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The Ultimate VB .NET and ASP.NET Code Book
by Karl MooreWell-known programmer Karl Moore provides hundreds of useful, real-world code snippets showing developers how to take real advantage of the true secrets behind the programming language. The attraction of this book is the idea that someone picks up the book, looks at the outline and sees three or four things that they didn’t know how to do.
Ultimate Zero and One: Computing at the Quantum Frontier
by Colin P. Williams Scott H. ClearwaterAs miniaturisation deepens, and nanotechnology and its machines become more prevalent in the real world, the need to consider using quantum mechanical concepts to perform various tasks in computation increases. Such tasks include: the teleporting of information, breaking heretofore "unbreakable" codes, communicating with messages that betray eavesdropping, and the generation of random numbers. This is the first book to apply quantum physics to the basic operations of a computer, representing the ideal vehicle for explaining the complexities of quantum mechanics to students, researchers and computer engineers, alike, as they prepare to design and create the computing and information delivery systems for the future. Both authors have solid backgrounds in the subject matter at the theoretical and more practical level. While serving as a text for senior/grad level students in computer science/physics/engineering, this book has its primary use as an up-to-date reference work in the emerging interdisciplinary field of quantum computing - the only prerequisite being knowledge of calculus and familiarity with the concept of the Turing machine.
Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks
by Wen Sun Haibin Zhang Nan Zhao Chao Shen Lawrence Wai-Choong WongDriven by the ever-increasing amount of mobile data, cellular networks evolve from small cell network to ultra-dense heterogeneous networks, to provide high system capacity and spectrum efficiency. By bringing base stations (BSs) to the approximate spatial scale and number magnitude, ultra-dense heterogeneous networks would definitely bring unprecedented paradigm changes to the network design. Firstly, along with densification of small cells, inter-cell interference becomes severe and may deteriorate performance of mobile users. Assigning network resources including bandwidth and time slots, while avoiding interference, desires serious consideration. Secondly, the coverage area of BSs becomes small and irregular, resulting in much frequent and complicated handovers when mobile users move around. How to ensure continuous communication and implement effective mobility management, and inter-cell resource allocation and cooperation, remains a challenging issue. Thirdly, such dynamic change in spatial dimension enables us to re-investigate available and ongoing communications and networking techniques, such as massive MIMO, CoMP, millimeter waves (mmWaves), carrier aggregation, full duplex radio, and D2D communications. To address the aforementioned challenging research issues, this book will investigate the service and QoE provisioning in ultra-dense heterogeneous networks. In particular, firstly we introduce ultra-dense heterogeneous networks by careful definition regarding spatial deployment, generic characteristics, and requirements of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks in order to ensure QoE of mobile users. Secondly, we depict the resource management among small cells in close proximity, mobility management for mobile users (address the super-frequent handovers), and interference management (dealing with the interference due to frequency-reuse in the vicinity). Thirdly, we study the enabling factors, and the integration of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks with enabling technologies, such as massive-MIMO, cloud-RAN, mmWaves, D2D, IoT. Finally, we conclude the book and indicate future directions and challenges.
Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks
by Wen Sun Haibin Zhang Nan Zhao Chao Shen Lawrence Wai-Choong WongDriven by the ever-increasing amount of mobile data, cellular networks evolve from small cell network to ultra-dense heterogeneous networks, to provide high system capacity and spectrum efficiency. By bringing base stations (BSs) to the approximate spatial scale and number magnitude, ultra-dense heterogeneous networks would definitely bring unprecedented paradigm changes to the network design. Firstly, along with densification of small cells, inter-cell interference becomes severe and may deteriorate performance of mobile users. Assigning network resources including bandwidth and time slots, while avoiding interference, desires serious consideration. Secondly, the coverage area of BSs becomes small and irregular, resulting in much frequent and complicated handovers when mobile users move around. How to ensure continuous communication and implement effective mobility management, and inter-cell resource allocation and cooperation, remains a challenging issue. Thirdly, such dynamic change in spatial dimension enables us to re-investigate available and ongoing communications and networking techniques, such as massive MIMO, CoMP, millimeter waves (mmWaves), carrier aggregation, full duplex radio, and D2D communications. To address the aforementioned challenging research issues, this book will investigate the service and QoE provisioning in ultra-dense heterogeneous networks. In particular, firstly we introduce ultra-dense heterogeneous networks by careful definition regarding spatial deployment, generic characteristics, and requirements of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks in order to ensure QoE of mobile users. Secondly, we depict the resource management among small cells in close proximity, mobility management for mobile users (address the super-frequent handovers), and interference management (dealing with the interference due to frequency-reuse in the vicinity). Thirdly, we study the enabling factors, and the integration of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks with enabling technologies, such as massive-MIMO, cloud-RAN, mmWaves, D2D, IoT. Finally, we conclude the book and indicate future directions and challenges.
Ultra-fast ASP.NET: Building Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Scalable Websites Using ASP.NET and SQL Server
by Rick KiessigUltra-Fast ASP.NET presents a practical approach to building fast and scalable web sites using ASP.NET and SQL Server. In addition to a wealth of tips, tricks and secrets, you'll find advice and code examples for all tiers of your application, including the client, caching, IIS 7, ASP.NET, threads, session state, SQL Server, Analysis Services, infrastructure and operations. By applying the ultra-fast approach to your projects, you'll squeeze every last ounce of performance out of your code and infrastructure—giving your site unrivaled speed. The approach is mostly prescriptive; rather than drowning you in options, the book presents and explains specific high-impact recommendations and demonstrates them with detailed examples. Using this knowledge, you will soon be building high-performance web sites that scale easily as your site grows.
Ultra-Fast ASP.NET 4.5
by Rick KiessigUltra-Fast ASP.NET 4.5 presents a practical approach to building fast and scalable web sites using ASP.NET and SQL Server. In addition to a wealth of tips, tricks and secrets, you'll find advice and code examples for all tiers of your application, including the client, caching, IIS 7.5, ASP.NET 4.5, threads, session state, SQL Server 2012 (otherwise known as Denali), Analysis Services, infrastructure and operations. By applying author Rick Kiessig's ultra-fast approach to your projects, you&’ll squeeze every last ounce of performance out of your code and infrastructure—giving your site unrivaled speed. Rather than drowning you in options, Ultra-Fast ASP.NET 4.5 presents and explains specific high-impact recommendations and demonstrates them with detailed examples. Using this knowledge, you will soon be building high-performance web sites that scale easily as your site grows.Apply the key principles that will help you build Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Scalable web sites. Identify performance traps (such as with session state) and learn how to avoid them. Put into practice an end-to-end systems-based approach to web site performance and scalability, which includes everything from the browser and the network to caching, back-end operations, hardware infrastructure, and your software development process.
Ultra High-Speed CMOS Circuits: Beyond 100 GHz
by Sam Gharavi Babak HeydariThe book covers the CMOS-based millimeter wave circuits and devices and presents methods and design techniques to use CMOS technology for circuits operating beyond 100 GHz. Coverage includes a detailed description of both active and passive devices, including modeling techniques and performance optimization. Various mm-wave circuit blocks are discussed, emphasizing their design distinctions from low-frequency design methodologies. This book also covers a device-oriented circuit design technique that is essential for ultra high speed circuits and gives some examples of device/circuit co-design that can be used for mm-wave technology.
Ultra Low Bit-Rate Speech Coding (SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology)
by V. Ramasubramanian Harish Doddala"Ultra Low Bit-Rate Speech Coding" focuses on the specialized topic of speech coding at very low bit-rates of 1 Kbits/sec and less, particularly at the lower ends of this range, down to 100 bps. The authors set forth the fundamental results and trends that form the basis for such ultra low bit-rates to be viable and provide a comprehensive overview of various techniques and systems in literature to date, with particular attention to their work in the paradigm of unit-selection based segment quantization.The book is for research students, academic faculty and researchers, and industry practitioners in the areas of speech processing and speech coding.
Ultra-Low Energy Domain-Specific Instruction-Set Processors (Embedded Systems)
by Francky Catthoor Praveen Raghavan Andy Lambrechts Murali Jayapala Angeliki Kritikakou Javed AbsarModern consumers carry many electronic devices, like a mobile phone, digital camera, GPS, PDA and an MP3 player. The functionality of each of these devices has gone through an important evolution over recent years, with a steep increase in both the number of features as in the quality of the services that they provide. However, providing the required compute power to support (an uncompromised combination of) all this functionality is highly non-trivial. Designing processors that meet the demanding requirements of future mobile devices requires the optimization of the embedded system in general and of the embedded processors in particular, as they should strike the correct balance between flexibility, energy efficiency and performance. In general, a designer will try to minimize the energy consumption (as far as needed) for a given performance, with a sufficient flexibility. However, achieving this goal is already complex when looking at the processor in isolation, but, in reality, the processor is a single component in a more complex system. In order to design such complex system successfully, critical decisions during the design of each individual component should take into account effect on the other parts, with a clear goal to move to a global Pareto optimum in the complete multi-dimensional exploration space. In the complex, global design of battery-operated embedded systems, the focus of Ultra-Low Energy Domain-Specific Instruction-Set Processors is on the energy-aware architecture exploration of domain-specific instruction-set processors and the co-optimization of the datapath architecture, foreground memory, and instruction memory organisation with a link to the required mapping techniques or compiler steps at the early stages of the design. By performing an extensive energy breakdown experiment for a complete embedded platform, both energy and performance bottlenecks have been identified, together with the important relations between the different components. Based on this knowledge, architecture extensions are proposed for all the bottlenecks.
Ultra Low Power Electronics and Adiabatic Solutions
by Hervé FanetThe improvement of energy efficiency in electronics and computing systems is currently central to information and communication technology design; low-cost cooling, autonomous portable systems and functioning on recovered energy all need to be continuously improved to allow modern technology to compute more while consuming less. This book presents the basic principles of the origins and limits of heat dissipation in electronic systems. Mechanisms of energy dissipation, the physical foundations for understanding CMOS components and sophisticated optimization techniques are explored in the first half of the book, before an introduction to reversible and quantum computing. Adiabatic computing and nano-relay technology are then explored as new solutions to achieving improvements in heat creation and energy consumption, particularly in renewed consideration of circuit architecture and component technology. Concepts inspired by recent research into energy efficiency are brought together in this book, providing an introduction to new approaches and technologies which are required to keep pace with the rapid evolution of electronics.
Ultra Low Power Electronics and Adiabatic Solutions
by Hervé FanetThe improvement of energy efficiency in electronics and computing systems is currently central to information and communication technology design; low-cost cooling, autonomous portable systems and functioning on recovered energy all need to be continuously improved to allow modern technology to compute more while consuming less. This book presents the basic principles of the origins and limits of heat dissipation in electronic systems. Mechanisms of energy dissipation, the physical foundations for understanding CMOS components and sophisticated optimization techniques are explored in the first half of the book, before an introduction to reversible and quantum computing. Adiabatic computing and nano-relay technology are then explored as new solutions to achieving improvements in heat creation and energy consumption, particularly in renewed consideration of circuit architecture and component technology. Concepts inspired by recent research into energy efficiency are brought together in this book, providing an introduction to new approaches and technologies which are required to keep pace with the rapid evolution of electronics.
Ultra Low-Power Electronics and Design (Solid Mechanics And Its Applications Ser.)
by E. MaciiPower consumption is a key limitation in many high-speed and high-data-rate electronic systems today, ranging from mobile telecom to portable and desktop computing systems, especially when moving to nanometer technologies. Ultra Low-Power Electronics and Design offers to the reader the unique opportunity of accessing in an easy and integrated fashion a mix of tutorial material and advanced research results, contributed by leading scientists from academia and industry, covering the most hot and up-to-date issues in the field of the design of ultra low-power devices, systems and applications.
Ultra Low-Power Integrated Circuit Design for Wireless Neural Interfaces
by Jeremy Holleman Fan Zhang Brian OtisThis book will describe ultra low-power, integrated circuits and systems designed for the emerging field of neural signal recording and processing, and wireless communication. Since neural interfaces are typically implanted, their operation is highly energy-constrained. This book introduces concepts and theory that allow circuit operation approaching the fundamental limits. Design examples and measurements of real systems are provided. The book will describe circuit designs for all of the critical components of a neural recording system, including: Amplifiers which utilize new techniques to improve the trade-off between good noise performance and low power consumption. Analog and mixed-signal circuits which implement signal processing tasks specific to the neural recording application: Detection of neural spikes Extraction of features that describe the spikes Clustering, a machine learning technique for sorting spikes Weak-inversion operation of analog-domain transistors, allowing processing circuits that reduce the requirements for analog-digital conversion and allow low system-level power consumption. Highly-integrated, sub-mW wireless transmitter designed for the Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) and ISM bands.
Ultra-Low Voltage Nano-Scale Memories (Integrated Circuits and Systems)
by Kiyoo Itoh Masashi Horiguchi Hitoshi TanakaUltra-low voltage large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs) in nano-scale technologies are needed both to meet the needs of a rapidly growing mobile cell phone market and to offset a significant increase in the power dissipation of high-end microprocessor units. The goal of this book is to provide a detailed explanation of the state-of-the-art nanometer and sub-1-V memory LSIs that are playing decisive roles in power conscious systems. Emerging problems between the device, circuit, and system levels are systematically discussed in terms of reliable high-speed operations of memory cells and peripheral logic circuits. The effectiveness of solutions at device and circuit levels is also described at length through clarifying noise components in an array, and even essential differences in ultra-low voltage operations between DRAMs and SRAMs.
Ultra-thin Chip Technology and Applications
by Joachim BurghartzUltra-thin chips are the "smart skin" of a conventional silicon chip. This book shows how very thin and flexible chips can be fabricated and used in many new applications in microelectronics, Microsystems, biomedical and other fields. It provides a comprehensive reference to the fabrication technology, post processing, characterization and the applications of ultra-thin chips.
Ultra-wideband Coherent Optical LANs (Research Reports Esprit #1)
by S. ForcesiThe content of this book is the result of the work and the experiences of an interdisciplinary and strictly European group of researchers who have attempted to give birth to a new fibre communication network concept by exploiting the potential benefits of optical coherent transmission. The run towards this ambitious goal started in 1985 on the basis of the ESPRIT program incentives by an "ad hoc" consortium of industrial partners and research institutions. The first three years were dedicated to a feasibility study carried out by a reduced number of "pioneers". In 1989 the team was extended to eleven partners. There was already clear evidence of the increasing interest in Europe in exploring the actual limits of optical fibre coherent systems; the project had innovative and very advanced features that were gradually refined by incorporating the latest technological developments to which it has directly contributed. The main objective of the project targeted the development of the necessary building blocks to show experimentally the performance and the flexibility built into the proposed concept of multi-channel ultra-wideband network. The system concept developed within this project associates optical frequency division multiplexing with a suitable network architecture and management techniques to allow very high flexibility and efficiency in handling simultaneous transmission over the network (on each optical frequency) of multiple virtual channels each operating with a wide range of information rates ranging from a fraction of a Mb/s up to a maximum value in excess of 160 Mb/s.
Ultra Wideband Demystified Technologies, Applications, and System Design Considerations (River Publishers Series In Communications Ser.)
by Sunil Jogi Manoj ChoudharyUltra Wideband Demystified: Technologies, Applications, and System Design Considerations is a comprehensive text for emerging high speed short range wireless technology of Ultra Wideband. It provides background concepts and information on evolving standards and their development efforts, radio technology, practical system design/implementation and real life applications. The book also deliberates on the regulatory frameworks, security aspects and power management techniques essential to Ultra Wideband usage in consumer devices like portable handheld mobile devices. Important topics as UWB common radio usage for adapting to different existing/new applications and upper layer protocols like Wireless USB are also discussed.ContentsAbstract :• Introduction to Short Range Wireless;• Introduction to Ultra Wideband;• Evolution of UWB Standards;• Physical Layer;• Medium Access Layer;• Advanced MAC Features;• UWB System Design;• Adaptation to Multiple Applications;• Wireless USB;• Converging Marketplace; ReferencesForeword"This book is very timely, unique and fresh in its approach, coming from engineers who have been involved in system design and standard development stages. In particular, the book stands out amongst other literature available because it highlights system designer's viewpoints and because of it covering the whole gamut of technology from practitioner's viewpoints ... I would strongly recommend this book to System Designers, Practicing Engineers, Researchers in Academia and Industry, Product Marketing and Technical strategists for a comprehensive reading on the emerging UWB technologies. I commend Sunil Jogi and Manoj Choudhary for a very timely contribution."Bart Vertenten Chief Architect Connectivity, NXP Semiconductors
Ultra Wideband Demystified Technologies, Applications, and System Design Considerations
by Sunil Jogi Manoj ChoudharyUltra Wideband Demystified: Technologies, Applications, and System Design Considerations is a comprehensive text for emerging high speed short range wireless technology of Ultra Wideband. It provides background concepts and information on evolving standards and their development efforts, radio technology, practical system design/implementation and real life applications. The book also deliberates on the regulatory frameworks, security aspects and power management techniques essential to Ultra Wideband usage in consumer devices like portable handheld mobile devices. Important topics as UWB common radio usage for adapting to different existing/new applications and upper layer protocols like Wireless USB are also discussed.ContentsAbstract :• Introduction to Short Range Wireless;• Introduction to Ultra Wideband;• Evolution of UWB Standards;• Physical Layer;• Medium Access Layer;• Advanced MAC Features;• UWB System Design;• Adaptation to Multiple Applications;• Wireless USB;• Converging Marketplace; ReferencesForeword"This book is very timely, unique and fresh in its approach, coming from engineers who have been involved in system design and standard development stages. In particular, the book stands out amongst other literature available because it highlights system designer's viewpoints and because of it covering the whole gamut of technology from practitioner's viewpoints ... I would strongly recommend this book to System Designers, Practicing Engineers, Researchers in Academia and Industry, Product Marketing and Technical strategists for a comprehensive reading on the emerging UWB technologies. I commend Sunil Jogi and Manoj Choudhary for a very timely contribution."Bart Vertenten Chief Architect Connectivity, NXP Semiconductors
Ultra-Wideband Radio Frequency Identification Systems
by Faranak Nekoogar Farid DowlaUltra-wideband Radio Frequency Identification Systems describes the essentials of radio frequency identification (RFID)systems as well as their target markets. The book covers a study of commercially available RFID systems and characterizes their performance in terms of read range and reliability in the presence of conductive and dielectric materials. The capabilities and limitations of commercial RFID systems are reported followed by comprehensive discussions of the advantages and challenges of using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology for tag/reader communications. The book presents practical aspects of RFID system such as: EPC global and ISO standards, implementation, and target markets in a simple and easy to understand language.
Ultracold Atoms for Foundational Tests of Quantum Mechanics (Springer Theses)
by Robert J. Lewis-SwanThis thesis presents a theoretical investigation into the creation and exploitation of quantum correlations and entanglement among ultracold atoms. Specifically, it focuses on these non-classical effects in two contexts: (i) tests of local realism with massive particles, e.g., violations of a Bell inequality and the EPR paradox, and (ii) realization of quantum technology by exploitation of entanglement, for example quantum-enhanced metrology. In particular, the work presented in this thesis emphasizes the possibility of demonstrating and characterizing entanglement in realistic experiments, beyond the simple “toy-models” often discussed in the literature. The importance and relevance of this thesis are reflected in a spate of recent publications regarding experimental demonstrations of the atomic Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, observation of EPR entanglement with massive particles and a demonstration of an atomic SU(1,1) interferometer. With a separate chapter on each of these systems, this thesis is at the forefront of current research in ultracold atomic physics.
Ultraschnelle Spin-Laser für die nächste Generation der optischen Datenübertragung
by Markus LindemannEs ist zweifelhaft, ob die in Server-Zentren für die optische Datenkommunikation eingesetzten konventionellen vertikal-emittierenden Halbleiter-Laser (VCSEL) die steigenden Anforderungen an die Modulationsgeschwindigkeit und Energieeffizienz in Zukunft erfüllen können. Eine Alternative stellen Spin-VCSEL dar, welche das Potenzial haben, mithilfe von Polarisationsmodulation konventionelle intensitätsmodulierte Laser sowohl um eine Größenordnung bei der Modulationsgeschwindigkeit zu übertreffen als auch im Energieverbrauch zu unterbieten. Markus Lindemann beschreibt die physikalischen Grundlagen des Spin-VCSELs und erarbeitet einen Vergleich zwischen konventionellem VCSEL und Spin-VCSEL. Anhand detailliert beschriebener Experimente und Simulationen demonstriert er das Potenzial des Spin-VCSELs. Er erläutert zusätzlich ein Konzept für eine effiziente elektrische Spin-Injektion für zukünftige Kommunikationssysteme.
Ultrasonic Fluid Quantity Measurement in Dynamic Vehicular Applications: A Support Vector Machine Approach
by Jenny Terzic Edin Terzic Romesh Nagarajah Muhammad AlamgirAccurate fluid level measurement in dynamic environments can be assessed using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach. SVM is a supervised learning model that analyzes and recognizes patterns. It is a signal classification technique which has far greater accuracy than conventional signal averaging methods.Ultrasonic Fluid Quantity Measurement in Dynamic Vehicular Applications: A Support Vector Machine Approach describes the research and development of a fluid level measurement system for dynamic environments. The measurement system is based on a single ultrasonic sensor. A Support Vector Machines (SVM) based signal characterization and processing system has been developed to compensate for the effects of slosh and temperature variation in fluid level measurement systems used in dynamic environments including automotive applications. It has been demonstrated that a simple ν-SVM model with Radial Basis Function (RBF) Kernel with the inclusion of a Moving Median filter could be used to achieve the high levels of accuracy required for fluid level measurement in dynamic environments.Aimed toward graduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers studying applications of artificial intelligence, readers will learn about a measurement system that is based on a single ultrasonic sensor which can achieve the high levels of accuracy required for fluid level measurement in dynamic environments.
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Systems: Industrial Application Issues
by Pietro Burrascano Sergio Callegari Augusto Montisci Marco Ricci Mario VersaciThis book deals with a number of fundamental issues related to the practical implementation of ultrasonic NDT techniques in an industrial environment. The book discusses advanced academic research results and their application to industrial procedures. The text covers the choice and generation of the signals energizing the system to probe position optimization, from quality assessment evaluation to tomographic inversion. With a focus to deepen a number of fundamental aspects involved in the specific objective of designing and developing an ultrasonic imaging system for nondestructive testing, aimed to automatically classify the entire production of an industrial production line, targeted to the field of precision mechanics. The contents of this book is the result of the common effort of six University Research Groups that focused their research activities for two years on this specific objective, working in direct conjunction with primary industrial firms, in a research project funded by the Italian government as a Strategic Research Project.
Ultrasound Mid-Air Haptics for Touchless Interfaces (Human–Computer Interaction Series)
by Orestis Georgiou William Frier Euan Freeman Claudio Pacchierotti Takayuki HoshiOver the last decade, ultrasound mid-air haptic technology has emerged and rapidly advanced to engage multidisciplinary scientific communities within and adjacent to the haptics and HCI fields. Additionally, this haptic technology has been adopted by a number of industry sectors (e.g., automotive, virtual reality, digital signage, neuroscience research) who appear keen to exploit its unique value proposition: the ability to deliver rich haptic sensations from a distance, without the need to touch, wear or hold anything in order to enhance touchless interfaces, novel applications, and experiences.This book is the first, and currently the only one, that provides a comprehensive description of the technology, encapsulating almost all aspects relating to electronic prototyping, acoustics, haptics, psychology and perception, user experience and end-user HCI applications. Through its 18 chapters written by 30 expert co-authors, this book is therefore an excellent introduction to the technology for anyone coming from any of those fields. Specifically, the reader will benefit by getting a unique and multi-dimensional perspective on the state-of-the-art of this enabling haptic technology while also understanding its history, relevant best research practices, and an overview of the various open challenges and opportunities.
UM99 User Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences #407)
by Judy KayUser modeling researchers look for ways of enabling interactive software systems to adapt to their users-by constructing, maintaining, and exploiting user models, which are representations of properties of individual users. User modeling has been found to enhance the effectiveness and/or usability of software systems in a wide variety of situations. Techniques for user modeling have been developed and evaluated by researchers in a number of fields, including artificial intelligence, education, psychology, linguistics, human-computer interaction, and information science. The biennial series of International Conferences on User Modeling provides a forum in which academic and industrial researchers from all of these fields can exchange their complementary insights on user modeling issues. The published proceedings of these conferences represent a major source of information about developments in this area.