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Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry #9)

Plant Resistance to Arthropods: Molecular and Conventional Approaches

This book synthesizes new information about the environmental advantages of plant resistance, transgenic resistance, the molecular bases of resistance, and the use of molecular markers to map resistance genes. Readers are presented in-depth descriptions of techniques to quantify resistance, factors affecting resistance expression, and the deployment of resistance genes. New information about gene-for-gene interactions between resistant plants and arthropod biotypes is discussed along with the recent examples of using arthropod resistant plants in integrated pest management systems.

Plant Trees, Sow Seeds, Save The Bees: Simple ways to bee-friendly

Our stripey friends need you!Bees, wasps, hoverflies and other stripey insects are essential to keeping us, and our planet, alive.Discover the simple ways you can help them thrive in all green spaces - from gardens to window boxes and pots - with insect champion Nicola Bradbear, from Bees for Development charity.There are lots of fun things you can do whatever space you have. And these acts of kindness will all make a big difference.With every book sold, proceeds will be donated to Bees for Development (www.beesfordevelopment.org)

The Plant Viruses: Polyhedral Virions with Tripartite Genomes (The Viruses)

It has been known for a long time that the majority of plant viruses contain RNA and in the past decade and a half it has been realized that many have genomes consisting of three molecules of single-stranded RNA with positive polarity. Among these are viruses belonging to four groups recognized by the International Committee for Virus Taxonomy: the Bromovirus and Cucumovirus groups whose genomes are encapsi­ dated in small icosahedral particles or the Ilarvirus and alfalfa mosaic virus groups with spheroidal or bacilliform particles. In addition to their tripartite genomes, these viruses share a number of other properties and it has been proposed that they should perhaps be grouped in a single virus family for which the name Tricornaviridae has been suggested, the tri indicating the tripartite nature of the genome, the co emphasizing the cooperation of the three genome parts required to initiate infection, and the rna indicating that the genome is composed of RNA. Viruses of this "family" are less uniform in their biological proper­ ties. A number of them are widespread, causing very destructive plant diseases. Viruses such as those of cucumber mosaic and alfalfa mosaic have very extensive host ranges and are responsible for serious crop losses in many parts of the world. Others such as prunus necrotic ringspot or prune dwarf viruses are more restricted in their host ranges but never­ theless infect important perennial hosts such as stone fruits and reduce productivity considerably.

The Plant Viruses: Polyhedral Virions and Bipartite RNA Genomes (The Viruses)

This fifth volume in the series The Plant Viruses, dealing with viruses with bipartite genomes, completes the coverage of viruses with isometric parti­ cles and genomes consisting of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA: viruses that have tripartite and monopartite genomes of this kind were dealt with in Volumes 1 and 3, respectively. How close are the affinities among the viruses within the groupings distinguished in this way? All those with tripartite genomes are considered to be sufficiently closely related to be included in the family Bromoviridae, whereas the monopartite-genome viruses covered in Volume 3 clearly are a much more diverse collection. Affinities among the viruses with bipartite genomes are considered in Chapter 1 of this volume, along with the possible origins, advantages, and disadvantages of these ge­ nomes. The conclusion reached from this assessment is that the bipartite­ genome viruses fall into four categories, those within each category having closer affinities with viruses not included in this book than with viruses in the other categories. No evidence was found that possession of a bipartite genome gives a virus overwhelming advantages over viruses of other sorts. More probably, any advantages are largely balanced by disadvantages, and bipartite genomes may be best considered simply as an alternative design for the hereditary material of a virus.

The Plant Viruses: Polyhedral Virions with Monopartite RNA Genomes (The Viruses)

The Plant Viruses: The Filamentous Plant Viruses (The Viruses)

The original aim of this book was to cover different aspects of the tradi­ tionally "filamentous" potex-, carla-, poty-, clostero-, and capilloviruses. The title The Filamentous Plant Viruses seemed the only suitable one, but it has led us to discuss also the quite different filamentous viruses of the rice stripe group-recently officially named the tenuivirus group­ which otherwise, indeed, might not have been conveniently covered in any volume of this series. The question must be asked: What is there new that justifies the presentation of a book of this kind? An outline of the answer may be Among the traditional filamentous viruses, much pro­ given as follows. gress has been made in elucidating the physical structure of potexvirus particles, and this work serves as an excellent model for discussion of and future experiments on the poty-, carla-, clostero-, and capilloviruses, which have comparable structures, although they are more difficult to manipulate. Work on the structure and strategy of the genomes of poty­ viruses is, however, relatively advanced and at a very interesting stage. The helper component that assists the aphid transmission of potyviruses has also recently received considerable attention, although the more we know about that, the less seems clear about the aphid transmission of the carlaviruses and closteroviruses, which apparently neither possess nor require a helper component.

The Plant Viruses: The Rod-Shaped Plant Viruses (The Viruses)

This volume of the series The Plant Viruses is devoted to viruses with rod-shaped particles belonging to the following four groups: the toba­ moviruses (named after tobacco mosaic virus), the tobraviruses (after to­ bacco rattle), the hordeiviruses (after the latin hordeum in honor of the type member barley stripe mosaic virus), and the not yet officially rec­ ognized furoviruses (fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses, Shirako and Brakke, 1984). At present these clusters of plant viruses are called groups instead of genera or families as is customary in other areas of virology. This pe­ culiarity of plant viral taxonomy (Matthews, 1982) is due to the fact that the current Plant Virus Subcommittee of the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses is deeply split on what to call the categories or ranks used in virus classification. Some plant virologists believe that the species concept cannot be applied to viruses because this concept, according to them, necessarily involves sexual reproduction and genetic isolation (Milne, 1984; Murant, 1985). This belief no doubt stems from the fact that these authors restrict the use of the term species to biological species. According to them, a collection of similar viral isolates and strains does constitute an individ­ ual virus, i. e. , it is a taxonomy entity separate from other individual viruses.

Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management

Planthoppers include some of the most devastating pests of major agricultural crops throughout the world. One species, the rice brown planthopper, is among the most economically important pests in Asia. In past decades, government policies encouraged the control of rice planthoppers with synthetic pesticides, a tactic which promoted insecticide resistance and often led to the pesticide-induced resurgence of pest populations. To deter planthopper outbreaks, a more ecologically sound management strategy is being implemented, one based on a thorough investigation of population dynamics, natural enemies, and the genetics of host plant and insecticide adaptation. In the natural habitats of North America and Europe, scientists have also used planthoppers as model organisms to test ecological and evolutionary theory. The consequence of these diverse studies is an extremely scattered literature on planthoppers that has never been synthesized from an ecological perspective. This volume summarizes what is known about planthopper ecology and biological control. It takes a theoretical approach yet is deeply concerned with the application of theory to the practical problems of pest management.

Planting a Paradise: A year of pots and pollinators

Selected for The Times Best Gardening Books of the Year 2023Every garden, large or small, in a town or in the country, even one formed completely by pots, can be a living dance of lavish colours, glorious scents and pollen-rich flowers alive to the sound of bird song and the buzz of bees. In Planting a Paradise, Arthur Parkinson, bestselling author of The Flower Yard, focuses on what to grow through the seasons with an array of planting ideas and recommended varieties to inspire the experienced and novice gardener alike. From his newly found love of muscari, narcissi and seeding grasses, to circuses of dahlias, luscious herbs, figs and crab apples, the result is not only a stunning living harvest but also an oasis for wildlife at a time when we need this style of gardening more than ever. Praise for The Flower Yard:'Simply gorgeous' - Nigel Slater'The Kew-trained king of the small-space garden' - Guardian

Planting Rice (large print)

This image shows two Chinese people, one on the left and one on the right of the page. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The image is surrounded by an image border. They are both standing in the brown muddy, shallow water of a paddy field and bent sharply over. The person on the left is facing you but looking down, so you see the top of his round Chinese hat on the top of his head and not his face. The hat also hides his bent-over upper body. His arms hang down, the one to the left is planting a rice stalk so the hand cannot be found as it is hidden by the water. The edge of the hand is shown on the arm to the right. His legs are spread out slightly and his feet cannot be found as they are in the water and hidden. To the left and right of the leg on the left there is a row of newly planted rice stalks. The person on the right of the page is in the same sort of body position as the person on the left, but it is a side view as he faces to the right. At the top of the image is his curved back. He wears a loose fitting cotton top. To the right is the side of his head looking down at the water and his hand. He has short black hair. He wears a round Chinese hat on his head, seen from the side. Down from his cotton top a single leg is shown, bent slightly at the knee. His trousers are rolled up above the knee. His foot is not shown as it is in the water and hidden. To the right of his bare lower leg his arm goes down and the hand is planting a rice stalk. Up from this is his other hand holding a large bunch of rice stalks ready for planting. To the right of him is a row of newly planted rice stalks poking out from the water.

Planting Rice (UEB contracted)

This image shows two Chinese people, one on the left and one on the right of the page. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The image is surrounded by an image border. They are both standing in the brown muddy, shallow water of a paddy field and bent sharply over. The person on the left is facing you but looking down, so you see the top of his round Chinese hat on the top of his head and not his face. The hat also hides his bent-over upper body. His arms hang down, the one to the left is planting a rice stalk so the hand cannot be found as it is hidden by the water. The edge of the hand is shown on the arm to the right. His legs are spread out slightly and his feet cannot be found as they are in the water and hidden. To the left and right of the leg on the left there is a row of newly planted rice stalks. The person on the right of the page is in the same sort of body position as the person on the left, but it is a side view as he faces to the right. At the top of the image is his curved back. He wears a loose fitting cotton top. To the right is the side of his head looking down at the water and his hand. He has short black hair. He wears a round Chinese hat on his head, seen from the side. Down from his cotton top a single leg is shown, bent slightly at the knee. His trousers are rolled up above the knee. His foot is not shown as it is in the water and hidden. To the right of his bare lower leg his arm goes down and the hand is planting a rice stalk. Up from this is his other hand holding a large bunch of rice stalks ready for planting. To the right of him is a row of newly planted rice stalks poking out from the water.

Planting Rice (UEB uncontracted)

This image shows two Chinese people, one on the left and one on the right of the page. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The image is surrounded by an image border. They are both standing in the brown muddy, shallow water of a paddy field and bent sharply over. The person on the left is facing you but looking down, so you see the top of his round Chinese hat on the top of his head and not his face. The hat also hides his bent-over upper body. His arms hang down, the one to the left is planting a rice stalk so the hand cannot be found as it is hidden by the water. The edge of the hand is shown on the arm to the right. His legs are spread out slightly and his feet cannot be found as they are in the water and hidden. To the left and right of the leg on the left there is a row of newly planted rice stalks. The person on the right of the page is in the same sort of body position as the person on the left, but it is a side view as he faces to the right. At the top of the image is his curved back. He wears a loose fitting cotton top. To the right is the side of his head looking down at the water and his hand. He has short black hair. He wears a round Chinese hat on his head, seen from the side. Down from his cotton top a single leg is shown, bent slightly at the knee. His trousers are rolled up above the knee. His foot is not shown as it is in the water and hidden. To the right of his bare lower leg his arm goes down and the hand is planting a rice stalk. Up from this is his other hand holding a large bunch of rice stalks ready for planting. To the right of him is a row of newly planted rice stalks poking out from the water.

Plasma Membrane Redox Systems and their role in Biological Stress and Disease

Oxidation-reduction (i.e. redox) processes at the plasma membrane of any cell have been attracting more and more attention, both in basic and in applied research, since the first workshop dealing with the plasma membrane oxidoreductases was organized in Cordoba, Spain, in 1988. This evolution is evident considering the numerous cell functions performed by plasma membrane redox systems not only in healthy cells but also in cells that escaped from the normal metabolic control (e.g. cancer cells) and cells under attack by pathogens. Plasma membrane redox processes have now been demonstrated to play an essential role in growth control and defense mechanisms of these cells. The great importance of the plasma membrane redox systems originates in the fact that they are located in the membrane which is essentially the site of communication between the living cell and its environment. We may say that the plasma membrane can be considered as the "sensory part" of the cell. No chemical substance can enter the cell interior without interaction with the plasma membrane.

Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #296)

Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Developmental Neuroscience and Aging, held in Torino, Italy, April 5-7, 1990

Plasticity and Signal Representation in the Auditory System

The symposium that has provided the basis for this book, "Plasticity of the Central Auditory System and Processing of Complex Acoustic Signals" was held in Prague on July 7-10, 2003. This is the fourth in a series of seminal meetings summarizing the state of development of auditory system neuroscience that has been organized in that great world city. Books that have resulted from these meetings represent important benchmarks for auditory neuroscience over the past 25 years. A 1980 meeting, "Neuronal Mechanisms of Hearing" hosted the most distinguished hearing researchers focusing on underlying brain processes from this era. It resulted in a highly influential and widely subscribed and cited proceedings co-edited by professor Lindsay Aitkin. The subject of the 1987 meeting was the "Auditory Pathway - Structure and Function". It again resulted in another important update of hearing science research in a widely referenced book - edited by the late Bruce Masterton. While the original plan was to hold a meeting summarizing the state of auditory system neuroscience every 7 years, historical events connected with the disintegration of the Soviet Empire and return of freedom to Czechoslovakia resulted in an unavoidable delay of what was planned to be a 1994 meeting. It wasn't until 1996 that we were able to meet for the third time in Prague, at that time to review "Acoustical Signal Processing in the Central Auditory System".

Plasticity in the Visual System: From Genes to Circuits

Mechanisms of neural plasticity enable the encoding and memorization of information based on sensory inputs and can be harnessed to partially restore function after CNS assault such as stroke or head trauma. In the present book, experts from the field of visual system plasticity describe and evaluate the evidence for neural mechanisms proposed to underlie CNS plasticity in the major divisions of the brain dedicated to visual processing, the retina, sub-cortical structures and cortex. We present studies from a wide variety of disciplines that range from molecular biology to neurophysiology and computer modeling. Leading investigators discuss their own work, and integrate this research with colleagues from other specializations. The book points out future applications for this research including clinical uses and engineering within the biomedical sciences. This book is an exciting and thought provoking read for all levels of science enthusiast interested in the physical basis of learning and cognition.

Plasticity of the Auditory System (Springer Handbook of Auditory Research #23)

The auditory system has a remarkable ability to adjust to an ever-changing environment. The six review chapters that comprise Plasticity of the Central Auditory System cover a spectrum of issues concerning this ability to adapt, defined by the widely applicable term "plasticity". With chapters focusing on the development of the cochlear nucleus, the mammalian superior olivary complex, plasticity in binaural hearing, plasticity in the auditory cortex, neural plasticity in bird songs, and plasticity in the insect auditory system, this volume represents much of the most current research in this field. The volume is thorough enough to stand alone, but is closely related a previous SHAR volume, Development of the Auditory System (Volume 9) by Rubel, Popper, and Fay. The book fully addresses the difficulties, challenges, and complexities of this topic as it applies to the auditory development of a wide variety of species.

Plate with Archers on Horseback (UEB contracted)

The scene here shows two mounted archers shooting arrows at a target mounted on a tall pole. This may be an early representation of a sport known as qabaq, in which archers aimed at a gourd mounted on top of a pole. Such activities played an important part in developing riding and archery skills. The purpose of the piece is unknown. Late 12th to early 13th century AD; Kashan, Iran; ceramic painted black under turquoise glaze; 27.5 cm in diameter and 6.5 cm thick. The circular plate has a turquoise background that is painted with black decoration. The decoration consists of two figures on horseback facing each other on either side of the plate. These figures are separated by a tall central leafy stem. To the left of the central stem and below the figures on horseback is a third figure, standing with their arms held up holding the central stem. The central stem has branches going off it that curl and twist over the surface of the plate to form the main background pattern. These branches also carry leaves - some curled, some round with pointed tips and some like ivy leaves. Each figure has what looks like a halo around their heads and their facial features are very simply painted. The figures on horseback are holding bows up into the air with arrows nocked ready to shoot. The horses have simple saddle cloths. There are patches of damaged in various places on the plate's surface as well as many surface cracks. The tactile image is about three quarters the size of the actual object. The edge of the plate is shown with a thick line. The cracks on the surface have not been shown but the areas of damage are shown with a texture as the damage makes some of the decoration incomplete like the back legs of the horse on the right. Solid texture shows the three figures with hollows for their faces and arms. A thin line shows the halos behind their heads. The horses are also shown with solid texture with hollows for the saddle cloths. A further texture shows the central stem and leaf shapes.

Platelet-Activating Factor and Related Lipid Mediators

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is the commonly used name for a group of potent biologically active, ether-linked phospholipids, the alkylacetylglycerophospho­ cholines. Following the identification of the chemical structure of P AF in 1979, much progress has been made in our understanding of these phospholipid medi­ ators. This is particularly true from the points of view of their molecular structural requirements for expression of biological activity, their biosynthesis and cata­ bolism, their diverse range of biological activities, evidence for their specific recep­ tors at the cell surface, the development of specific antagonists for use in receptor studies and for testing as potential anti-PAF drugs, and implications about their involvement in health and disease. Chapters in this book cover the current status of these general areas of PAF research. Although an enormous amount of information has been published about this interesting new type of phospholipid mediators, questions about their mechanism of action, regulatory controls, and the precise role and relative importance of P AF in specific diseases and physiological functions remain to be answered. Since the 1979 discovery, the PAF field has brought together scientists from a variety of different biomedical disciplines. The diversity of scientists now in PAF research is very apparent from the number of P AF publications appearing in a wide array of scientific journals, ranging from molecular biology to clinical medicine. Publications related to PAF continue to increase at an amazingly rapid rate, with the pace reminiscent of the period following the discovery of prostaglandins.

Platelet-Activating Factor and Related Lipid Mediators 2: Roles in Health and Disease (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #416)

In the last decade, research on platelet-activating factor (PAF) has expanded exponentially. Previous conferences on PAF in Paris, 1983, and the subsequent conferences in Gatlinburg, Ten­ nessee, Tokyo, Snowbird, Utah, and Berlin, at three-yearly intervals, have chronicled the devel­ opments in the field ofPAF. This volume records the proceedings of the Fifth International Con­ gress on PAF and Related Lipid Mediators, held at the Free University Medical Hospital Ben­ jamin Franklin in Berlin, from September 12-16, 1995. We are very much indebted to Free Uni­ versity Berlin for providing tremendous facilities and financial support. It was a great pleasure to have positive and generous input from the German Science Council (DFG), Bonn, Germany, and British·Biotech, Oxford, United Kingdom. Their support was crucial in making the congress a scientific success. Twenty other organizations provided additional financial support, for which we extend our deepest appreciation. The editors would like to thank all of those who participated in this congress and the authors for their contributions. The organization and planning of the Berlin Congress were carried out by an organizing committee. We gratefully acknowledge the support and assistance of the organizing commit­ tee members, especially Renate Nigam and Renate Roux for their untiring efforts to make the congress successful. Many colleagues also supported the congress with dedication, hard work, and expert input. We are grateful to them. We also wish to acknowledge the support of G. Sravan Kumar and Louis Kock for their efforts in producing this volume.

Platypus Matters: The Extraordinary Story of Australian Mammals

Scientifically informed and funny, a firsthand account of Australia’s wonderfully unique mammals—and how our perceptions impact their future. Think of a platypus: They lay eggs (that hatch into so-called platypups), produce milk without nipples and venom without fangs, and can detect electricity. Or a wombat: Their teeth never stop growing, they poop cubes, and they defend themselves with reinforced rears. And what about antechinuses—tiny marsupial carnivores whose males don’t see their first birthday, as their frenzied sex lives take so much energy that their immune systems fail? Platypuses, possums, wombats, echidnas, devils, kangaroos, quolls, dibblers, dunnarts, kowaris: Australia has some truly astonishing mammals, with incredible, unfamiliar features. But how does the world regard these creatures? And what does that mean for their conservation? In Platypus Matters, naturalist Jack Ashby shares his love for these often-misunderstood animals. Informed by his own experiences meeting living marsupials and egg-laying mammals during fieldwork in Tasmania and mainland Australia, as well as his work with thousands of zoological specimens collected for museums over the last two-hundred-plus years, Ashby’s tale not only explains historical mysteries and debunks myths (especially about the platypus), but also reveals the toll these myths can take. Ashby makes clear that calling these animals “weird” or “primitive”—or incorrectly implying that Australia is an “evolutionary backwater,” a perception that can be traced back to the country’s colonial history—has undermined conservation: Australia now has the worst mammal extinction rate of any place on Earth. Important, timely, and written with humor and wisdom by a scientist and self-described platypus nerd, this celebration of Australian wildlife will open eyes and change minds about how we contemplate and interact with the natural world—everywhere.

Platypus Matters: The Extraordinary Story of Australian Mammals

Scientifically informed and funny, a firsthand account of Australia’s wonderfully unique mammals—and how our perceptions impact their future. Think of a platypus: They lay eggs (that hatch into so-called platypups), produce milk without nipples and venom without fangs, and can detect electricity. Or a wombat: Their teeth never stop growing, they poop cubes, and they defend themselves with reinforced rears. And what about antechinuses—tiny marsupial carnivores whose males don’t see their first birthday, as their frenzied sex lives take so much energy that their immune systems fail? Platypuses, possums, wombats, echidnas, devils, kangaroos, quolls, dibblers, dunnarts, kowaris: Australia has some truly astonishing mammals, with incredible, unfamiliar features. But how does the world regard these creatures? And what does that mean for their conservation? In Platypus Matters, naturalist Jack Ashby shares his love for these often-misunderstood animals. Informed by his own experiences meeting living marsupials and egg-laying mammals during fieldwork in Tasmania and mainland Australia, as well as his work with thousands of zoological specimens collected for museums over the last two-hundred-plus years, Ashby’s tale not only explains historical mysteries and debunks myths (especially about the platypus), but also reveals the toll these myths can take. Ashby makes clear that calling these animals “weird” or “primitive”—or incorrectly implying that Australia is an “evolutionary backwater,” a perception that can be traced back to the country’s colonial history—has undermined conservation: Australia now has the worst mammal extinction rate of any place on Earth. Important, timely, and written with humor and wisdom by a scientist and self-described platypus nerd, this celebration of Australian wildlife will open eyes and change minds about how we contemplate and interact with the natural world—everywhere.

Platypus Matters: The Extraordinary Story Of Australian Mammals

A compelling, funny, first-hand account of Australia's wonderfully unique mammals and how our perceptions impact their future.

Play It Again, Tom

Dogs can smell electricity. Cats can heal bones by purring. Kittens can contact their mothers via a secret, ultra-sonic language. Dogs can understand a vocabulary of 200 human words. Every day, it seems, new scientific discoveries are fuelling the age old argument about which of man's two best friends really is the superior species. Augustus Brown fans the flames further with this collection of the weirdest, most wonderful and downright incredible of these truths about cats and dogs. Did you know, for instance, that dogs can see moving objects 900 yards away, and that cats can sense earthquakes coming? Or that dogs prefer Bach to Britney, while cats prefer drugs to chocolate? Fascinating, funny and provocative, his book may not settle the debate once and for all. But it is certain to set cat and dog lovers arguing like, well you know what...