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Frame Theory in Data Science (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation)
by Zhihua Zhang Palle E. JorgensenThis book establishes brand-new frame theory and technical implementation in data science, with a special focus on spatial-scale feature extraction, network dynamics, object-oriented analysis, data-driven environmental prediction, and climate diagnosis. Given that data science is unanimously recognized as a core driver for achieving Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, these frame techniques bring fundamental changes to multi-channel data mining systems and support the development of digital Earth platforms. This book integrates the authors' frame research in the past twenty years and provides cutting-edge techniques and depth for scientists, professionals, and graduate students in data science, applied mathematics, environmental science, and geoscience.
Framelets and Wavelets: Algorithms, Analysis, and Applications (Applied and Numerical Harmonic Analysis)
by Bin HanMarking a distinct departure from the perspectives of frame theory and discrete transforms, this book provides a comprehensive mathematical and algorithmic introduction to wavelet theory. As such, it can be used as either a textbook or reference guide.As a textbook for graduate mathematics students and beginning researchers, it offers detailed information on the basic theory of framelets and wavelets, complemented by self-contained elementary proofs, illustrative examples/figures, and supplementary exercises.Further, as an advanced reference guide for experienced researchers and practitioners in mathematics, physics, and engineering, the book addresses in detail a wide range of basic and advanced topics (such as multiwavelets/multiframelets in Sobolev spaces and directional framelets) in wavelet theory, together with systematic mathematical analysis, concrete algorithms, and recent developments in and applications of framelets and wavelets.Lastly, the book can also be used to teach on or study selected special topics in approximation theory, Fourier analysis, applied harmonic analysis, functional analysis, and wavelet-based signal/image processing.
Framers: Human Advantage in an Age of Technology and Turmoil
by Kenneth Cukier Viktor Mayer-Schoenberger Francis de Vericourt'Wonderfully stimulating... will teach you to see around corners' -- Tim HarfordDon't just think deep, think wide. From pandemics to populism, AI to ISIS, wealth inequity to climate change, humanity faces unprecedented challenges that threaten our very existence. But how we see them affects how we respond and lets us uncover hidden options that expand our thinking. In this bold, optimistic book, the authors of the bestselling Big Data show how humans have a unique cognitive ability to frame -- to create mental models that allow us to spot patterns, make predictions and grasp new situations. While computers may now excel at reasoning and judgement, framing is unique to humans. This book is the first guide to mastering an essential skill for the 21st century. Blending fascinating stories with cutting-edge research, you'll discover why it's useless to try to think outside the box, how Spotify beat Apple by framing music as experience, how the #metoo movement reframed the perception of sexual assault from silence to solidarity, and how framing Covid-19 as seasonal flu led to disaster whereas framing it as SARS delivered New Zealand from the pandemic. Framers will show you how to make better decisions in the age of algorithms, and will revolutionise not only how we think about our future, but how we think about everything.
Frames and Other Bases in Abstract and Function Spaces: Novel Methods in Harmonic Analysis, Volume 1 (Applied and Numerical Harmonic Analysis)
by Isaac Pesenson Quoc Thong Le Gia Azita Mayeli Hrushikesh Mhaskar Ding-Xuan ZhouThe first of a two volume set on novel methods in harmonic analysis, this book draws on a number of original research and survey papers from well-known specialists detailing the latest innovations and recently discovered links between various fields. Along with many deep theoretical results, these volumes contain numerous applications to problems in signal processing, medical imaging, geodesy, statistics, and data science. The chapters within cover an impressive range of ideas from both traditional and modern harmonic analysis, such as: the Fourier transform, Shannon sampling, frames, wavelets, functions on Euclidean spaces, analysis on function spaces of Riemannian and sub-Riemannian manifolds, Fourier analysis on manifolds and Lie groups, analysis on combinatorial graphs, sheaves, co-sheaves, and persistent homologies on topological spaces. Volume I is organized around the theme of frames and other bases in abstract and function spaces, covering topics such as:The advanced development of frames, including Sigma-Delta quantization for fusion frames, localization of frames, and frame conditioning, as well as applications to distributed sensor networks, Galerkin-like representation of operators, scaling on graphs, and dynamical sampling.A systematic approach to shearlets with applications to wavefront sets and function spaces.Prolate and generalized prolate functions, spherical Gauss-Laguerre basis functions, and radial basis functions.Kernel methods, wavelets, and frames on compact and non-compact manifolds.
A Framework for Visualizing Information (Human–Computer Interaction Series #1)
by E.H. ChiFundamental solutions in understanding information have been elusive for a long time. The field of Artificial Intelligence has proposed the Turing Test as a way to test for the "smart" behaviors of computer programs that exhibit human-like qualities. Equivalent to the Turing Test for the field of Human Information Interaction (HII), getting information to the people that need them and helping them to understand the information is the new challenge of the Web era. In a short amount of time, the infrastructure of the Web became ubiquitious not just in terms of protocols and transcontinental cables but also in terms of everyday devices capable of recalling network-stored data, sometimes wire lessly. Therefore, as these infrastructures become reality, our attention on HII issues needs to shift from information access to information sensemaking, a relatively new term coined to describe the process of digesting information and understanding its structure and intricacies so as to make decisions and take action.
Frameworkless Front-End Development: Do You Control Your Dependencies Or Are They Controlling You?
by Francesco StrazzulloExplore an alternative method of front-end application development without using frameworks or third-party libraries. This book provides you with the required skills and freedom to consider a “no framework” approach when choosing a technology for creating a new project.You’ll work through the most important issues in a clear and sensible way, using practical methods and tools to gain an understanding of non-functional requirements. This book answers questions on important topics such as state management, making a routing system, creating a REST client using fetch, and reveals the trade-offs and risks associated with choosing the wrong framework or tool for your project, as well as providing sustainable, functional alternatives.Frameworkless Front-End Development breaks down the concept of technical debt and the ways in which a framework can impact the lifespan of a project. Along with gaining a comprehensive and clear guide on coding effectively from scratch without frameworks, you will also learn some principles of technical decision-making. What You'll Learn Review how DOM manipulation worksManage the state of a front-end application with different patternsSafely migrate existing applications to a new framework or to frameworkless codeUse decision-making tools such as a Framework Compass Chart and an Architectural ClashSee how the choice of frameworks can affect the ‘health’ and lifespan of a codebase Who This Book Is For JavaScript developers; technical managers responsible for helping teams choose technology stacks for new projects; consultants intending to refactor existing JavaScript front-end codebases
Frameworkless Front-End Development: Do You Control Your Dependencies or are They Controlling You?
by Francesco StrazzulloExplore an alternative method of front-end application development without using frameworks or third-party libraries. This updated book provides you with the required skills and freedom to consider a “no framework” approach when choosing a technology for creating a new project. New topics covered include a brief history of JavaScript frameworks and their key developments, how to protect domain code, and how to work with frameworkless in legacy applications.You’ll work through the most important issues in a clear and sensible way, using practical methods and tools to gain an understanding of non-functional requirements. This book answers questions on important topics such as state management, making a routing system, creating a REST client using fetch, and reveals the trade-offs and risks associated with choosing the wrong framework or tool for your project, as well as provides sustainability, and functional alternatives.Frameworkless Front-End Development breaks down the concept of technical debt and the ways in which a framework can impact the lifespan of a project. Along with gaining a comprehensive and clear guide on coding effectively from scratch without frameworks, you will also learn some principles of technical decision-making.What You’ll LearnUnderstand DOM manipulation Manage the state of a fronted application with different patternsSafely migrate existent applications to a new framework or to frameworkless codeUnderstand the importance of non-functional requirementsSee how a Framework can affect the “health” of a codebaseWho This Book Is For Skilled JavaScript developers who want to understand how to effectively write code without using dependenciesCTOs who need to help teams to choose a technology stack for their next projectConsultants that need to refactor an existent JavaScript front-end codebase
Framing Big Data: A Linguistic and Discursive Approach
by Maria Cristina PaganoniThis book addresses big data as a socio-technical construct with huge potential for innovation in key sectors such as healthcare, government and business. Big data and its increasingly widespread use in such influential spheres can generate ethically controversial decisions, including questions surrounding privacy, consent and accountability. This book attempts to unpack the epistemological implications of the term ‘big data’, as well as the opportunities and responsibilities which come with it. The author analyses the linguistic texture of the big data narrative in the news media, in healthcare and in EU law on data protection, in order to contribute to its understanding from the critical perspective of language studies. The result is a study which will be of interest to students and scholars working in the digital humanities, corpus linguistics, and discourse studies.
Framing Privacy in Digital Collections with Ethical Decision Making (Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services)
by Virginia DresslerAs digital collections continue to grow, the underlying technologies to serve up content also continue to expand and develop. As such, new challenges are presented which continue to test ethical ideologies in everyday environs of the practitioner. There are currently no solid guidelines or overarching codes of ethics to address such issues. The digitization of modern archival collections, in particular, presents interesting conundrums when factors of privacy are weighed and reviewed in both small and mass digitization initiatives. Ethical decision making needs to be present at the onset of project planning in digital projects of all sizes, and we also need to identify the role and responsibility of the practitioner to make more virtuous decisions on behalf of those with no voice or awareness of potential privacy breaches. In this book, notions of what constitutes private information are discussed, as is the potential presence of such information in both analog and digital collections. This book lays groundwork to introduce the topic of privacy within digital collections by providing some examples from documented real-world scenarios and making recommendations for future research. A discussion of the notion privacy as concept will be included, as well as some historical perspective (with perhaps one the most cited work on this topic, for example, Warren and Brandeis' "Right to Privacy," 1890). Concepts from the The Right to Be Forgotten case in 2014 (Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v Agencia Españla de Protección de Datos, Mario Costeja González) are discussed as to how some lessons may be drawn from the response in Europe and also how European data privacy laws have been applied. The European ideologies are contrasted with the Right to Free Speech in the First Amendment in the U.S., highlighting the complexities in setting guidelines and practices revolving around privacy issues when applied to real life scenarios. Two ethical theories are explored: Consequentialism and Deontological. Finally, ethical decision making models will also be applied to our framework of digital collections. Three case studies are presented to illustrate how privacy can be defined within digital collections in some real-world examples.
Frank Kane's Taming Big Data with Apache Spark and Python
by Frank KaneFrank Kane's hands-on Spark training course, based on his bestselling Taming Big Data with Apache Spark and Python video, now available in a book. Understand and analyze large data sets using Spark on a single system or on a cluster. About This Book • Understand how Spark can be distributed across computing clusters • Develop and run Spark jobs efficiently using Python • A hands-on tutorial by Frank Kane with over 15 real-world examples teaching you Big Data processing with Spark Who This Book Is For If you are a data scientist or data analyst who wants to learn Big Data processing using Apache Spark and Python, this book is for you. If you have some programming experience in Python, and want to learn how to process large amounts of data using Apache Spark, Frank Kane's Taming Big Data with Apache Spark and Python will also help you. What You Will Learn • Find out how you can identify Big Data problems as Spark problems • Install and run Apache Spark on your computer or on a cluster • Analyze large data sets across many CPUs using Spark's Resilient Distributed Datasets • Implement machine learning on Spark using the MLlib library • Process continuous streams of data in real time using the Spark streaming module • Perform complex network analysis using Spark's GraphX library • Use Amazon's Elastic MapReduce service to run your Spark jobs on a cluster In Detail Frank Kane's Taming Big Data with Apache Spark and Python is your companion to learning Apache Spark in a hands-on manner. Frank will start you off by teaching you how to set up Spark on a single system or on a cluster, and you'll soon move on to analyzing large data sets using Spark RDD, and developing and running effective Spark jobs quickly using Python. Apache Spark has emerged as the next big thing in the Big Data domain – quickly rising from an ascending technology to an established superstar in just a matter of years. Spark allows you to quickly extract actionable insights from large amounts of data, on a real-time basis, making it an essential tool in many modern businesses. Frank has packed this book with over 15 interactive, fun-filled examples relevant to the real world, and he will empower you to understand the Spark ecosystem and implement production-grade real-time Spark projects with ease. Style and approach Frank Kane's Taming Big Data with Apache Spark and Python is a hands-on tutorial with over 15 real-world examples carefully explained by Frank in a step-by-step manner. The examples vary in complexity, and you can move through them at your own pace.
Frankenstein (Oberon Modern Plays)
by Carl MillerA fast-paced and emotionally gripping modern adaptation of Mary Shelley's classic gothic thriller, Carl Miller's Frankenstein places the primal struggle between creator and created in a provocative contemporary setting, exploring Artificial Intelligence, virtual reality, emotional learning and what it means to be post-human.
Fraud Analytics Using Descriptive, Predictive, and Social Network Techniques: A Guide to Data Science for Fraud Detection (Wiley and SAS Business Series)
by Bart Baesens Veronique Van Vlasselaer Wouter VerbekeDetect fraud earlier to mitigate loss and prevent cascading damage Fraud Analytics Using Descriptive, Predictive, and Social Network Techniques is an authoritative guidebook for setting up a comprehensive fraud detection analytics solution. Early detection is a key factor in mitigating fraud damage, but it involves more specialized techniques than detecting fraud at the more advanced stages. This invaluable guide details both the theory and technical aspects of these techniques, and provides expert insight into streamlining implementation. Coverage includes data gathering, preprocessing, model building, and post-implementation, with comprehensive guidance on various learning techniques and the data types utilized by each. These techniques are effective for fraud detection across industry boundaries, including applications in insurance fraud, credit card fraud, anti-money laundering, healthcare fraud, telecommunications fraud, click fraud, tax evasion, and more, giving you a highly practical framework for fraud prevention. It is estimated that a typical organization loses about 5% of its revenue to fraud every year. More effective fraud detection is possible, and this book describes the various analytical techniques your organization must implement to put a stop to the revenue leak. Examine fraud patterns in historical data Utilize labeled, unlabeled, and networked data Detect fraud before the damage cascades Reduce losses, increase recovery, and tighten security The longer fraud is allowed to go on, the more harm it causes. It expands exponentially, sending ripples of damage throughout the organization, and becomes more and more complex to track, stop, and reverse. Fraud prevention relies on early and effective fraud detection, enabled by the techniques discussed here. Fraud Analytics Using Descriptive, Predictive, and Social Network Techniques helps you stop fraud in its tracks, and eliminate the opportunities for future occurrence.
Fraud Analytics Using Descriptive, Predictive, and Social Network Techniques: A Guide to Data Science for Fraud Detection (Wiley and SAS Business Series)
by Bart Baesens Veronique Van Vlasselaer Wouter VerbekeDetect fraud earlier to mitigate loss and prevent cascading damage Fraud Analytics Using Descriptive, Predictive, and Social Network Techniques is an authoritative guidebook for setting up a comprehensive fraud detection analytics solution. Early detection is a key factor in mitigating fraud damage, but it involves more specialized techniques than detecting fraud at the more advanced stages. This invaluable guide details both the theory and technical aspects of these techniques, and provides expert insight into streamlining implementation. Coverage includes data gathering, preprocessing, model building, and post-implementation, with comprehensive guidance on various learning techniques and the data types utilized by each. These techniques are effective for fraud detection across industry boundaries, including applications in insurance fraud, credit card fraud, anti-money laundering, healthcare fraud, telecommunications fraud, click fraud, tax evasion, and more, giving you a highly practical framework for fraud prevention. It is estimated that a typical organization loses about 5% of its revenue to fraud every year. More effective fraud detection is possible, and this book describes the various analytical techniques your organization must implement to put a stop to the revenue leak. Examine fraud patterns in historical data Utilize labeled, unlabeled, and networked data Detect fraud before the damage cascades Reduce losses, increase recovery, and tighten security The longer fraud is allowed to go on, the more harm it causes. It expands exponentially, sending ripples of damage throughout the organization, and becomes more and more complex to track, stop, and reverse. Fraud prevention relies on early and effective fraud detection, enabled by the techniques discussed here. Fraud Analytics Using Descriptive, Predictive, and Social Network Techniques helps you stop fraud in its tracks, and eliminate the opportunities for future occurrence.
Fraud Auditing Using CAATT: A Manual for Auditors and Forensic Accountants to Detect Organizational Fraud (Internal Audit and IT Audit)
by Shaun AghiliThis book discusses various common occupational and organizational fraud schemes, based on the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) fraud tree and assist fraud examiners and auditors in correctly choosing the appropriate audit tests to uncover such various fraud schemes. The book also includes information about audit test red flags to watch out for, a list of recommended controls to help prevent future fraud related incidents, as well as step-by-step demonstrations of a number of common audit tests using IDEA® as a CAATT tool.
Fraud Auditing Using CAATT: A Manual for Auditors and Forensic Accountants to Detect Organizational Fraud (Internal Audit and IT Audit)
by Shaun AghiliThis book discusses various common occupational and organizational fraud schemes, based on the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) fraud tree and assist fraud examiners and auditors in correctly choosing the appropriate audit tests to uncover such various fraud schemes. The book also includes information about audit test red flags to watch out for, a list of recommended controls to help prevent future fraud related incidents, as well as step-by-step demonstrations of a number of common audit tests using IDEA® as a CAATT tool.
Fraud Hotlines: Design, Performance, and Assessment
by Chelsea A. BinnsThis book provides a complete guide on fraud hotlines. It is designed to educate readers with respect to the history, purpose, operation, use and utility of fraud hotlines. It also equips readers with the knowledge to create, analyze and assess the performance of fraud hotlines.
Fraud Hotlines: Design, Performance, and Assessment
by Chelsea A. BinnsThis book provides a complete guide on fraud hotlines. It is designed to educate readers with respect to the history, purpose, operation, use and utility of fraud hotlines. It also equips readers with the knowledge to create, analyze and assess the performance of fraud hotlines.
Fraud Investigation and Forensic Accounting in the Real World
by William L. JenningsThis book covers every aspect of forensic accounting, anti-fraud control systems, and fraud investigations. The author uses his own case experience to guide the reader through each phase of a forensic accounting assignment and fraud investigation. The book opens with an explanation of what happened to a company that was ensnared in a huge commodity purchasing scheme. Using his knowledge and experience gained over 40 years, the author illustrates that unexpected fraud occurrences can happen to any company, in any industry. Additionally, the author explains the current white-collar crime threats that organizations face every day, as well as legal issues that are often implicated in forensic accounting and fraud investigation projects. Electronic and non-electronic evidence gathering is also covered in detail with illustrative examples. One chapter is devoted entirely to the often misunderstood, but extremely important, subject of witness interviews. It provides the correct approach to the analysis and correlation of evidence in determining findings and conclusions of an investigation. Another chapter is devoted to proper report writing. The author provides detailed guidance on presenting findings to a variety of audiences, including management, a board, law enforcement, and at trials and hearings. It also covers proper techniques for measuring economic damages and concludes with a useful index. William L. Jennings is a Senior Director at Delta Consulting Group. He is responsible for providing forensic accounting, investigation, and asset recovery services to corporations, government agencies, attorneys, and their clients, as well as business controls consulting services to organizations. With more than 40 years of experience in public accounting and auditing, forensic accounting, business valuation, investigation, asset recovery, and business controls development, Mr. Jennings has worked on hundreds of forensic accounting and investigation assignments and he provides expert testimony.
Fraud Investigation and Forensic Accounting in the Real World
by William L. JenningsThis book covers every aspect of forensic accounting, anti-fraud control systems, and fraud investigations. The author uses his own case experience to guide the reader through each phase of a forensic accounting assignment and fraud investigation. The book opens with an explanation of what happened to a company that was ensnared in a huge commodity purchasing scheme. Using his knowledge and experience gained over 40 years, the author illustrates that unexpected fraud occurrences can happen to any company, in any industry. Additionally, the author explains the current white-collar crime threats that organizations face every day, as well as legal issues that are often implicated in forensic accounting and fraud investigation projects. Electronic and non-electronic evidence gathering is also covered in detail with illustrative examples. One chapter is devoted entirely to the often misunderstood, but extremely important, subject of witness interviews. It provides the correct approach to the analysis and correlation of evidence in determining findings and conclusions of an investigation. Another chapter is devoted to proper report writing. The author provides detailed guidance on presenting findings to a variety of audiences, including management, a board, law enforcement, and at trials and hearings. It also covers proper techniques for measuring economic damages and concludes with a useful index. William L. Jennings is a Senior Director at Delta Consulting Group. He is responsible for providing forensic accounting, investigation, and asset recovery services to corporations, government agencies, attorneys, and their clients, as well as business controls consulting services to organizations. With more than 40 years of experience in public accounting and auditing, forensic accounting, business valuation, investigation, asset recovery, and business controls development, Mr. Jennings has worked on hundreds of forensic accounting and investigation assignments and he provides expert testimony.
Fraud Prevention in Online Digital Advertising (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science)
by Xingquan Zhu Haicheng Tao Zhiang Wu Jie Cao Kristopher Kalish Jeremy KayneThe authors systematically review methods of online digital advertising (ad) fraud and the techniques to prevent and defeat such fraud in this brief. The authors categorize ad fraud into three major categories, including (1) placement fraud, (2) traffic fraud, and (3) action fraud. It summarizes major features of each type of fraud, and also outlines measures and resources to detect each type of fraud. This brief provides a comprehensive guideline to help researchers understand the state-of-the-art in ad fraud detection. It also serves as a technical reference for industry to design new techniques and solutions to win the battle against fraud.
Frauenwelt — Computerräume: Fachtagung, veranstaltet von der Fachgruppe „Frauenarbeit und Informatik” im Fachbereich 8 der GI Bremen, 21.–24. September 1989 (Informatik-Fachberichte #221)
by Heidi Schelhowe
Fred Dibnah - Made in Britain
by David HallIn 2004, after felling his last chimney and retiring from steeplejacking, Fred took to the road on his beloved traction engine for the BBC series Made in Britain. Travelling the length and breadth of the country, the intention was to seek out the remarkable achievements of the craftsmen, engineers, inventors and industrial workers whose endeavour made engines like Fred's possible. It was a journey that took him to Britain's most iconic engineering marvels as well as less familiar sites: from the Forth Bridge and the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge to Europe's last deep-working iron ore mine in Cumbria and a local castings workshop in Bo'ness. This behind-the-scenes account of that ambitious journey is made all the more remarkable by Fred's heroic efforts to complete it while suffering from terminal cancer. It is not only a glorious testament to our nation's industrial achievements but also a story of the friendships, unfailing courage and determination of the nation's favourite steeplejack.
Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will
by Kevin J. MitchellAn evolutionary case for the existence of free willScientists are learning more and more about how brain activity controls behavior and how neural circuits weigh alternatives and initiate actions. As we probe ever deeper into the mechanics of decision making, many conclude that agency—or free will—is an illusion. In Free Agents, leading neuroscientist Kevin Mitchell presents a wealth of evidence to the contrary, arguing that we are not mere machines responding to physical forces but agents acting with purpose.Traversing billions of years of evolution, Mitchell tells the remarkable story of how living beings capable of choice arose from lifeless matter. He explains how the emergence of nervous systems provided a means to learn about the world, granting sentient animals the capacity to model, predict, and simulate. Mitchell reveals how these faculties reached their peak in humans with our abilities to imagine and to be introspective, to reason in the moment, and to shape our possible futures through the exercise of our individual agency. Mitchell’s argument has important implications—for how we understand decision making, for how our individual agency can be enhanced or infringed, for how we think about collective agency in the face of global crises, and for how we consider the limitations and future of artificial intelligence.An astonishing journey of discovery, Free Agents offers a new framework for understanding how, across a billion years of Earth history, life evolved the power to choose, and why it matters.
Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will
by Kevin J. MitchellAn evolutionary case for the existence of free willScientists are learning more and more about how brain activity controls behavior and how neural circuits weigh alternatives and initiate actions. As we probe ever deeper into the mechanics of decision making, many conclude that agency—or free will—is an illusion. In Free Agents, leading neuroscientist Kevin Mitchell presents a wealth of evidence to the contrary, arguing that we are not mere machines responding to physical forces but agents acting with purpose.Traversing billions of years of evolution, Mitchell tells the remarkable story of how living beings capable of choice arose from lifeless matter. He explains how the emergence of nervous systems provided a means to learn about the world, granting sentient animals the capacity to model, predict, and simulate. Mitchell reveals how these faculties reached their peak in humans with our abilities to imagine and to be introspective, to reason in the moment, and to shape our possible futures through the exercise of our individual agency. Mitchell’s argument has important implications—for how we understand decision making, for how our individual agency can be enhanced or infringed, for how we think about collective agency in the face of global crises, and for how we consider the limitations and future of artificial intelligence.An astonishing journey of discovery, Free Agents offers a new framework for understanding how, across a billion years of Earth history, life evolved the power to choose, and why it matters.