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Wide Band Gap Electronic Materials (NATO Science Partnership Subseries: 3 #1)

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on `Wide Band Gap Electronic Materials -- Diamond, Aluminum Nitride and Boron Nitride', Minsk, Belarus, May 4--6, 1994

Wie die Blätter am Baum, so wechseln die Wörter: 100 Jahre Thesaurus linguae Latinae

Wie wir das Leben nutzbar machten: Ursprung und Entwicklung der Biotechnologie (Interdisziplinäre Forschung #19)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Einblicke in die Wissenschaft)

Im Jahre 1895 entdeckte Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) die X-Strahlen, die heute unter dem Namen Röntgenstrahlung wohl fast jedem bekannt sind. Wer aber kennt Einzelheiten aus dem Leben dieses großen Physikers? Zum 150. Geburtstag Röntgens und ein Jahrhundert nach der sensationellen Entdeckung der X-Strahlen werden im vorliegenden Buch wesentliche Stationen seines Lebens und ausgewählte Aspekte seines Schaffens in allgemeinverständlicher Form behandelt. Der Leser wird in eine Zeit geruhrt, in der sich stürmische Entwicklungen auf dem Wege hin zur heutigen Physik vollzogen. Damals wandten sich nur wenige junge Menschen der Physik zu; einer von ihnen war Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Mit einfachen und vor allem preiswerten Apparaten gelangen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bahnbrechende Entdeckungen. Beispielsweise mußte Röntgen nur einen Bruchteil seines monatlichen Professorengehaltes für das Forschungsgerät aufWenden, mit dem die X-Strahlen erzeugt wurden. Heute studieren viele junge Menschen Physik. Sie arbeiten mit komplizierten Geräten und lernen auch Großforschungseinrichtungen kennen, die zur heutigen Wissenschaftslandschaft gehören. So fällt es sicher oft schwer, sich vorzustellen, wie mit den einfachen Apparaturen der Jahrhundertwende epochale Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden konnten.

Wind Climate in Cities (NATO Science Series E: #277)

If one surveys the development of wind engineering, one comes to the conclusion that the challenge of urban climatology is one of the most important remaining tasks for the wind engineers. But what distinguishes wind engineering in urban areas from conventional wind engineering? Principally, the fact that the effects studied are usually unique to a particular situation, requiring consideration of the surroundings of the buildings. In the past, modelling criteria have been developed that make it possible to solve environmental problems with great confidence, and studies validated the models: at least in a neutrally stratified atmosphere. The approach adopted in the book is that of applied fluid mechanics, since this forms the basis for the evaluation of the urban wind field. Variables for air quality or loads are problem specific, or even random, and methods for studying them are based on risk analysis, which is also presented. Criteria are developed for a systematic approach to urban wind engineering problems, including parameter studies. The five sections of the book are: Fundamentals of urban boundary layer and dispersion; Forces on complex structures in built-up areas; Air pollution in cities; Numerical solution techniques; and Posters. A subject index is included.

Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident

In 1957, one of the two reactors built at Windscale in Cumbria to produce plutonium for bombs was destroyed by fire in the world's first major nuclear accident. This book tells of the men who designed, built and operated the reactors, and it describes the fire and what followed.

Wine Analysis and Production

Winemaking as a form of food preseIVation is as old as civilization. Wine has been an integral component of people's daily diet since its discovery and has also played an important role in the development of society, reli­ gion, and culture. We are currently drinking the best wines ever produced. We are able to do this because of our increased understanding of grape growing, biochemistry and microbiology of fermentation, our use of ad­ vanced technology in production, and our ability to measure the various major and minor components that comprise this fascinating beverage. Historically, winemakers succeeded with slow but gradual improvements brought about by combinations of folklore, obseIVation, and luck. How­ ever, they also had monumental failures resulting in the necessity to dis­ pose of wine or convert it into distilled spirits or vinegar. It was assumed that even the most marginally drinkable wines could be marketed. This is not the case for modem producers. The costs of grapes, the technology used in production, oak barrels, corks, bottling equipment, etc. , have in­ creased dramatically and continue to rise. Consumers are now accustomed to supplies of inexpensive and high-quality varietals and blends; they con­ tinue to demand better. Modem winemakers now rely on basic science and xvi Preface xvii the systematic application of their art to produce products pleasing to the increasingly knowledgeable consumer base that enjoys wine as part of its civilized society.

Wireless Personal Communications: Research Developments (The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science #309)

The area of personal and wireless communications is a burgeoning field. Technology advances and new frequency allocations for personal communication services (PCS) are creating numerous business and technical opportunities. It is becoming clear that an essential requirement for exploiting opportunities is the ability to track the dramatic changes in wireless technology, which is a principal aim of this book. Wireless Personal Communications: Research Developments places particular emphasis on the areas of signal processing, propagation and spread-spectrum, and emerging communication systems. This book contains new results on adaptive antennas for capacity improvements in wireless communication systems, as well as state-of-the-art information on the latest technical developments. Also included are several chapters which discuss the impact of defense conversion on the wireless industry, and related competitive issues. The six parts of the book each focus on a distinct issue in wireless communications. Part I contains several tutorial chapters on key areas in wireless communications. The first chapter is on radio wave propagation for emerging wireless personal communication systems. Chapter two contains a comprehensive study of emerging DSP-based interference rejection techniques for single channel (antenna) systems. Chapter three deals with spread spectrum wireless communications, explaining the concept of spread spectrum, modeling techniques for spread spectrum, and current applications and research issues for spread spectrum systems. Part II focuses on digital signal processing and spread spectrum, two means of creating interference and multipath robust communications. Part III concerns propagation aspects of wireless communications. Part IV discusses the performance of emerging wireless systems. Part V describes the opportunities and pitfalls of defense conversion from the perspective of several U.S. defense firms that have successfully made the transition to commercial wireless. The final section discusses a number of competitive issues regarding personal communication services.

Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons from Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and Development Practice

How effective is western aid-agency intervention in Africa? What can African women do to manage the AIDS crisis? Can western feminist theory be applied to the rural African context?These vital issues, and many others, are considered in this topical book by eminent scholars and development consultants. The book aims to increase awareness of the importance of women agricultural producers to African material development and to expose the western biases that have traditionally pervaded the study of rural African women. The authors' critical analyses of conventional research methodology and key 'women and development' debates over the last three decades will stimulate new research perspectives. Students and scholars of development, development workers and policymakers will all find this book fascinating reading.

Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons from Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and Development Practice

How effective is western aid-agency intervention in Africa? What can African women do to manage the AIDS crisis? Can western feminist theory be applied to the rural African context?These vital issues, and many others, are considered in this topical book by eminent scholars and development consultants. The book aims to increase awareness of the importance of women agricultural producers to African material development and to expose the western biases that have traditionally pervaded the study of rural African women. The authors' critical analyses of conventional research methodology and key 'women and development' debates over the last three decades will stimulate new research perspectives. Students and scholars of development, development workers and policymakers will all find this book fascinating reading.

Woody Plants in Agro-Ecosystems of Semi-Arid Regions: with an Emphasis on the Sahelian Countries (Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences #23)

This book provides a quantitative analysis of the role of woody plants in semi-arid regions, for the aSSessment of their benefits in agrosylvopastoralland-use systems with productive and sus­ tainability objectives. The insights presented and conclusions drawn allow the additional benefits of woody plants for specific climatic and physical site conditions and land-use systems to be estimated. The Sahel and Sudan zones in West Africa, on which the book focusses, represent resource-poor conditions, whose ecological dynamics have been relatively well studied. The role of woody plants in this region, as assessed in this book, is extrapolated to other semi-arid regions, leading to general conclusions on agroforestry's potential as an option for sustainable land use in semi-arid regions. The origins of this book go back to 1982, when the Club du Sahel requested that available data on woody plants in the Sahel region be synthesised, to provide basic information to enable better attention to be given to woody plants in rural development programmes. We are grateful to the Club du Sahel for this challenge. Various people contributed to studies used in this book. The preliminary inventory of the data available was made by Frits Ohler; later his work was continued by Franciska Dekker.

Work and Aging: A European Prospective

In the past few years the topic of work and ageing has received much public and professional interest. The progressive "greying" of the population and its impact on work is a problem of widespread and growing concern, with major consequences for the economy in terms of productivity, performance, health care, work design and entry opportunities; and for the individual older worker. A European Symposium on Work and Ageing was held in Amsterdam in 1993. It was intended not only for a forum of scientists but also for practitioners and policy-makers who are actually involved in this growing field of social interest.; "Work and Aging", a multi-disciplinary book derives, in part, from this symposium, but also includes especially invited contribributions from experts in occupational health and safety, organizational psychology, cognitive science, and ergonomics.; Throughout the diverse chapters, incentives are suggested on how and why an organization could benefit from the asset of an ageing worker. Training programmes for human resource management, with respect to the elderly and disabled worker in particular, are offered in order to deal effectively with vocational rehabilitation.

Work and Aging: A European Prospective

In the past few years the topic of work and ageing has received much public and professional interest. The progressive "greying" of the population and its impact on work is a problem of widespread and growing concern, with major consequences for the economy in terms of productivity, performance, health care, work design and entry opportunities; and for the individual older worker. A European Symposium on Work and Ageing was held in Amsterdam in 1993. It was intended not only for a forum of scientists but also for practitioners and policy-makers who are actually involved in this growing field of social interest.; "Work and Aging", a multi-disciplinary book derives, in part, from this symposium, but also includes especially invited contribributions from experts in occupational health and safety, organizational psychology, cognitive science, and ergonomics.; Throughout the diverse chapters, incentives are suggested on how and why an organization could benefit from the asset of an ageing worker. Training programmes for human resource management, with respect to the elderly and disabled worker in particular, are offered in order to deal effectively with vocational rehabilitation.

Worst Things First: The Debate over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities

For any government agency, the distribution of available resources among problems or programs is crucially important. Agencies, however, typically lack a self-conscious process for examining priorities, much less an explicit method for defining what priorities should be. Worst Things First? illustrates the controversy that ensues when previously implicit administrative processes are made explicit and subjected to critical examination. It reveals surprising limitations to quantitative risk assessment as an instrument for precise tuning of policy judgments. The book also demonstrates the strength of political and social forces opposing the exclusive use of risk assessment in setting environmental priorities.

Worst Things First: The Debate over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities

For any government agency, the distribution of available resources among problems or programs is crucially important. Agencies, however, typically lack a self-conscious process for examining priorities, much less an explicit method for defining what priorities should be. Worst Things First? illustrates the controversy that ensues when previously implicit administrative processes are made explicit and subjected to critical examination. It reveals surprising limitations to quantitative risk assessment as an instrument for precise tuning of policy judgments. The book also demonstrates the strength of political and social forces opposing the exclusive use of risk assessment in setting environmental priorities.

X-Ray Spectrometry in Electron Beam Instruments

From its early days in the 1950s, the electron microanalyzer has offered two principal ways of obtaining x-ray spectra: wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS), which utilizes crystal diffraction, and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), in which the x-ray quantum energy is measured directly. In general, WDS offers much better peak separation for complex line spectra, whereas EDS gives a higher collection efficiency and is easier and cheaper to use. Both techniques have undergone major transformations since those early days, from the simple focusing spectrometerand gas proportional counter of the 1950s to the advanced semiconductor detectors and programmable spectrometersoftoday. Becauseofthesedevelopments, thecapabilities and relative merits of EDS and WDS techniques have been a recurring feature of microprobeconferences for nearly40 years, and this volume bringstogetherthepapers presented at the Chuck Fiori Memorial Symposium, held at the Microbeam Analysis Society Meeting of 1993. Several themes are apparent in this rich and authoritative collection of papers, which have both a historical and an up-to-the-minute dimension. Light element analysis has long been a goal of microprobe analysts since Ray Dolby first detected K radiation with a gas proportional counter in 1960. WDS techniques (using carbon lead stearate films) were not used for this purpose until four years later. Now synthetic multilayers provide the best dispersive elements for quantitative light element analy­ sis-still used in conjunction with a gas counter.

Yield and Variability Optimization of Integrated Circuits

Traditionally, Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools have been used to create the nominal design of an integrated circuit (IC), such that the circuit nominal response meets the desired performance specifications. In reality, however, due to the disturbances ofthe IC manufacturing process, the actual performancesof the mass produced chips are different than those for the nominal design. Even if the manufacturing process were tightly controlled, so that there were little variations across the chips manufactured, the environmentalchanges (e. g. those oftemperature, supply voltages, etc. ) would alsomakethe circuit performances vary during the circuit life span. Process-related performance variations may lead to low manufacturing yield, and unacceptable product quality. For these reasons, statistical circuit design techniques are required to design the circuit parameters, taking the statistical process variations into account. This book deals with some theoretical and practical aspects of IC statistical design, and emphasizes how they differ from those for discrete circuits. It de­ scribes a spectrum of different statistical design problems, such as parametric yield optimization, generalized on-target design, variability minimization, per­ formance tunning, and worst-case design. The main emphasis of the presen­ tation is placed on the principles and practical solutions for performance vari­ ability minimization. It is hoped that the book may serve as an introductory reference material for various groups of IC designers, and the methodologies described will help them enhance the circuit quality and manufacturability. The book containsseven chapters.

Z-Transformation für Ingenieure: Grundlagen und Anwendungen in der Elektrotechnik, Informationstechnik und Regelungstechnik

Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren: Radiografie und Radioskopie

Ziegler Catalysts: Recent Scientific Innovations and Technological Improvements

Zugmittelgetriebe: Grundlagen, Aufbau, Funktion (Konstruktionsbücher #39)

Das Buch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über Zugmittelgetriebe. Die einzelnen Bauformen sind - entsprechend ihren physikalischen Grundlagen - in kraft- und formschlüssige Zugmittelgetriebe gegliedert. Aufbau und Funktion der Einzelelemente sowie das Betriebsverhalten werden beschrieben. Separat werden die Grundlagen für Berechnung und Konstruktion dargestellt, so daß der Konstrukteur in der Praxis schnell alle erforderlichen Daten und Hinweise erhält. Bei Bedarf kann er in den anderen Kapiteln sein Wissen vertiefen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde der praktischen Anwendung von Zugmittelgetrieben beim Bau stufenlos einstellbarer Getriebe - besonders wurde hier auf CVT-Getriebe eingegangen - gewidmet.

Zukunftsenergien: Strategien einer neuen Energiepolitik (Wuppertal Texte)

Zuverlässige numerische Analyse linearer Regelungssysteme

iii Vorwort Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit der zuverlässigen numerischen Ermittlung grund­ legender Eigenschaften von Regelungssystemen auseinander, die hinreichend gen au durch ein lineares Modell, das lediglich eine Näherung 1. Ordnung darstellt (Schwarz 1991), approximiert werden können. Neben der Steuer­ und Beobachtbarkeit stehen Eigenschaften wie die Invertierbarkeit, die Ein­ / Ausgangsentkoppelbarkeit, die Störentkoppelbarkeit und das Verhalten bei hohen Rückführverstärkungen im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Alle diese Eigen­ schaften sind im Grunde mit entsprechend definierten Nullstellen des Systems eng verknüpft. Einen breiten Raum wird daher der Behandlung des Konzeptes der endlichen und unendlichen Nullstellen von Mehrgrößensystemen eingeräumt. An einem Modell niedriger Ordnung eines Werkzeugmaschinenantriebes wird zunächst demonstriert, wie stark numerisch ermittelte Aussagen durch die be­ grenzte Rechengenauigkeit der verwendeten Gleitpunktarithmetik beeinflußt wer­ den können. Anschließend werden dann die bekannten Kriterien zur Überprüfung der Steuerbarkeit auf ihre numerischen Eigenschaften hin untersucht. Ein Fazit dieser Untersuchung ist, daß alle Kriterien bei größeren Systemen und einer numerischen Auswertung mit einer begrenzten Anzahl von Dezimalstellen völlig falsche Ergebnisse liefern können, so daß die mit konventionellen Programmen gewonnenen Aussagen stets als "fragwürdig" angesehen werden müssen.

The Perpetual Enterprise Machine: Seven Keys to Corporate Renewal through Successful Product and Process Development

U.S. manufacturing is today in a critical period. As a consequence of new global competitors, changes in technologies, and significant shifts in national priorities, our manufacturing base has shrunk alarmingly and thousands of manufacturing jobs have been lost. To address this problem, a unique team was formed called the Manufacturing Vision Group, which included members from five major companies (Chaparral Steel, DEC, Ford Motor Company, Hewlett-Packard, and Eastman Kodak) and four major universities (Harvard, MIT, Purdue, and Stanford). In The Perpetual Enterprise Machine, this group argues that the manufacturer that can initiate successful projects--leading to new products and processes--will be the one that prospers in the years ahead. They reveal how to launch a successful project and how projects can be mechanisms for growth and learning for the firm. The Perpetual Enterprise Machine outlines seven critical elements that outstanding development projects have in common, principles that can be powerful engines of success for the manufacturer facing the challenges of today's fiercely competitive environment. Successful firms are able to use their Core Capabilities across functions, to bring together disciplines and personnel crucial to the success of the program. They have a Guiding Vision, shared by all members of the project team, that helps coordinate the actions of workers with different skills and priorities. They Push the Performance Envelope, striving to make the improvements needed to cope with a rapidly changing competitive environment. They have Leadership, someone who can navigate uncertain terrain, who sees the project's essential elements and how they fit together. They instill the team with a sense of Ownership and Commitment, linking their personal success, status, and esteem to accomplishing project goals. They use Prototyping to learn rapidly and reduce mistakes. And they Integrate within Projects, approaching individual tasks in terms of a system-wide solution. Throughout the book, the authors illustrate these seven principles with real life case histories. We see the story behind Kodak's development of the FunSaver camera (done on a unique CAD/CAM system that greatly helped integration and shortened the lead time from design to production); Ford's 1991 Crown Victoria, the first project launched under their Concept-to-Customer system; Chaparral Steel's development of the world's first horizontal steel caster; and Hewlett-Packard's wildly successful DeskJet printer. The Perpetual Enterprise Machine delivers the insights of some of the top minds from industry and academia on one of the primary concerns of American business--how to revitalize our manufacturing industries. Visionary--yet engaging and immediately accessible--it gives managers the opportunity to profit from the trials and triumphs of five major corporations, and helps them shape the kinds of projects that will thrive and prosper in the years ahead.

Inhomogeneous Superconductors: Granular and Quantum Effects (International Series of Monographs on Physics)

Two topics in the forefront of superconductor research--superconductor-insulator transition in thin films and vortex tunneling in granular, bulk, and high temperature superconductors--have never before been given a unified and deductive treatment. This monograph and text provides a much-needed, comprehensive introduction to the theory of quantum fluctuations in inhomogenous superconducting materials. It be will be of great use to students and researchers in disciplines such as superconductivity, many-body systems, phase transitions, submicron physics, and surface science.