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Formal Methods in Standards: A Report from the BCS Working Group

by Derek Andrews David Blyth Cornelia Boldyreff David Duce Patrick Hall Robert Neely Clive Ruggles Nik Tetteh-Lartey Rick Thomas Ann Wrightson

3. 1 What are formal methods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3. 2 A survey of formal methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3. 2. 1 FDTs and FSLs for sequential software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3. 2. 1. 1 VDM (Vienna Development Method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3. 2. 1. 2 Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 3 me too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 4 HOS and AXES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 5 Gist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. 2. 1. 6 Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 7 OBJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 8 ACT ONE and ACT TWO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 9 CIP-L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 10 LPG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 11 Larch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. 2. 1. 12 Logic languages-the Prolog family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3. 2. 1. 13 Functional languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3. 2. 2 FDTs and FSLs for concurrent software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3. 2. 2. 1 LOTOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3. 2. 2. 2 Estelle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. 2. 2. 3 SDL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. 2. 2. 4 ASN. l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. 2. 2. 5 TTCN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 2. 6 Gypsy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 3 Graphical formalisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 3. 1 Petri nets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 3. 2 Higraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. 2. 4 Less formal methods and notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 1 SADT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 2 Structured Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 3 SSADM and LSDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2. 4. 4 JSPandJSD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Formal Methods in Systems Biology: First International Workshop, FMSB 2008, Cambridge, UK, June 4-5, 2008, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #5054)

by Jasmin Fisher

Thisvolumecontainstheproceedingsofthe?rstinternationalmeetingonFormal Methods in Systems Biology, held at Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK, June 4–5, 2008. While there are several venues that cover computational methods in systems biology,there is to date no single conference that brings together the application of the range of formal methods in biology. Therefore, convening such a meeting could prove extremely productive. The purpose of this meeting was to identify techniques for the speci?cation, development and veri?cation of biological m- els.Italsofocusedonthedesignoftoolstoexecuteandanalyzebiologicalmodels in ways that can signi?cantly advance our understanding of biological systems. As a forum for this discussion we invited key scientists in the area of formal methods to this unique meeting. Although this was a one-o? meeting, we are exploring the possibility of this forming the ?rst of what might become an annual conference. Presentations at the meeting were by invitation only; future meetings are expected to operate on a submission and review basis. The Steering Committee and additional referees reviewed the invited papers. Each submission was evaluated by at least two referees. The volume includes nine invited contributions. Formal Methods in Systems Biology 2008 was made possible by the cont- bution and dedication ofmany people. First of all,we wouldlike to thank allthe authors who submitted papers. Secondly, we would like to thank our additional invited speakers and participants. We would also like to thank the members of the Steering Committee for their valuable comments. Finally, we ackno- edge the help of the administrative and technical sta? at the MicrosoftResearch Cambridge lab.

Formal Methods in Systems Engineering

by Peter Ryan Chris Sennett

As computer technology is used to control critical systems to an increasing degree, it is vital that the methods for developing and understanding these systems are substantially improved. The mathematical and scientific foundations currently used are extremely limited which means that their correctness and reliability cannot be ensured to an acceptable level. Systems engineering needs to become a fully fledged scientific discipline and formal methods, which are characterised by their firm mathematical foundations, are playing a vital role in achieving this transition. This volume is based on the proceedings of the Formal Methods Workshop (FM91), held in Drymen, Scotland, 24-27 September 1991. This was the second workshop sponsored by the Canadian and US governments to address the role of formal methods in the development of digital systems. Traditionally, formal methods have evolved in isolation from more conventional approaches, and one of the aims of this workshop was to emphasise the benefits of integrating the two areas. The workshop concentrated on the themes of quality assurance, design methods and mathematical modelling techniques. Particular emphasis was given to safety and security applications. Among the topics covered in this volume are: what is a formal method?; social research on formal methods; current quality assurance methods and formal methods; a pragmatic approach to validation; integrating methods in practice; composition of descriptions; and topics in large program formal development. Formal Methods in Systems Engineering provides an overview of many of the major approaches to formal methods and the benefits which can result from them. It is relevant to academic and industrial researchers, industrial practitioners and government workers with an interest in certification.

Formal Methods Teaching: Third International Workshop and Tutorial, FMTea 2019, Held as Part of the Third World Congress on Formal Methods, FM 2019, Porto, Portugal, October 7, 2019, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11758)

by Brijesh Dongol Luigia Petre Graeme Smith

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Workshop and Tutorial, FMTea 2019, Held as Part of the Third World Congress on Formal Methods, FM 2019, Porto, Portugal, October 2019. The 14 full papers presented together with 3 abstract papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 22 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections named: Tutorial lectures; Teaching Program Verification; Teaching Program Development; and Effective Teaching Techniques.

Formal Modeling: Essays Dedicated to Carolyn Talcott on the Occasion of Her 70th Birthday (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #7000)

by Gul Agha Olivier Danvy José Meseguer

This Festschrift volume, published in honor of Carolyn Talcott on the occasion of her 70th birthday, contains a collection of papers presented at a symposium held in Menlo Park, California, USA, in November 2011. Carolyn Talcott is a leading researcher and mentor of international renown among computer scientists. She has made key contributions to a number of areas of computer science including: semantics and verification of progamming languages; foundations of actor-based systems; middleware, meta-architectures, and systems; Maude and rewriting logic; and computational biology. The 21 papers presented are organized in topical sections named: Essays on Carolyn Talcott; actors and programming languages; cyberphysical systems; middleware and meta-architectures; formal methods and reasoning tools; and computational biology.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 15th International Conference, FORMATS 2017, Berlin, Germany, September 5–7, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #10419)

by Alessandro Abate Gilles Geeraerts

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2017, held in Berlin, Germany, in September 2017.​ The aim of FORMATS is to promote the study of fundamental and practical aspects of timed systems, and to bring together researchers from different disciplines that share interests in modelling and analysis of timed systems and, as a generalization, hybrid systems.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 17th International Conference, FORMATS 2019, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 27–29, 2019, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11750)

by Étienne André Mariëlle Stoelinga

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2019, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in August 2019.The 15 full papers and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: special session on data-driven and stochastic approaches to real-time, including monitoring and Big Data; timed systems; linear and non-linear systems; timed automata; special session on timed systems and probabilities.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 4th International Conference, FORMATS 2006, Paris, France, September 25-27, 2006, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #4202)

by Eugene Asarin Patricia Bouyer

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2006. The book presents 22 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited talks. Coverage includes work on foundations and semantics of timed systems including timed automata, timed Petri nets, timed MSCs, hybrid automata, timed process algebra, timed temporal logics, timed abstract state machines, as well as probabilistic models.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 18th International Conference, FORMATS 2020, Vienna, Austria, September 1–3, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12288)

by Nathalie Bertrand Nils Jansen

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2020, held in Vienna, Austria, in September 2020. The 16 full papers and 2 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. The papers focus on topics such as foundations and semantics, methods and tools, techniques, algorithms, data structures, and software tools for analyzing timed systems and resolving temporal constraints.Due to the Corona pandemic this conference was held as a virtual event.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 20th International Conference, FORMATS 2022, Warsaw, Poland, September 13–15, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13465)

by Sergiy Bogomolov David Parker

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2022, held in Warsaw, Poland, in September 2022. The 12 full papers together with 2 short papers that were carefully reviewed and selected from 30 submissions are presented in this volume with 3 full-length papers associated with invited/anniversary talks. The papers focus on topics such as modelling, design and analysis of timed computational systems. The conference aims in real-time issues in hardware design, performance analysis, real-time software, scheduling, semantics and verification of real-timed, hybrid and probabilistic systems.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 11th International Conference, FORMATS 2013, Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 29-31, 2013, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #8053)

by Víctor Braberman Laurent Fribourg

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2013, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in August 2013. The 18 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The book covers topics of foundations and semantics (theoretical foundations of timed systems and languages; comparison between different models, such as timed automata, timed Petri nets, hybrid automata, timed process algebra, max-plus algebra, probabilistic models); methods and Tools (techniques, algorithms, data structures, and software tools for analyzing timed systems and resolving temporal constraints, e.g., scheduling, worst-case execution time analysis, optimization, model checking, testing, constraint solving, etc.); applications (adaptation and specialization of timing technology in application domains in which timing plays an important role, e.g., real-time software, hardware circuits, and problems of scheduling in manufacturing and telecommunications).

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 6th International Conference, FORMATS 2008, Saint Malo, France, September 15-17, 2008, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #5215)

by Franck Cassez Claude Jard

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2008, held in Saint Malo, France, September 2008. The 17 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 37 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on extensions of timed automata and semantics; timed games and logic; case studies; model-checking of probabilistic systems; verification and test; timed petri nets.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 8th International Conference, FORMATS 2010, Klosterneuburg, Austria, September 8-10, 2010, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #6246)

by Krishnendu Chatterjee Thomas A. Henzinger

This volume contains the papers that were presented at the 8th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems (FORMATS 2010), held September 8–10, 2010, at IST (Institute of Science and Technology) Austria, in Klosterneuburg, Austria. The modeling andanalysis oftiming aspects of systems is a keyproblem that has been treated independently in several di?erent communities in computer science and related areas. Researchers interested in semantics, veri?cation, re- timescheduling,andperformanceanalysisstudymodelssuchastimedautomata and timed Petri nets, the digital design community focuses on propagation and switching delays, and designers of embedded controllers need to take into - count the time requiredby controllersto compute their responses after sampling the environment. Although the timing-related questions in these separate c- munities have their own speci?c nature, there is a growing awareness that there are basic problems that are common to all of them. In particular, all of these disciplines model and analyze systems whose behavior depends on combinations of logical and timing constraints between occurrences of events. The aim of FORMATS is to promote the study of fundamental and practical aspects of timed systems, and to bring together researchers from di?erent d- ciplines that share an interest in the modeling and analysis of timed systems. Typical topics include (but are not limited to): – Foundations and Semantics: theoretical foundations of timed systems and languages; comparison between di?erent models (timed automata, timed Petri nets, hybrid automata, timed process algebra,max-plus algebra, pr- abilistic models).

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 19th International Conference, FORMATS 2021, Paris, France, August 24–26, 2021, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12860)

by Catalin Dima Mahsa Shirmohammadi

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2021, held in Paris, France, in August 2021.The 8 full papers that were carefully reviewed and selected from 19 submissions are presented in this volume with 2 invited talks. The papers focus on topics such as probabilistic computation, logic and verification, robotic planning, complexity of timed pattern matching, safety violations in real-time systems, modal and temporal logics, and others.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 9th International Conference, FORMATS 2011, Aalborg, Denmark, September 21-23, 2011, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #6919)

by Uli Fahrenberg Stavros Tripakis

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2011, held in Aalborg, Denmark, in September 2011. The 20 revised full papers presented together with three invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 43 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on probabilistic methods, robustness, games, verification and testing, verification, hybrid systems, and applications.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 14th International Conference, FORMATS 2016, Quebec, QC, Canada, August 24-26, 2016, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #9884)

by Martin Fränzle Nicolas Markey

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2016, held in Quebec, QC, Canada, in August 2016. The 14 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 32 initial submissions. They are organized in topical sections entitled: modeling timed phenomena; stochasticity and hybrid control; real-time verification and synthesis; workload analysis.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 10th International Conference, FORMATS 2012, London, UK, September 18-20, 2012, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #7595)

by Marcin Jurdzinski Dejan Nickovic

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2012, held in London, UK in September 2012. The 16 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 34 submissions. The book covers topics of foundations and semantics, methods and tools, techniques, algorithms, hybrid automata, appilcations, real-time software and hardware circuits.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: First International Workshop, FORMATS 2003, Marseille, France, September 6-7, 2003, Revised Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #2791)

by Kim G. Larsen Peter Niebert

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the First International Workshop on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2003, held in Marseille, France in September 2003. The 19 revised full papers presented together with an invited paper and the abstracts of two invited talks were carefully selected from 36 submissions during two rounds of reviewing and improvement. All current aspects of formal method for modeling and analyzing timed systems are addressed; among the timed systems dealt with are timed automata, timed Petri nets, max-plus algebras, real-time systems, discrete time systems, timed languages, and real-time operating systems.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 12th International Conference, FORMATS 2014, Florence, Italy, September 8-10, 2014, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #8711)

by Axel Legay Marius Bozga

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2014, held in Florence, Italy, in September 2014.The 17 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 36 submissions. The papers cover topics of foundations and semantics; comparison between different models, such as timed automata, timed Petri nets, hybrid automata, timed process algebra, max-plus algebra, probabilistic models; methods and tools for analyzing timed systems and resolving temporal constraints; applications in real-time software, hardware circuits, and problems of scheduling in manufacturing and telecommunication.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 7th International Conference, FORMATS 2009, Budapest, Hungary, September 14-16, 2009, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #5813)

by Joel Ouaknine Frits W. Vaandrager

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2009, held in Budapest, Hungary, September 2009. The 18 revised full papers presented together with 4 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. The aim of FORMATS is to promote the study of fundamental and practical aspects of timed systems, and to bring together researchers from different disciplines that share interests in the modelling and analysis of timed systems.Typical topics include (but are not limited to): – Foundations and Semantics. Theoretical foundations of timed systems and languages; comparison between different models (timed automata, timed Petri nets, hybrid automata, timed process algebra, max-plus algebra, probabilistic models). – Methods and Tools. Techniques, algorithms, data structures, and software tools for analyzing timed systems and resolving temporal constraints (scheduling, worst-case execution time analysis, optimization, model checking, testing, constraint solving, etc.). – Applications. Adaptation and specialization of timing technology in application domains in which timing plays an important role (real-time software, hardware circuits, and problems of scheduling in manufacturing and telecommunication).

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 21st International Conference, FORMATS 2023, Antwerp, Belgium, September 19–21, 2023, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14138)

by Laure Petrucci Jeremy Sproston

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2023, held in Antwerp, Belgium, in September 2023. The 9 full papers presented in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 21 submissions. The proceedings also contain one invited paper in full paper length. The papers deal with real-time issues in hardware design, performance analysis, real-time software, scheduling, semantics, and verification of real-timed, hybrid, and probabilistic systems.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 16th International Conference, FORMATS 2018, Beijing, China, September 4–6, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11022)

by Pavithra Prabhakar David N. Jansen

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2018, held in Beijing, China, in September 2018. The 14 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: invited papers, temporal logics, distributed timed systems, behavioral equivalences, timed words, and continuous dynamical systems. The aim of FORMATS is to promote the study of fundamental and practical aspects of timed systems, and to bring together researchers from different disciplines that share interests in modeling and analysis of timed systems and, as a generalization, hybrid systems.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 5th International Conference, FORMATS 2007, Salzburg, Austria, October 3-5, 2007, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #4763)

by Jean-Francois Raskin P. S. Thiagarajan

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2007. It covers work on foundations and semantics of timed systems; examines techniques, algorithms, data structures, and software tools for analyzing timed systems and resolving temporal constraints; and details applications like real-time software, hardware circuits, and problems of scheduling in manufacturing and telecommunication.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 13th International Conference, FORMATS 2015, Madrid, Spain, September 2-4, 2015, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #9268)

by Sriram Sankaranarayanan Enrico Vicario

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2015, held in Madrid, Spain, in September 2015. The conference was organized under the umbrella of Madrid Meet 2015, a one week event focussing on the areas of formal and quantitative analysis of systems, performance engineering, computer safety, and industrial critical applications. The 19 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 initial submissions.

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