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Formation and Interactions of Topological Defects: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Formation and Interactions of Topological Defects, held August 22–September 2, 1994, in Cambridge, England (Nato Science Series B: #349)
by Anne-Christine Davis Robert BrandenbergerTopological defects have recently become of great interest in condensed matter physics, particle physics and cosmology. They are the unavoidable remnants of many symmetry breaking phase transitions. Topological defects can play an important role in describing the properties of many condensed matter systems (e.g. superfluids and superconduc tors); they can catalyze many unusual effects in particle physics models and they may be responsible for seeding the density perturbations in the early Universe which de velop into galaxies and the large-scale structure of the Universe. Topological defects are also of great interest in mathematics as nontrivial solutions of nonlinear differential equations stabilized by topological effects. The purpose of the Advanced Study Institute "Formation and Interactions of Topo logical Defects" was to bring together students and practitioners in condensed matter physics, particle physics and cosmology, to give a detailed exposition of the role of topo logical defects in these fields; to explore similarities and differences in the approaches; and to provide a common basis for discussion and future collaborative research on common problems.
Formation Evaluation: Geological Procedures (Environment, Development and Public Policy: Public Policy and Social Services)
by EXLOG/WhittakerPetroleum Geology is a complex discipline, drawing upon data from many technologies. It is the function of Well site Geologists to integrate processed data produced prior to and dur ing the drilling operation With their own geological observations. For this reason, it is necessary that geologists appreciate some of the technology, theory of measurement, and processing of this data in order to better assess and use them. In the Field Geologists's Training Guide (Exlog, 1985) and Mud Logging: Principles and Interpretations (Exlog, 1985), an introduction is given to the scope of petroleum geology, and the techniques of hydrocarbon (oil and gas) logging as a reservoir evaluation tool. This handbook is intended to provide the Logging Geologist, and those training for a Consultant Wellsite Geologist position, with a review of geological techniques and classification systems. This will ensure the maximum development of communicable geological informa tion. Whether a geologist's work lies in this direction or in the more applied field of pressure evaluation, it is the application of geological insight to engineering problems that distinguishes the professional logging geologist in the field. This book will be of interest to and become a regular reference for all geologists. 1 INTRODUCTION CUTTINGS RECOVERY 1. 1 In an ideal borehole and mud system, cuttings would be transported to surface with the same order and composition as they were cut, as in Figure 1-1.
Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems (Astrophysics and Space Science Library #445)
by Martin Pessah Oliver GresselThis book's interdisciplinary scope aims at bridging various communities: 1) cosmochemists, who study meteoritic samples from our own solar system, 2) (sub-) millimetre astronomers, who measure the distribution of dust and gas of star-forming regions and planet-forming discs, 3) disc modellers, who describe the complex photo-chemical structure of parametric discs to fit these to observation, 4) computational astrophysicists, who attempt to decipher the dynamical structure of magnetised gaseous discs, and the effects the resulting internal structure has on the aerodynamic re-distribution of embedded solids, 5) theoreticians in planet formation theory, who aim to piece it all together eventually arriving at a coherent holistic picture of the architectures of planetary systems discovered by 6) the exoplanet observers, who provide us with unprecedented samples of exoplanet worlds. Combining these diverse fields the book sheds light onto the riddles that research on planet formation is currently confronted with, and paves the way for a comprehensive understanding of the formation, evolution, and dynamics of young solar systems.The chapters ‘Chondrules – Ubiquitous Chondritic Solids Tracking the Evolution of the Solar Protoplanetary Disk’, ‘Dust Coagulation with Porosity Evolution’ and ‘The Emerging Paradigm of Pebble Accretion’ are published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.
Formation of a Depression: Stage 1 (Low) (tactile)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: This diagram has two areas: at the top a dotted texture represents cold polar air and at the bottom a lined texture represents warm tropical air. Two heavy lines go across the middle of the page. At the top of the map view is the cold polar air, its direction of movement shown by four arrows pointing towards the bottom of the page. Down from these are two lines: a thick continuous line running diagonally from the left of the page down to the bottom right of the diagram, which represents a cold front, and a thick dashed line showing the position of the cross section view. This runs horizontally from A on the left to B on the right. Down the page are four dotted arrows pointing towards the top, which show the direction of warm tropical air. Cross section: The diagram on the right of the page is a cross section (a view from the side) of the same event. It has three main areas: to the left a lined texture shows warm air, a dotted texture to the right represents cool air and near the bottom, a fine texture indicates the ground. At the bottom of the diagram is a thick dashed line with ends marked A and B; this equates with the dashed line on the map view. Up the page from this is the ground. Above this, on the left of the page is the warm air, with its direction of movement shown by four dotted arrows pointing diagonally up the page to the right. The thick line showing the cold front runs diagonally right up the page and to the right of this is a section of cold air with four arrows pointing to the left indicating its direction of movement.
Formation of a Depression: Stage 1 (Low) (large print)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: This diagram has two areas: at the top a dotted texture represents cold polar air and at the bottom a lined texture represents warm tropical air. Two heavy lines go across the middle of the page. At the top of the map view is the cold polar air, its direction of movement shown by four arrows pointing towards the bottom of the page. Down from these are two lines: a thick continuous line running diagonally from the left of the page down to the bottom right of the diagram, which represents a cold front, and a thick dashed line showing the position of the cross section view. This runs horizontally from A on the left to B on the right. Down the page are four dotted arrows pointing towards the top, which show the direction of warm tropical air. Cross section: The diagram on the right of the page is a cross section (a view from the side) of the same event. It has three main areas: to the left a lined texture shows warm air, a dotted texture to the right represents cool air and near the bottom, a fine texture indicates the ground. At the bottom of the diagram is a thick dashed line with ends marked A and B; this equates with the dashed line on the map view. Up the page from this is the ground. Above this, on the left of the page is the warm air, with its direction of movement shown by four dotted arrows pointing diagonally up the page to the right. The thick line showing the cold front runs diagonally right up the page and to the right of this is a section of cold air with four arrows pointing to the left indicating its direction of movement.
Formation of a Depression: Stage 2 (Low) (tactile)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: This diagram has an area of dotted texture at the top representing cool air, three heavy lines in the middle, one dashed, one with triangles along its length and one with semicircles. At the bottom of the page the lined texture represents warm air. At the top is the cool air with four arrows curving round in a counterclockwise direction showing the direction of movement of the air. Further down on the left is a thick dashed line, marked A on the left and B on the right, which shows the position of the cross section view. On the left this line passes through a cold front, shown as a curved line with triangles along it, and on the right a warm front, shown as a line with filled semicircles along it. Down the page from these is an area of warmer air. Cross section: The cross section (a view from the side) on the right of the page shows the same event. This diagram has a large area of dotted texture representing cold air with a smaller area of lined texture, representing warm air, in the centre. The fine textured area at the bottom represents the ground. Two heavy lines with shapes along them go up the page. At the bottom is a thick dashed line with the left end marked A and the right B. It equates with the thick dashed line on the map view. Up from this is the ground. Two thick lines go up the page from this. The one on the left curves up to the left; it has a series of triangles on it and represents a cold front. The one on the right goes diagonally right; it has a series of semicircles along it and represents a warm front. Just up from the ground and to the left and right of the two fronts are two arrows; the one on the left points to the right and the one on the right points left. These show the direction of cool air movement. Between the two fronts and just up the page from the ground is a small area of warm air. Two dotted arrows pointing up the page show the movement of warm air. To the left and right of the two fronts is an area of cool air.
Formation of a Depression: Stage 2 (Low) (large print)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: This diagram has an area of dotted texture at the top representing cool air, three heavy lines in the middle, one dashed, one with triangles along its length and one with semicircles. At the bottom of the page the lined texture represents warm air. At the top is the cool air with four arrows curving round in a counterclockwise direction showing the direction of movement of the air. Further down on the left is a thick dashed line, marked A on the left and B on the right, which shows the position of the cross section view. On the left this line passes through a cold front, shown as a curved line with triangles along it, and on the right a warm front, shown as a line with filled semicircles along it. Down the page from these is an area of warmer air. Cross section: The cross section (a view from the side) on the right of the page shows the same event. This diagram has a large area of dotted texture representing cold air with a smaller area of lined texture, representing warm air, in the centre. The fine textured area at the bottom represents the ground. Two heavy lines with shapes along them go up the page. At the bottom is a thick dashed line with the left end marked A and the right B. It equates with the thick dashed line on the map view. Up from this is the ground. Two thick lines go up the page from this. The one on the left curves up to the left; it has a series of triangles on it and represents a cold front. The one on the right goes diagonally right; it has a series of semicircles along it and represents a warm front. Just up from the ground and to the left and right of the two fronts are two arrows; the one on the left points to the right and the one on the right points left. These show the direction of cool air movement. Between the two fronts and just up the page from the ground is a small area of warm air. Two dotted arrows pointing up the page show the movement of warm air. To the left and right of the two fronts is an area of cool air.
Formation of a depression: Stage 3 (Low) (large print)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: This diagram shows an area of dotted texture to the top and left representing cool air, and an area of lined texture showing warm air in the bottom right. There are three heavy lines: one dashed and two with shapes along them. At the top of the diagram is the cold polar air. A short distance down the page, on the left, is a thick line with triangles and semicircles along it, which shows an occluded front. This line continues diagonally down to the right with only semicircles. This represents a warm front. Curving down from the centre of the diagram to the bottom left corner is a thick line with triangles along it, showing a cold front. In the centre of the page, horizontally crossing both the cold and warm fronts is a thick dashed line marked A on the left and B on the right. This shows the position of the cross section. Cross section: The cross section (a view from the side) on the right of the page shows the same event. This diagram has a large area of dotted texture representing cold air with a smaller area of lined texture, representing warm air, in the centre. The fine textured area at the bottom shows the ground. Two heavy lines with shapes along them go up the page. At the bottom is a thick dashed line with the left end marked A and the right B. It equates with the thick dashed line on the map view. Up from this is the ground. Two thick lines go up the page from this: the one on the left curves up to the left, the one on the right goes diagonally right. Just up from the ground and to the left and right are two arrows; the one on the left points to the right and the one on the right points left. These show the direction of cool air movement. Between the two fronts and just above the ground is an area of warm air. A dotted arrow up the page, points up the page, shows the movement of warm air up the page. To the left and right of the two fronts is an area of cool air.
Formation of a depression: Stage 3 (Low) (tactile)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: This diagram shows an area of dotted texture to the top and left representing cool air, and an area of lined texture showing warm air in the bottom right. There are three heavy lines: one dashed and two with shapes along them. At the top of the diagram is the cold polar air. A short distance down the page, on the left, is a thick line with triangles and semicircles along it, which shows an occluded front. This line continues diagonally down to the right with only semicircles. This represents a warm front. Curving down from the centre of the diagram to the bottom left corner is a thick line with triangles along it, showing a cold front. In the centre of the page, horizontally crossing both the cold and warm fronts is a thick dashed line marked A on the left and B on the right. This shows the position of the cross section. Cross section: The cross section (a view from the side) on the right of the page shows the same event. This diagram has a large area of dotted texture representing cold air with a smaller area of lined texture, representing warm air, in the centre. The fine textured area at the bottom shows the ground. Two heavy lines with shapes along them go up the page. At the bottom is a thick dashed line with the left end marked A and the right B. It equates with the thick dashed line on the map view. Up from this is the ground. Two thick lines go up the page from this: the one on the left curves up to the left, the one on the right goes diagonally right. Just up from the ground and to the left and right are two arrows; the one on the left points to the right and the one on the right points left. These show the direction of cool air movement. Between the two fronts and just above the ground is an area of warm air. A dotted arrow up the page, points up the page, shows the movement of warm air up the page. To the left and right of the two fronts is an area of cool air.
Formation of a depression: Stage 4 (Low) (large print)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: In the map view, there is a thick line curving from the top left of the diagram to the bottom right. It has triangles and semicircles along it, which represents an occluded front. There is a thick dashed line running across the line of the occlusion at the top of the page. It is marked with an A on the left and B on the right and shows the position of the cross section. The whole of the border is filled with the texture of cold air. Cross section: The cross section (a view from the side) at the right of the page shows the same event. The border is filled with a dot texture representing cool air. At the bottom is a thick dashed line with the left end marked A and the right B. It equates with the thick dashed line on the map view. There is a thick line curving from halfway down the left edge to the bottom centre of the diagram. Another thick line curves up from its middle to towards the top of the right edge. The whole of the border is filled with the dotted texture representing cool air.
Formation of a depression: Stage 4 (Low) (tactile)
by RnibOn this page there are two labelled diagrams showing the formation of a depression, both with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. To the left of the page is a map of the formation of a depression and to the right is a cross section view. Map: In the map view, there is a thick line curving from the top left of the diagram to the bottom right. It has triangles and semicircles along it, which represents an occluded front. There is a thick dashed line running across the line of the occlusion at the top of the page. It is marked with an A on the left and B on the right and shows the position of the cross section. The whole of the border is filled with the texture of cold air. Cross section: The cross section (a view from the side) at the right of the page shows the same event. The border is filled with a dot texture representing cool air. At the bottom is a thick dashed line with the left end marked A and the right B. It equates with the thick dashed line on the map view. There is a thick line curving from halfway down the left edge to the bottom centre of the diagram. Another thick line curves up from its middle to towards the top of the right edge. The whole of the border is filled with the dotted texture representing cool air.
Formation of a Spit (tactile)
by RnibThis a tactile diagram for GCSE level students. It shows coastline as a solid texture, with an arrow and labels explaining how prevailing wind pushes material up the beach.
Formation of a Waterfall (cross-section) (large print)
by RnibThis page shows three images of a river flowing from left to right. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The top view shows the river flowing before a waterfall has started to form. The second image shows the start with a small waterfall forming. The river flows over the hard rock with little erosion then falls onto the soft rock which is worn away. The bottom image shows the waterfall is now high and has created a plunge pool. It will not get any higher until the second layer of hard rock is breached.
Formation of a Waterfall (cross-section) (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis page shows three images of a river flowing from left to right. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The top view shows the river flowing before a waterfall has started to form. The second image shows the start with a small waterfall forming. The river flows over the hard rock with little erosion then falls onto the soft rock which is worn away. The bottom image shows the waterfall is now high and has created a plunge pool. It will not get any higher until the second layer of hard rock is breached.
Formation of a Waterfall (cross-section) (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis page shows three images of a river flowing from left to right. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The top view shows the river flowing before a waterfall has started to form. The second image shows the start with a small waterfall forming. The river flows over the hard rock with little erosion then falls onto the soft rock which is worn away. The bottom image shows the waterfall is now high and has created a plunge pool. It will not get any higher until the second layer of hard rock is breached.
Formation of Gold Deposits (Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences #21)
by Neil PhillipsThis book addresses the origin of gold deposits to answer questions of science and curiosity. These answers contribute in turn to the improved exploration and mining of gold. Initially there is a summary of the methods used to address the genesis of gold deposits including some of the essential science and concepts. Five basic observations follow that apply to many gold deposits and need to be considered in any genetic ideas. Magmatic processes enriching gold are discussed followed by the role of aqueous fluids during gold deposit formation at elevated temperatures and pressures. Modifying effects after deposit formation include high-grade metamorphism, retrogression, weathering, and erosion. The main types of gold deposits are then explained within the spectrum of viable genetic ideas, with informal names for these examples that include gold-only, gold-plus, Carlin, slate-belt, epithermal, porphyry, iron oxide copper gold, and Archean greenstone. Case histories are included in which the role of gold geology contributed directly to discoveries—one example is at the province-scale and another at the goldfield-scale. Unlike other books on the subject, this one addresses virtually all gold deposit types rather than focusing on one type in isolation. The primary readership includes industry geologists, senior undergraduates, postgraduates, and those with some knowledge of science and an interest in the gold industry.
Formation of Gorges (large print)
by RnibThis page shows three images of a river flowing from left to right. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The top view shows the river flowing with a mature waterfall. It has a large and unstable overhang in the centre of the image. The waterfall and plunge pool are eroding the soft rock so it is undercut. The river continues to the right at a lower level. The second image shows the overhang has collapsed and the waterfall has retreated upstream into the gorge. The section is up the middle of the river so the walls of the gorge are not shown. The bottom image shows a view of the new gorge from above. The vertical walls of the gorge are shown as thick lines.
Formation of Gorges (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis page shows three images of a river flowing from left to right. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The top view shows the river flowing with a mature waterfall. It has a large and unstable overhang in the centre of the image. The waterfall and plunge pool are eroding the soft rock so it is undercut. The river continues to the right at a lower level. The second image shows the overhang has collapsed and the waterfall has retreated upstream into the gorge. The section is up the middle of the river so the walls of the gorge are not shown. The bottom image shows a view of the new gorge from above. The vertical walls of the gorge are shown as thick lines.
Formation of Gorges (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis page shows three images of a river flowing from left to right. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The top view shows the river flowing with a mature waterfall. It has a large and unstable overhang in the centre of the image. The waterfall and plunge pool are eroding the soft rock so it is undercut. The river continues to the right at a lower level. The second image shows the overhang has collapsed and the waterfall has retreated upstream into the gorge. The section is up the middle of the river so the walls of the gorge are not shown. The bottom image shows a view of the new gorge from above. The vertical walls of the gorge are shown as thick lines.
Formation of Headlands and Beaches (large print)
by RnibThis is a plan view of some coastline. An image border surrounds the image. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The land is at the top and the sea is at the bottom of the page. On the left there is a headland of hard rock which sticks out into the sea going down to the bottom left of the page. To the right is a bay with a sheltered beach. Up the page is soft rock which has been eroded to form the bay and beach. To the right is another headland of hard rock sticking out into the sea. Each headland is resistant rock forming a cliff.
Formation of Headlands and Beaches (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis is a plan view of some coastline. An image border surrounds the image. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The land is at the top and the sea is at the bottom of the page. On the left there is a headland of hard rock which sticks out into the sea going down to the bottom left of the page. To the right is a bay with a sheltered beach. Up the page is soft rock which has been eroded to form the bay and beach. To the right is another headland of hard rock sticking out into the sea. Each headland is resistant rock forming a cliff.
Formation of Headlands and Beaches (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis is a plan view of some coastline. An image border surrounds the image. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The land is at the top and the sea is at the bottom of the page. On the left there is a headland of hard rock which sticks out into the sea going down to the bottom left of the page. To the right is a bay with a sheltered beach. Up the page is soft rock which has been eroded to form the bay and beach. To the right is another headland of hard rock sticking out into the sea. Each headland is resistant rock forming a cliff.
The Formation of Mountains
by Florian NeukirchenMountains as we know them were formed by a wide range of processes. This vivid introduction explains the course of orogeny (mountain formation) and the resulting structures, the cycles of plate tectonics and the evolution of landforms. It also presents surprising findings from the latest research. Popular travel destinations are described in detail – ideal when preparing for a trip – while a wealth of photos and graphics illustrate the text. Why are mountains as tall as they are? How does high-pressure rock come to the surface? Is there feedback between tectonics and the climate? How can mountains form without continental collision, far away from any plate boundaries? And how do we know all this? These and many other questions will be answered.
Formation of Ox-bow Lakes (large print)
by RnibThis page shows four plan images of a river flowing from left to right. There are two images at the top of the page and two images at the bottom of the page. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The first image in the top left of the page shows a mature river meandering. Erosion on the outside of the bends increases the meandering. The second image in the top right shows the land has grown in the central loop and the bends at the top are eroding towards each other. The third image in the bottom left shows the river has broken through in the top centre of the image and has formed an island. The river will flow straight across from left to right. There will now be little flow around the new island. The last image in the bottom right shows the river has straightened up and deposition has cut the loop off to form a curved lake in the bottom of the image.
Formation of Ox-bow Lakes (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis page shows four plan images of a river flowing from left to right. There are two images at the top of the page and two images at the bottom of the page. Each image is surrounded by an image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The first image in the top left of the page shows a mature river meandering. Erosion on the outside of the bends increases the meandering. The second image in the top right shows the land has grown in the central loop and the bends at the top are eroding towards each other. The third image in the bottom left shows the river has broken through in the top centre of the image and has formed an island. The river will flow straight across from left to right. There will now be little flow around the new island. The last image in the bottom right shows the river has straightened up and deposition has cut the loop off to form a curved lake in the bottom of the image.