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Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Stabilization: The Roles of Optimum Currency Areas, Sacrifice Ratios, and Labor Market Adjustment
by Ole RosteAs a fundamental review and critique of activist economic policies, this book is a unique contribution to classical political economy. "Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Stabilization" is about macroeconomic stabilization policy, with emphasis on the value of a distinct national monetary policy to growth. Ole Bjorn Roste's argument is for public officials to restrain themselves in the pursuit of policy. As the author notes: when you know less, you should do less.The history of modern macroeconomics started in 1936 with the publication of Keynes' "General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money". The problems of the Great depression of the 1930s paved the way for a change of focus, from the long run to economic fluctuations in the short run, and from nominal to real variables, such as unemployment and aggregate output.Keynes offered clear policy implications in tune with the times. Because economic adjustment was slow, waiting for the economy to recover by itself was irresponsible. Particularly fiscal policy was essential to return to high employment. Monetary policy could affect aggregate demand through Interest rates, but was less important. Roste discusses the role of monetary policy, starting out with the implications of the theory of optimum currency areas (OCAs). This is followed by estimates of the output loss associated with disinflation policy (the sacrifice ratio) for six OECD economies. Further, Roste models the dynamic adjustment to negative, local labor-market shocks, with particular relevance to Scandinavia, in a final section.The idea that governments should pursue stabilizing fiscal or monetary policies with regard to real variables is often taken for granted by the public, if not by economists. Among the reasons for skepticism, is the presence of differing views on how economies really work, that the state of a given economy becomes known only after a time lag, and that economic agents react to policy and expectations of policy. For these reasons, the effects of policy are generally uncertain. This book explains why the role of history is critical to the study of macroeconomics.p>
Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Stabilization in Latin America
by Rolf J. Langhammer Lúcio Vinhas De SouzaLatin America is a very important region of the globe, which has been buffeted by successive waves of economic instability within the last decades. These waves have caused several episodes of hyperinflation or near hyperinflation, and several currency and financial crises, which, in certain moments, have even spilled over and affected other emerging markets. This has resulted in huge costs in terms of lost potential growth, and, as is inevitable, the markets most affected by this have been the least capable of defending themselves. In a region plagued by still considerable rates of social exclusion, with some of the highest rates of income concentration in the whole globe, the human costs of these crises have been very substantial. Starting in the early 1990s, the slow implementation of reforms, plus the resumption of more sustained growth—to a substantial degree linked to the increase in commodity prices, especially since the early 2000s—seems to have resulted in a more stable situation. Initially, in early reformers like Chile, later in the larger economies of the region, like Brazil and Mexico, a consensus— embraced by both sides of the political spectrum—towards integration in global markets, both in their trade and financial components, floating exchange rates, independent monetary authorities, and sustainable fiscal policies has emerged.
Monetary Policy and the Design of Financial Institutions in China,1978-90 (St Antony's Series)
by L. JinThis book is a systematic study of monetary policy and financial institution in China during its decentralisation- and market-oriented economic reform. It not only contains substantial information on money and finance and the operation of financial institutions in China, but also identifies mechanisms of the monetary expansion as the general feature of monetary policy.
Monetary Policy and the Economy in South Africa
by M. Ncube E. NdouMonetary Policy and the Economy in South Africa covers both modern theories and empirical analysis, linking monetary policy with relating house wealth, drivers of current account based on asset approach, expenditure switching and income absorption effects of monetary policy on trade balance, effects of inflation uncertainty on output growth and international spill overs. Each chapter uses data and relevant methodology to answer empirical and pertinent policy questions in South Africa. The book gives new insights into understanding these areas of economic policy and the wider emerging-markets.
Monetary Policy and the German Unemployment Problem in Macroeconomic Models: Theory and Evidence (Kieler Studien - Kiel Studies #334)
by Jan GottschalkHaving the high unemployment in Germany in mind, this book discusses how macroeconomic theory has evolved over the past forty years. It shows that in recent years a convergence has taken place, with modern models embodying a Keynesian transmission mechanism, monetarist policy implication, and modeling techniques inspired by new classical economics and real business cycle theory. It also probes in which direction models may be extended from here. Empirically, the book uses different econometric techniques to investigate the relevance and implications of different macroeconomic theories for German data. A key question this book investigates is the role of demand and supply side conditions for the increase in the German unemployment rate. On a policy level, the book relates the implications of the different theories to the ongoing debate on the appropriate roles of demand and supply side policies for curing the German unemployment problem.
Monetary Policy and the Oil Market (ADB Institute Series on Development Economics)
by Naoyuki Yoshino Farhad Taghizadeh-HesaryWhile oil price fluctuations in the past can be explained by pure supply factors, this book argues that it is monetary policy that plays a significant role in setting global oil prices. It is a key factor often neglected in much of the earlier literature on the determinants of asset prices, including oil prices. However, this book presents a framework for modeling oil prices while incorporating monetary policy. It also provides a complete theoretical basis of the determinants of crude oil prices and the transmission channels of oil shocks to the economy. Moreover, using several up-to-date surveys and examples from the real world, this book gives insight into the empirical side of energy economics. The empirical studies offer explanations for the impact of monetary policy on crude oil prices in different periods including during the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008–2009, the impact of oil price variations on developed and emerging economies, the effectiveness of monetary policy in the Japanese economy incorporating energy prices, and the macroeconomic impacts of oil price movements in trade-linked cases. This must-know information on energy economics is presented in a reader-friendly format without being overloaded with excessive and complicated calculations. enUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
Monetary Policy and the Onset of the Great Depression: The Myth of Benjamin Strong as Decisive Leader
by M. TomaMonetary Policy and the Onset of the Great Depression challenges Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz's now consensus view that the high tide of the Federal Reserve System in the 1920s was due to the leadership skills of Benjamin Strong, head of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Monetary Policy at the European Periphery: Greek Experience and Lessons for EU Candidates (European and Transatlantic Studies)
by Iannis A. Mourmouras Michael G. ArghyrouAt long last, monetary union has dawned in Europe. Eleven member states now share the common currency, forming a larger EMU than many observers, who thought that monetary union would initially be restricted to the core countries of the European Union, expected. The next item on the EMU agenda now is the question how to bring the remaining members of the European Union into the monetary union. I.A. Mourmouras and M. G. Arghyrou address this question from the perspective of Greece, and, with it, future European Union members such as Hungary and Poland. Their book presents a careful and interesting study of the Greek monetary policy experiences over the past 25 years. It demonstrates how Greece moved from an inflation ridden economy characterized by rigid controls of the financial sector to an economy for which an independent central bank and inflation targeting are credible options. The study is not only interesting in itself but also in that it bears important lessons for the development of monetary policy and institutions in the candidate countries of the European Union.
Monetary Policy Challenges in Latin America (New Directions in Post-Keynesian Economics series)
This ground-breaking book analyses the severe monetary policy challenges facing Latin American countries. Contributors reflect on how these issues should be addressed by policy-makers, identifying the need for a synergic response from regional central banks.Arguing that the challenges currently faced by regional central banks are intrinsically related, this book examines the risks generated by an international climate of uncertainty. It explores how to address inflationary pressures, output contraction, external vulnerabilities, tightness in advanced central banks’ monetary policies, nominal dollar appreciation, and falling commodity prices. Chapters focus on key elements of monetary policy, including transmission channels, exchange rates, international reserves, sustainable finance, and income inequality, to give an alternative view on the position of regional central banks in the global financial system.Monetary Policy Challenges in Latin America will be an invaluable resource for students and scholars of monetary policy, development economics, banking, and political economy. It will also be essential reading for policy-makers seeking new perspectives on monetary policy.
Monetary Policy, Financial Crises, and the Macroeconomy: Festschrift for Gerhard Illing
by Frank Heinemann Ulrich Klüh Sebastian WatzkaThis volume investigates different aspects of monetary policy and prevention of financial crises. It discusses some recently suggested measures for central banks' responses to liquidity shortages and to the liquidity trap, methods for assessing the potential of crisis contagion via the interbank network, and the interaction between micro- and macro-prudential regulation. It compares different approaches for solving the Eurozone sovereign-debt problem and provides a new and intriguing explanation for rising income inequality. The authors are experts on monetary policy, financial crises, and contract theory from different European universities and central banks.
Monetary Policy Frameworks in a Global Context (CENTRAL BANK GOVERNOR'S SYMPOSIUM)
by Lavan Mahadeva Gabriel SterneThis broad-ranging collection assesses the links between targets and central bank independence, accountability and the transparency of monetary policy. Renowned experts contribute to this original and comprehensive text which will be of great value to professional economists and students of economics and banking alike.Monetary Policy Frameworks in a Global Context was named Book of the Year, 2000 by Central Banking journal
Monetary Policy Frameworks in a Global Context (CENTRAL BANK GOVERNOR'S SYMPOSIUM)
by Lavan Mahadeva Gabriel SterneThis broad-ranging collection assesses the links between targets and central bank independence, accountability and the transparency of monetary policy. Renowned experts contribute to this original and comprehensive text which will be of great value to professional economists and students of economics and banking alike.Monetary Policy Frameworks in a Global Context was named Book of the Year, 2000 by Central Banking journal
Monetary Policy Implementation: Exploring the 'New Normal' in Central Banking
by Angelo BaglioniThis book addresses the implementation of monetary policy (MP) and focuses on the operations used by the central banks to implement their policies: the so-called operational framework of MP. The operational framework has become of paramount importance in the last fifteen years, due to the profound transformations taking place in this period. The financial crisis, started in August 2007, has rapidly changed the way in which MP is implemented around the world. Further, innovations have been introduced to address other crises in the following years: a new set of “unconventional” instruments have been adopted, like the large-scale purchases of private and government securities and the long-term refinancing operations. The balance sheets of central banks have increased by huge amounts. The recent surge of inflation has induced several central banks to exit those exceptional policies. However, instead of going back to the traditional “interest rate steering” approach, they are going towards a “new normal” that combines some features of that approach with others inherited from the “quantitative easing” experience. The book therefore addresses the following questions: Which are the common stylized patterns of the unconventional MP across the different countries? Did the economic profession work out a theoretical framework within which to place the unconventional MP? Which are the issues related to the exit strategy from unconventional MP? Which are the main features of the operational framework under the “new normal” approach? This book answers these questions by looking at the experiences of the European Central Bank, the Federal Reserve System alongside other central banks, and providing some original modelling and empirical evidence, which will be of interest to academics, researchers in banking and finance, policy makers, and practitioners in the financial industry.
Monetary Policy Implementation in East Asia (Financial and Monetary Policy Studies #51)
by Frank Rövekamp Moritz Bälz Hanns Günther HilpertThis book shares essential insights into the implementation of monetary policy in various East Asian countries. Highlighting case studies from China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Singapore, leading economists and practitioners from central banks illustrate how dependent effective monetary policy is on the institutional and financial market environment, as well as on successful implementation and communication. The respective contributions cover various aspects of monetary policy implementation, such as: How is inflation targeting handled? For what purposes and how do central banks operate on financial markets, and what are the (at times unintended) effects? How do currency market interventions help achieve the monetary policy targets set by individual countries or areas? In addition, Asian experiences are contrasted with those from the Eurozone.
Monetary Policy in a Converging Europe: Papers and Proceedings of an International Workshop organised by De Nederlandsche Bank and the Limburg Institute of Financial Economics (Financial and Monetary Policy Studies #31)
by J. A. J Alders C. G. Koedijk C. J. M Kool C. C. A. WinderMonetary Policy in a Converging Europe covers the most important monetary issues in the transition towards an Economic and Monetary Union in Europe, containing contributions from renowned experts in relevant research and policy areas. Among other things, the contributions discuss the scope for inflation targeting, monetary interdependencies within the `core' ERM countries, money demand within the European Union, the difference between the monetary transmission mechanisms in the various European countries, and the preferred exchange rate policy in Stage Two of EMU. The book provides an excellent overview of current issues for anyone interested in monetary policy in a converging Europe.
Monetary Policy in India: A Modern Macroeconomic Perspective
by Chetan Ghate Kenneth M. KletzerThis book presents research that applies contemporary monetary theory and state-of-the-art econometric methods to the analysis of the monetary and financial aspects of the Indian economy and the impact of monetary policy on economic performance. Indian monetary policy has attracted significant attention from Indian and international macroeconomists over the last several years. Interest in how monetary policy influences economic performance and how monetary policy is conducted in India is growing. The prospects for further financial sector reform and ongoing inflation in India have sparked new interest in the role of money and monetary policy in India among economists, policy makers and students alike. The book should also interest economists outside India because it studies monetary economics in a major emerging market economy and makes advances in the analysis of how financial market imperfections and structural constraints influence the effects of monetary policy.
Monetary Policy in Interdependent Economies: The Task Ahead (Financial and Monetary Policy Studies #55)
by Ioanna T. KokoresThis book explores the challenges faced by central banks in the aftermath of the global financial crisis and the events that followed. It further emphasises the asymmetries in the transmission of monetary policy in the Eurozone economies and among major advanced economies. The book also highlights the advances in the monetary policy debate towards an efficient resource allocation.The author argues that the canonical model of macroeconomic stabilization, which assigns the main burden of stabilization to monetary policy, is outdated primarily because of the absence of financial frictions. Further, she highlights the urgency of pushing risky activities outside the perimeters of regulation in face of rapidly evolving financial markets. The book provides an analytical framework in the context of intense globalisation and increased interdependence across economies, irrespective of the recent re-examining of supply-chains and trade relationships, as well as a policy framework thoroughly amended after the global financial crisis and the crises that followed it.Presenting policy proposals, the book discusses how policymakers must try to develop a set of policies that the public will have confidence in and take into account in forming expectations about future inflation and spending. It will be useful to central banking practitioners, monetary and fiscal policymakers, as well as students and scholars in economics and, in particular, financial economics.
Monetary Policy in Low Financial Development Countries
by Juan Antonio Morales Paul RedingMonetary Policy in Low Financial Development Countries provides a broad coverage of the monetary policy issues faced by developing countries with low financial depth. These low and lower middle income countries are characterized by the predominance of bank finance, shallow financial markets, low financial inclusion, weak integration with world capital markets, and a high degree of informality in economic activity. Monetary policy acquires special twists, making it different in many aspects from the policies followed in advanced and emerging market economies. This book covers the main facets of monetary policy making, using an approach that combines discussions of theoretical arguments, of results from empirical studies and of relevant policy experiences. It presents the monetary policy instruments that central banks rely on in these countries. It assesses the specificities of their monetary transmission mechanism, i.e. the way central banks' actions affect output and prices. It evaluates the advantages, drawbacks, and challenges of the different nominal anchors they may choose from: exchange rate targeting, monetary targeting, and inflation targeting. This discussion is set against the background of the three main goals pursued by central banks: price, output, and financial stability. Particular attention is devoted to the issue of the credibility of central banks and to the trade-offs they face when external shocks, to which these countries are very vulnerable, lead to conflicts among the three goals they pursue. The authors also cover more specific topics, such as the coordination between monetary and fiscal policy, the challenges raised by dollarization, the implications of informal labour markets and of microfinance institutions for monetary policy-making, as well as the role of models for forecasting and policy evaluation by central banks.
Monetary Policy in Low Financial Development Countries
by Juan Antonio Morales Paul RedingMonetary Policy in Low Financial Development Countries provides a broad coverage of the monetary policy issues faced by developing countries with low financial depth. These low and lower middle income countries are characterized by the predominance of bank finance, shallow financial markets, low financial inclusion, weak integration with world capital markets, and a high degree of informality in economic activity. Monetary policy acquires special twists, making it different in many aspects from the policies followed in advanced and emerging market economies. This book covers the main facets of monetary policy making, using an approach that combines discussions of theoretical arguments, of results from empirical studies and of relevant policy experiences. It presents the monetary policy instruments that central banks rely on in these countries. It assesses the specificities of their monetary transmission mechanism, i.e. the way central banks' actions affect output and prices. It evaluates the advantages, drawbacks, and challenges of the different nominal anchors they may choose from: exchange rate targeting, monetary targeting, and inflation targeting. This discussion is set against the background of the three main goals pursued by central banks: price, output, and financial stability. Particular attention is devoted to the issue of the credibility of central banks and to the trade-offs they face when external shocks, to which these countries are very vulnerable, lead to conflicts among the three goals they pursue. The authors also cover more specific topics, such as the coordination between monetary and fiscal policy, the challenges raised by dollarization, the implications of informal labour markets and of microfinance institutions for monetary policy-making, as well as the role of models for forecasting and policy evaluation by central banks.
Monetary Policy in Pacific Basin Countries: Papers Presented at a Conference Sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
by Hang-Sheng Hang-Sheng ChengThe chapters in this book are based on papers prepared for a conference organized by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, held at the bank September 23-25, 1987, to review and compare monetary policy experiences of Pacific Basin countries during the past 15 years. The theme of the conference was conceived with two purposes in mind. First, there was (and still is) a great need to enhance knowledge on the workings of economies in the Pacific Basin, which has been the fastest growing region in the world economy during the past 30 years. While much has been written on Pacific Basin trade and economic growth, relatively few studies have been published on the conduct of monetary policy in these economies. Second, as we in the United States and others elsewhere have learned, rapid financial market changes over the last 15 years have led to considerable adjustment in the conduct of monetary policy. A comparative study of various national experiences can yield insights into the inter actions between monetary policy and financial market changes more than is obtainable by examining indi vidual national experiences separately.
Monetary Policy in Rwanda: 1964—Present (Frontiers in African Business Research)
by Thomas Kigabo RusuhuzwaThis book analyzes evolution of monetary policy in Rwanda since it was first implemented by the National Bank of Rwanda in 1964 when the bank was established. It contributes to the understanding of monetary policy which is formulation and implementation in different stages of development of a financial system that comprises the financial market (money market and capital market), financial intermediaries such as commercial banks, and the financial sector infrastructures such as payment systems and the credit reference bureau. The book breaks down applied empirical research on the assessment of key assumptions of a monetary targeting framework, namely the stability of money multiplier and money demand using econometrics of time series, through a number of case studies. Presenting a detailed empirical analysis of the monetary transmission mechanism, one of the most analyzed topics in central banks in advanced economies, this book is a valuable read for central bankers and other researchers of monetary policy, particularly in developing economies.
Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa (Africa: Policies for Prosperity)
by Andrew Berg Rafael PortilloLow-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa present unique monetary policy challenges, from the high share of volatile food in consumption to underdeveloped financial markets; however most academic and policy work on monetary policy is aimed at much richer countries. Can economic models and methods invented for rich countries even be adapted and applied here? How does and should monetary policy work in sub-Saharan African? Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa answers these questions and provides practical tools and policy guidance to respond to the complex challenges of this region. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made great progress in stabilizing inflation over the past two decades. As they have achieved a degree of basic macroeconomic stability, policymakers are looking to avoid policy misalignments and respond appropriately to shocks in order to achieve stability and growth. Officially, they often have adopted "money targeting" frameworks, a regime that has long disappeared from almost all advanced and even emerging-market discussions. In practice, though, they are in many cases finding current regimes lacking, with opaque and sometimes inconsistent objectives, inadequate transmission of policy to the economy, and difficulties in responding to supply shocks. Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa takes a new approach by applying dynamic general equilibrium models suitably adapted to reflect key features of low-income countries for the analysis of monetary policy in sub-Saharan African countries. Using a progressive approach derived from the International Monetary Fund's extensive practice and research, Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa seeks to address what we know about the empirics of monetary transmission in low-income countries, how monetary policy can work in countries characterized by underdeveloped financial markets and opaque policy regimes, and how we can use empirical and theoretical methods largely derived in advanced countries to answer these questions. It then uses these key topics to guide policymakers as they attempt to adjust food price, terms of trade, aid shocks, and the effects of the global financial crisis.
Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa (Africa: Policies for Prosperity)
Low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa present unique monetary policy challenges, from the high share of volatile food in consumption to underdeveloped financial markets; however most academic and policy work on monetary policy is aimed at much richer countries. Can economic models and methods invented for rich countries even be adapted and applied here? How does and should monetary policy work in sub-Saharan African? Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa answers these questions and provides practical tools and policy guidance to respond to the complex challenges of this region. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made great progress in stabilizing inflation over the past two decades. As they have achieved a degree of basic macroeconomic stability, policymakers are looking to avoid policy misalignments and respond appropriately to shocks in order to achieve stability and growth. Officially, they often have adopted "money targeting" frameworks, a regime that has long disappeared from almost all advanced and even emerging-market discussions. In practice, though, they are in many cases finding current regimes lacking, with opaque and sometimes inconsistent objectives, inadequate transmission of policy to the economy, and difficulties in responding to supply shocks. Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa takes a new approach by applying dynamic general equilibrium models suitably adapted to reflect key features of low-income countries for the analysis of monetary policy in sub-Saharan African countries. Using a progressive approach derived from the International Monetary Fund's extensive practice and research, Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa seeks to address what we know about the empirics of monetary transmission in low-income countries, how monetary policy can work in countries characterized by underdeveloped financial markets and opaque policy regimes, and how we can use empirical and theoretical methods largely derived in advanced countries to answer these questions. It then uses these key topics to guide policymakers as they attempt to adjust food price, terms of trade, aid shocks, and the effects of the global financial crisis.
Monetary Policy in the Context of Financial Crisis: New Challenges and Lessons (International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics #24)
by Fredj Jawadi William BarnettThis is Volume 24 of the monograph series International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics. ISETE publishes proceedings of conferences and symposia, as well as research monographs of the highest quality and importance. All articles published in these volumes are refereed relative to the standards of the best journals, therefore not all papers presented at related symposia are published in these proceedings volumes. The topics chosen for these volumes are those of particular research importance at the time of the selection of the topic.
Monetary Policy in the European Monetary System: A Critical Appraisal (European and Transatlantic Studies)
by Joao LoureiroMonetary Policy in the European Monetary Systems (EMS) provides the reader with a critical assessment of the EMS operation, focusing on key issues like intervention in money and foreign exchange markets and credibility of EMS exchange rate bands. The book also reopens the discussion on the "EMS discipline-credibility hypothesis" and the notion of "New EMS", testing both with an original methodology. The conflict between internal and external objectives is made clear and the empirical results show the choices made by the individual countries and the resulting implications. The book is written with an empirical orientation based on a unifying data description framework.