, this book explores the scholarly field of comparative and international education (CIE). Written by a diverse collection of international scholars from Australia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA, the chapters use the assemblage paradigm as an analytical tool to examine the continuously evolving field of CIE. The theoretical chapters unpack assemblage theory and its core components, whilst others draw on examples and international case studies to show how assemblage theory could be applied to future CIE research. The field of CIE is prone to constant (re)configurations and this book casts the shaping of the field in a fresh light, prompting new discussions on the field's variability and flexibility.
Comparative and Global Pedagogies: Equity, Access and Democracy in Education (Globalisation, Comparative Education and Policy Research #2)
by Lynn Davies Suzanne Majhanovich Joseph ZajdaA major aim of Comparative and Global Pedagogies: Equity, Access and Democracy in Education which is the second volume in the 12-volume book series Globalisation, Comparative Education and Policy Research, edited by Joseph Zajda and his team, is to present a global overview of recent trends in equity and access in education globally. By examining some of the major education policy issues, particularly in the light of recent shifts in education and policy research dealing with equity and access, the editors aim to provide a comprehensive picture of the intersecting and diverse discourses of globalization, education and policy-driven reforms. The impact of globalization on education policy and reforms is a strategically important issue for us all. More than ever before, there is a need to understand and analyse both the intended and the unintended effects of globalization on edu- tional systems, the state, and relevant policy changes – especially in terms of equity and access, as they affect individuals, educational bodies (such as universities), policy-makers across the globe. Current education policy research dealing with equity and social inequality reflects a rapidly changing world where citizens and consumers are experiencing a growing sense of uncertainty, exclusion and loss of flexibility. Yet globalization exposes us also to opportunities generated by a fast changing world economy.
Comparative and Decolonial Studies in Philosophy of Education
by David G. HebertThis book introduces the educational philosophies of notable African and Asian thinkers who tend to be little recognized in Europe and North America. It offers specific resources for diversification of higher education curricula. The book expands the philosophy of education, in clear language, to include ideas of major non-western educational thinkers who are little discussed in previous publications. It includes critical analysis of non-western concepts and consideration of their relevance to schools worldwide. The book features discussions of how the work of Tagore and postcolonial thinkers offers diverse visions that increasingly inspire a decolonizing approach to education. This book offers a unique emphasis on how a decolonized philosophy of education can especially enable a rethinking of approaches to education in arts and humanities subjects.
A Comparative Analysis of European Time Transfers between Generations and Genders (SpringerBriefs in Population Studies)
by Emilio Zagheni Marina Zannella Gabriel Movsesyan Brittney WagnerThis comparative study of European time transfers reveals the full extent of transfers in the form of unpaid work and highlights the existence of important gender differences in household time production. A large quantity of goods and services are produced by household members for their own consumption, without involving market transactions. Despite the economic and social importance of unpaid work, these productive activities are largely invisible to traditional national economic accounts. As a consequence, standard measures of intergenerational transfers typically ignore household production, and thus underestimate the overall value of goods and services produced over the life cycle; in particular, the economic contribution of females. The book uses a life course approach to offer policy-relevant insights into the effect of demographic and social change on intergenerational ties and gender inequality in household production.
Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence
by Paula EnglandThis volume provides a detailed description of the situation of women in employment in the early 1990s and considers how sociological and economic theories of labor markets illuminate the gap in pay between the sexes.
Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence (Social Institutions And Social Change Ser.)
by England PaulaThis volume provides a detailed description of the situation of women in employment in the early 1990s and considers how sociological and economic theories of labor markets illuminate the gap in pay between the sexes.
The Company Town: Architecture And Society In The Early Industrial Age
by John GarnerBuilt by industrialists whose early businesses contributed to the escalation of the Industrial Revolution, company towns flourished in countries that embraced capitalism and open-market trading. In many instances, the company town came to symbolize the wrecking of the environment, especially in places associated with extractive industries such as mining and lumber milling. Some resident industrialists, however, took a genuine interest in the welfare of their work forces, and in a number of instances hired architects to provide a model environment. Overtaken by time, these towns were either abandoned or caught up in suburban growth. The most thorough-going and only international assessment of the company town, this collection of essays by specialists and authorities of each region offers a balanced account of architectural and social history and provides a better understanding of the architectural and urban experiences of the early industrial age.
The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life
by Paul SeabrightThe Company of Strangers shows us the remarkable strangeness, and fragility, of our everyday lives. This completely revised and updated edition includes a new chapter analyzing how the rise and fall of social trust explain the unsustainable boom in the global economy over the past decade and the financial crisis that succeeded it. Drawing on insights from biology, anthropology, history, psychology, and literature, Paul Seabright explores how our evolved ability of abstract reasoning has allowed institutions like money, markets, cities, and the banking system to provide the foundations of social trust that we need in our everyday lives. Even the simple acts of buying food and clothing depend on an astonishing web of interaction that spans the globe. How did humans develop the ability to trust total strangers with providing our most basic needs?