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Aircraft Fatigue: Design, Operational and Economic Aspects
by J. Y. Mann I. S. MilliganAircraft Fatigue: Design, Operational and Economic Aspects contains the proceedings of the ""Symposium on Aircraft Fatigue—Design, Operational and Economic Aspects,"" held in Melbourne, Australia, on May 22-24, 1967. The papers explore the design and operational aspects of the fatigue problem in general aviation and transport aircraft, as well as the economic aspects of the fatigue problem as it affects both operators and manufacturers. This book is comprised of 21 chapters and begins with a description of an approach to structural reliability analysis based on order statistics and the expected time to first failure in a fleet of specified magnitude, along with its application to structures subject to progressive fatigue damage. The following chapters deal with structural load measurement and analysis; design and certification programs for a wide range of aircraft types including the Anglo-French and American civil supersonic transports; acoustic fatigue; and the design of joints. The detection of fatigue cracks in service and the effects of fatigue on the cost of design and operation of aircraft are also discussed. This monograph will be a useful resource for aircraft and aeronautical engineers as well as officials of civil aviation.
Aircraft Financing
by Rob MurphyAircraft are mainly bought by two groups of buyers:1. Airlines for their own use2. Operating lessors for onward leasing to airlinesBoth groups of buyers require substantial external funding, both debt and equity, to accommodate these purchases.Historically five key sources have funded the aviation industry:1. bank debt (secured and unsecured)2. export credit agency guaranteed debt (secured)3. capital markets (secured and unsecured bonds; equity and debt solutions)4. internal cash flow generation5. tax based leasing products This is the leading text providing guidance on all the funding options available, the best way to secure funding and how to ensure that robust legal structures framing the commercial deal are in place. The book is divided into four core sections:Part A: Market Context which sets the scene giving the user market context and an overview of aircraft financingPart B: Transaction structuring which looks at the credit, the asset, the legal structuring and tax driversPart C: Core Products and Regional Markets (Brazil, Russia, India, China, France, Germany, Spain and Japan) Part D: Regulatory Matters including accounting developmentsKey updates for the new Fifth Edition include: - New chapters on:- The environment- Restructuring- Compliance- GATS (Global Aircrafts Trading Systems (GATS)- Full explanation and analysis of recent regulatory changes including changes brought about by Basel IVDue to the complexities involved in this area and the need to ensure that any commercial deal is legally sound Aircraft Financing is the essential reference tool for anyone involved in aircraft financing transactions.
Aircraft Maintenance Programs (Springer Series in Reliability Engineering)
by David Lapesa BarreraThis book provides the first comprehensive comparison of the Aircraft Maintenance Program (AMP) requirements of the two most widely known aviation regulators: the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It offers an in-depth examination of the elements of an AMP, explaining the aircraft accident investigations and events that have originated and modelled the current rules. By introducing the Triangle of Airworthiness model (Reliability, Quality and Safety), the book enables easier understanding of the processes by which an aircraft and its components are deemed to be in a safe condition for operation from a cost-effective and optimization perspective. The book compares the best practices used by top airlines and compiles a series of tools and techniques to improve the standards of the AMP. Aircraft maintenance engineers, students in the field of aerospace engineering, and airlines staff, as well as researchers more widely interested in safety, quality, and reliability will benefit from reading this book
Aircraft Surveillance Systems: Radar Limitations and the Advent of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
by Busyairah Syd AliThe Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems provide air traffic controllers with the information necessary to ensure the specified separation between aircraft and efficient management of airspace, as well as assistance to flight crew for safe navigation. However, the radar systems that support air traffic management (ATM), and in particular air traffic control (ATC), are at their operational limit. This is particularly acute in the provision of the ATC services in low altitude, remote and oceanic areas. Limitations in the current surveillance systems include unavailability of services in oceanic and remote areas, limited services during extreme weather conditions, and outdated equipment with limited availability of spare parts to support system operation. These limitations have resulted in fatal accidents. This book addresses the limitations of radar to support ATC in various operational environments, identified and verified by analysing five years of safety data from Avinor, the Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) in Norway. It derives a set of taxonomy and from this develops a causal model for incident/accident due to limitations in the surveillance system. The taxonomy provides a new method for ANSPs to categorize incidents while the causal model is useful for incident/accident investigations. The book also provides theoretical justifications for the use of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) to overcome the limitations of radar systems and identify areas of improvements to enable seamless ATC services. Written in a style that makes it accessible to non-specialists, Aircraft Surveillance Systems will be of interest to many in the field of aviation, particularly ATM, safety and accident/incident investigation. It will also offer a useful reference on this vital topic for air traffic management courses.
Aircraft Surveillance Systems: Radar Limitations and the Advent of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
by Busyairah Syd AliThe Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems provide air traffic controllers with the information necessary to ensure the specified separation between aircraft and efficient management of airspace, as well as assistance to flight crew for safe navigation. However, the radar systems that support air traffic management (ATM), and in particular air traffic control (ATC), are at their operational limit. This is particularly acute in the provision of the ATC services in low altitude, remote and oceanic areas. Limitations in the current surveillance systems include unavailability of services in oceanic and remote areas, limited services during extreme weather conditions, and outdated equipment with limited availability of spare parts to support system operation. These limitations have resulted in fatal accidents. This book addresses the limitations of radar to support ATC in various operational environments, identified and verified by analysing five years of safety data from Avinor, the Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) in Norway. It derives a set of taxonomy and from this develops a causal model for incident/accident due to limitations in the surveillance system. The taxonomy provides a new method for ANSPs to categorize incidents while the causal model is useful for incident/accident investigations. The book also provides theoretical justifications for the use of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) to overcome the limitations of radar systems and identify areas of improvements to enable seamless ATC services. Written in a style that makes it accessible to non-specialists, Aircraft Surveillance Systems will be of interest to many in the field of aviation, particularly ATM, safety and accident/incident investigation. It will also offer a useful reference on this vital topic for air traffic management courses.
Aircraft Valuation: Airplane Investments as an Asset Class
by David YuThis book is one of the first to explore aviation and aircraft leasing and its values establishing it as a standalone investable asset class within the larger real assets industry. Airplanes are a crucial but capital-intensive component of the global economy. The author, as an academic, researcher, appraiser, advisor and businessperson in the industry, bridges a gap in the existing literature with his analysis of the underlying aviation asset class return and risk profile. The book describes the characteristics, dynamics and drivers of the global, Asia and China specific aviation and leasing landscapes. Recent effects of COVID-19 on aviation and an analysis of the drivers affecting cross border mergers and acquisitions in the industry are also investigated. The book includes 20+ years of empirical aircraft valuation evidence and analysis of its characteristics establishing the aircraft and sub-segments as asset classes. In addition, characteristic comparisons to other real asset subclasses and benchmarks are examined. This book will be of interest to academics, financiers, investors, industry participants and more general aviation enthusiasts.
Aircraft Valuation in Volatile Market Conditions: Guiding Toward Profitability and Prosperity (Management for Professionals)
by Bijan Vasigh Farshid AzadianThis book provides indispensable knowledge for practitioners in aircraft financing. It presents an innovative framework that treats valuation analysis as a systematic effort in problem-solving directed at rational financial decision-making. It incorporates much of the modern approach to financial investment decision-making. It proposes essential tools of flexibility, adaptability, and commonality of aircraft financial analyses that apply to an almost infinite variety of valuation problem situations. Once these connections have been introduced, the reader will be equipped with an understanding of the underlying concepts of aircraft valuation processes and techniques and the subsequent financing alternatives available to fund aircraft assets. This is an essential book for airline professionals, aircraft leasing companies, consultants, bankers, government officials, and students of aircraft finance. It is an approachable resource for those without a formal background in finance.
AiREAS: The Invisible made Visible Phase 1 (SpringerBriefs on Case Studies of Sustainable Development)
by Jean-Paul CloseThis book describes the coming about and first results of the AiREAS "healthy city" cooperative in the city of Eindhoven and Province of North Brabant in the Netherlands. AiREAS is an initiative focused on the multidisciplinary co-creation of healthy cities using the core human value of human health and air quality as guiding principle for profound regional innovation. The unique group process that followed uses the complexity of the city of Eindhoven as living lab. It is an anthropology based initiative that invites directly to the same table of core innovative responsibility the local government, innovative business partners, scientific insights and research, and civilian participation. The first phase is described here in which the consortium decided to want to make the invisible of air pollution and human exposure visible for the integral innovative participation of all city's core pillars (policy, education, infrastructure, culture and entrepreneurship). The experience is unique in the world and proceeding now with more phases in Eindhoven and the role out of the same working format in other cities. This Brief is made available to inspire the world to address together the most complex issues of our current era: pollution, climate and core human values.
AiREAS: Phase 3: Civilian Participation – Including the Global Health Deal Proposition (SpringerBriefs on Case Studies of Sustainable Development)
by Jean-Paul CloseThis volume describes phase 3 of the AiREAS multidisciplinary cocreation effort to produce a Healthy City. Phase 1 referred to making visible the invisible from an air quality and human exposure perspective. Phase 2 studies air quality related to health and Phase 3 looks at air quality, health and lifestyle from the perspective of persuasion to innovative change.The three books together describe the coming about and first results of the AiREAS "healthy city" cooperative in the city of Eindhoven and Province of North Brabant in the Netherlands. AiREAS is an initiative focused on the multidisciplinary co-creation of healthy cities using the core human value of human health and air quality as guiding principle for profound regional innovation.
Airimagination: Extending the Airline Business Boundaries
by Nawal K. TanejaUnprecedented social changes, accelerated by facilitating technologies and the COVID-19 pandemic, are calling for airlines to think deeply and non-conventionally on what will be important to existing and new travelers, as they change their lifestyles. New thinking requires airlines to extend the boundaries of their businesses to go beyond their traditional domains. This need goes beyond the renovation and iteration of conventional products to the transformation of products requiring new ideas and ways to scale them. Examples include the development of cost-effective urban air mobility, intermodal passenger transportation, door-to-door travel that is sustainable, and personalized offers. Airimagination: Extending the Airline Business Boundaries raises some thought-provoking questions and provides a direction for practical solutions. For example, what if airlines developed products and services that finally meet end-to-end needs of customers seamlessly by collaborating in the value-adding open ecosystems, using platforms that facilitate effective engagement with both "digital and nondigital" customers and employees in real time and at each touch point? Ironically, the current time is an advantage for some airlines as they already have had to deal with a deep and wide disruption caused by the pandemic, leading operations to start from ground zero. This book, the latest in a long and well-regarded series by Nawal K. Taneja, explores innovative best practices within the airline business world, complemented by numerous insightful perspectives contained in multiple forewords and thought leadership pieces. This book is aimed primarily at high-level practitioners within the airline industry and related businesses.
Airimagination: Extending the Airline Business Boundaries
by Nawal K. TanejaUnprecedented social changes, accelerated by facilitating technologies and the COVID-19 pandemic, are calling for airlines to think deeply and non-conventionally on what will be important to existing and new travelers, as they change their lifestyles. New thinking requires airlines to extend the boundaries of their businesses to go beyond their traditional domains. This need goes beyond the renovation and iteration of conventional products to the transformation of products requiring new ideas and ways to scale them. Examples include the development of cost-effective urban air mobility, intermodal passenger transportation, door-to-door travel that is sustainable, and personalized offers. Airimagination: Extending the Airline Business Boundaries raises some thought-provoking questions and provides a direction for practical solutions. For example, what if airlines developed products and services that finally meet end-to-end needs of customers seamlessly by collaborating in the value-adding open ecosystems, using platforms that facilitate effective engagement with both "digital and nondigital" customers and employees in real time and at each touch point? Ironically, the current time is an advantage for some airlines as they already have had to deal with a deep and wide disruption caused by the pandemic, leading operations to start from ground zero. This book, the latest in a long and well-regarded series by Nawal K. Taneja, explores innovative best practices within the airline business world, complemented by numerous insightful perspectives contained in multiple forewords and thought leadership pieces. This book is aimed primarily at high-level practitioners within the airline industry and related businesses.
The Airline Business
by Rigas DoganisThe airline industry is currently faced with its longest and deepest crisis to date: many airlines are losing hundred of millions of US dollars, several have collapsed entirely and others have been rescued by their governments. This crisis has been precipitated by external shocks such as the attack on the Twin Towers in New York, the invasion of Iraq and the SARS epidemic. In addition, the effect of these events has been exacerbated by dynamic and potentially destabilizing internal developments. Comprehensive and thorough, this revealing book gives a detailed analysis of the crucial events and key developments which have impacted, and will continue to impact on the dynamics of the airline industry. Special attention is paid to: the key challenges faced by the airlines such as continued liberalization and ‘open skies’ the impacts of global alliances new low-cost and no-frills carriers on-line selling and distribution privatization the impact of disasters. Leading industry authority Rigas Doganis examines the future prospects for the changing airline business and assesses alternative policies which could help the sector adapt to the shifting marketplace. Ideal for students, researchers and professionals in the fields of economics and business, industry and transportation studies, this second edition of his definitive book brings the story right up to date.
The Airline Business
by Rigas DoganisThe airline industry is currently faced with its longest and deepest crisis to date: many airlines are losing hundred of millions of US dollars, several have collapsed entirely and others have been rescued by their governments. This crisis has been precipitated by external shocks such as the attack on the Twin Towers in New York, the invasion of Iraq and the SARS epidemic. In addition, the effect of these events has been exacerbated by dynamic and potentially destabilizing internal developments. Comprehensive and thorough, this revealing book gives a detailed analysis of the crucial events and key developments which have impacted, and will continue to impact on the dynamics of the airline industry. Special attention is paid to: the key challenges faced by the airlines such as continued liberalization and ‘open skies’ the impacts of global alliances new low-cost and no-frills carriers on-line selling and distribution privatization the impact of disasters. Leading industry authority Rigas Doganis examines the future prospects for the changing airline business and assesses alternative policies which could help the sector adapt to the shifting marketplace. Ideal for students, researchers and professionals in the fields of economics and business, industry and transportation studies, this second edition of his definitive book brings the story right up to date.
Airline Business in the 21st Century
by Rigas DoganisThis book focuses on the major issues that will affect the airline industry in this new millennium. It tells of an industry working on low margins and of cut-throat competition resulting from 'open skies'. Among the issues discussed are:* the low-cost airline* the impact of electronic commerce* the debate on global airline alliances* privatizing state-owned airlines* the creation of a Trans Atlantic Common Aviation areaMost importantly, the book carefully analyzes the strategies that are needed for airlines to succeed in the twenty-first century. This is essential reading for anyone interested in aviation.
Airline Business in the 21st Century
by Rigas DoganisThis book focuses on the major issues that will affect the airline industry in this new millennium. It tells of an industry working on low margins and of cut-throat competition resulting from 'open skies'. Among the issues discussed are:* the low-cost airline* the impact of electronic commerce* the debate on global airline alliances* privatizing state-owned airlines* the creation of a Trans Atlantic Common Aviation areaMost importantly, the book carefully analyzes the strategies that are needed for airlines to succeed in the twenty-first century. This is essential reading for anyone interested in aviation.
Airline Choices for the Future: From Alliances to Mergers
by Kostas Iatrou Mauro OrettiAirline Choices for the Future: From Alliances to Mergers offers an up-to-date assessment of the industry as it stands today, delivering a comprehensive insight into how the world of airline alliances is changing, and how the merger phenomenon is likely to fit into the new scenario. The purpose of this book is twofold. Firstly, it outlines the evolution and the reasons behind alliances between international air carriers, the alliances' track records and the way they have affected airlines and the air transport industry. Secondly, drawing on past and more recent developments in the industry, it examines the experiences airlines involved in cross-border mergers have gone through and the advantages and difficulties they have come across. Alliances and mergers are presented from both the airline and the consumer perspective. The book provides a balanced account of where mergers and alliances have taken the industry to date, bridging the gap between merger theory and implemented practices and strategies. It also identifies the challenges alliances and cross-border mergers have faced and highlights the key forces affecting airline development. Theoretical evidence is supplemented by data collected via surveys and interviews with airline executives, aviation experts, consultants and regulatory bodies.
Airline Choices for the Future: From Alliances to Mergers
by Kostas Iatrou Mauro OrettiAirline Choices for the Future: From Alliances to Mergers offers an up-to-date assessment of the industry as it stands today, delivering a comprehensive insight into how the world of airline alliances is changing, and how the merger phenomenon is likely to fit into the new scenario. The purpose of this book is twofold. Firstly, it outlines the evolution and the reasons behind alliances between international air carriers, the alliances' track records and the way they have affected airlines and the air transport industry. Secondly, drawing on past and more recent developments in the industry, it examines the experiences airlines involved in cross-border mergers have gone through and the advantages and difficulties they have come across. Alliances and mergers are presented from both the airline and the consumer perspective. The book provides a balanced account of where mergers and alliances have taken the industry to date, bridging the gap between merger theory and implemented practices and strategies. It also identifies the challenges alliances and cross-border mergers have faced and highlights the key forces affecting airline development. Theoretical evidence is supplemented by data collected via surveys and interviews with airline executives, aviation experts, consultants and regulatory bodies.
Airline Deregulation: International Experiences (Routledge Library Editions: Transport Economics #1)
by Kenneth ButtonThe end of the twentieth century saw remarkable changes in the way that economic regulation was viewed. There occurred a liberalization of attitude and something of a withdrawal of the state from its interventionist role. These changes were particularly pronounced in the context of transport, where the long-standing tradition had been one of market intervention by the government. The aim of this book, first published in 1991, is to examine the outcomes of deregulation on the international airline industry, and to consider whether the experiences of market liberalization reveal any common threads. In particular, whether they reveal any universal indications of how underlying transport markets function; how management responds to new stimuli; the degree of protection needed by transport users; and nature of the transition process from regulation to liberalization.
Airline Deregulation: International Experiences (Routledge Library Editions: Transport Economics #1)
by Kenneth ButtonThe end of the twentieth century saw remarkable changes in the way that economic regulation was viewed. There occurred a liberalization of attitude and something of a withdrawal of the state from its interventionist role. These changes were particularly pronounced in the context of transport, where the long-standing tradition had been one of market intervention by the government. The aim of this book, first published in 1991, is to examine the outcomes of deregulation on the international airline industry, and to consider whether the experiences of market liberalization reveal any common threads. In particular, whether they reveal any universal indications of how underlying transport markets function; how management responds to new stimuli; the degree of protection needed by transport users; and nature of the transition process from regulation to liberalization.
Airline Deregulation and Laissez-Faire Mythology
by Paul S. Dempsey Andrew R. GoetzAirline deregulation is a failure, conclude Professors Dempsey and Goetz. They assault the conventional wisdom in this provocative book, finding that the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, championed by a profound political movement which also advocated the deregulation of the bus, trucking, rail, and pipeline industries, failed to achieve the promises of its proponents. Only now is the full impact of deregulation being felt. Airline deregulation has resulted in unprecedented industry concentration, miserable service, a deterioration in labor-management relations, a narrower margin of safety, and higher prices for the consumer.This comprehensive book begins by exploring the strategy, tactics, and egos of the major airline robber barons, including Frank Lorenzo and Carl Icahn. In separate chapters, the strengths, weaknesses, and corporate cultures of each of the major airlines are evaluated. Part Two assesses the political, economic, and social justifications for New Deal regulation of aviation, and its deregulation in the late 1970s. Part Three then addresses the major consequences of deregulation in chapters on concentration, pricing, service, and safety, and Part Four advances a legislative agenda for solving the problems that have emerged. Professors Dempsey and Goetz advocate a middle course of responsible government supervision between the dead hand of regulation of the 1930s and the contemporary evil of market Darwinism. The book will be of particular interest to airline and airport industry executives, government officials, and students and scholars in public policy, economics, business, political science, and transportation.
Airline e-Commerce: Log on. Take off.
by Michael HankeFrom the few tickets that were sold by Alaska Airlines and former British Midland in December 1995 via the industry’s first airline booking engine websites, global online travel has grown to generate today more than half a trillion dollars in annual revenue. This development has brought significant changes to the airline business, travel markets, and consumers. Today, airlines worldwide not only use e-commerce for online marketing and selling but also as a platform to offer unique services and capabilities that have no counterpart in the physical world. This book is an in-depth introduction to airline e-commerce. It covers a broad scope of areas that are essential to an airline’s ongoing digital transformation. Digital properties & features E-marketing E-sales & distribution Web customer service E-commerce organization E-commerce strategy Written by an airline e-commerce expert and illustrated with numerous examples of leading airlines in this area, Dr. Hanke provides for comprehensive "behind-the-scenes" details of how airline e-commerce works. This book is a crucial companion for students and practitioners alike because it allows the reader to acquire a thorough foundation of airline e-commerce. Furthermore, the book enables the reader to appreciate the ramifications of airline e-commerce in certain corporate areas and to take effective action for a successful e-commerce strategy.
Airline e-Commerce: Log on. Take off.
by Michael HankeFrom the few tickets that were sold by Alaska Airlines and former British Midland in December 1995 via the industry’s first airline booking engine websites, global online travel has grown to generate today more than half a trillion dollars in annual revenue. This development has brought significant changes to the airline business, travel markets, and consumers. Today, airlines worldwide not only use e-commerce for online marketing and selling but also as a platform to offer unique services and capabilities that have no counterpart in the physical world. This book is an in-depth introduction to airline e-commerce. It covers a broad scope of areas that are essential to an airline’s ongoing digital transformation. Digital properties & features E-marketing E-sales & distribution Web customer service E-commerce organization E-commerce strategy Written by an airline e-commerce expert and illustrated with numerous examples of leading airlines in this area, Dr. Hanke provides for comprehensive "behind-the-scenes" details of how airline e-commerce works. This book is a crucial companion for students and practitioners alike because it allows the reader to acquire a thorough foundation of airline e-commerce. Furthermore, the book enables the reader to appreciate the ramifications of airline e-commerce in certain corporate areas and to take effective action for a successful e-commerce strategy.
Airline Economics: An Empirical Analysis of Market Structure and Competition in the US Airline Industry
by Giovanni Alberto TabaccoThis book presents an original empirical investigation of the market structure of airline city pair markets, shedding new light on the workings of competitive processes between firms. Examining a cross-section of US airline city pairs, Tabacco proposes for the first time that the industry can be understood as a natural oligopoly, each airline market being dominated by one to three airline carriers regardless of market size. The author questions the extent to which airlines deliberately prevent head-to-head competition within city pair markets, and draws intriguing conclusions about competitive forces from the observed market structure. Uncovering some of the main corporate strategies of the airline industry, the book is of immediate relevance to industry managers and practitioners, as well as academic economists.
Airline Economics: An Empirical Analysis of Market Structure and Competition in the US Airline Industry
by Giovanni Alberto TabaccoThis book presents an original empirical investigation of the market structure of airline city pair markets, shedding new light on the workings of competitive processes between firms. Examining a cross-section of US airline city pairs, Tabacco proposes for the first time that the industry can be understood as a natural oligopoly, each airline market being dominated by one to three airline carriers regardless of market size. The author questions the extent to which airlines deliberately prevent head-to-head competition within city pair markets, and draws intriguing conclusions about competitive forces from the observed market structure. Uncovering some of the main corporate strategies of the airline industry, the book is of immediate relevance to industry managers and practitioners, as well as academic economists.
Airline Economics in Asia (Advances in Airline Economics #7)
by Xiaowen Fu James PeoplesAir transport service has become an indispensable source of long distance transport for businesses and leisure travelers and for high-value-low-volume products. The significance of this transport service as a driver of economic growth is made abundantly apparent when examining the interdependence of business and air transport growth in Asia. Given the key role this region plays as a contributor to growth in the global airline transport service sector and the distinctive features of the aviation market observed, it is important to understand the economics of this sector in Asia. This volume contributes to the understanding of air transport services in Asia by presenting new research in the following four key areas in airline economics: Competition and regulatory change, passenger demand and satisfaction, industry performance, and the interdependence of airlines companies and airports. Specifically, in this volume prominent researchers in the region have examined important issues such as low cost carrier growth in Japan, competition against full service hub carriers in the Middle East, aviation market liberalization in Central Asia, high-speed-rail and airline competition in China, air transport and tourism in Asia and Australia, airline performance and outsourcing, airports development, and airport-airline cooperation. These rigorous studies contributes to a better understanding of the aviation market in Asia, allowing better decisions to be made by industry leaders and government agencies. This book also serves as an excellent reference book for researchers in the transport and logistics industry, and postgraduate students in the disciplines of applied economics, industrial organization, corporate strategy and public policy.