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Causes of Air Pressure - Low (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis page shows two diagrams of the causes of low air pressure, each with a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The diagram at the top of the page is a cross section view of a low pressure system and the one at the bottom is a map view of the same system (seen from above). Cross section: At the top of each side of the image are two clouds. There are two, curved lines of arrows starting close to the surface of the Earth at the centre of the page. These indicate cool air spiralling inwards into the clouds at the top right and left of the page. Between the lines of arrows is a single arrow that points upwards showing the lighter warm air rising. Map: The diagram at the bottom of the page shows the same weather system from above. The clouds have been omitted. There is a series of concentric isobars represented by heavy dashed lines; each one is marked with the air pressure. Four arrows curve anti-clockwise towards the area of lowest pressure in the middle of the diagram, representing cool air spiralling inwards at the surface of the Earth.
Causes of Climatic Change (Meteorological Monographs #8)
by J. Murray MitchellThe objectives of the American Meteorological Society are "the development and dissemination of knowledge of meteorology in all its phases and applications, and the advancement of its professional ideals." The organization of the Society took place in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Saint Louis, Missouri, December 29, 1919, and its incorporation, at Washington, D. C., January 21, 1920. The work of the Society is carried on by the Bulletin, the Journal, and Meteorological Monographs, by papers and discussions at meetings of the Society, through the offices of the Secretary and the Executive Secretary, and by correspondence. All of the Americas are represented in the membership of the Society as well as many foreign countries.
Causes of River Pollution for Practice Question (tactile)
by RnibThis is a tactile diagram for GCSE level students. The diagram consists of two pages: A key followed by a map. The key contains all relevant tactile symbols, and labels included on the map. The map shows rivers running through Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Switzerland. Countries and rivers are labelled, as well as various factors contributing to pollution. The countries are shown as a heavy texture, with thick lines plotting the river. A scale and North symbol are also included.
Causes of the Greenhouse Effect (large print)
by RnibThis page shows a diagram showing how the greenhouse effect works. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. The image is surrounded by an image border. The sun is in the top left of the diagram. It shines down on the Earth and warms the soil shown by heavy arrows. To the right heat rises but most is trapped and reflected back to earth. At the top centre of the diagram two arrows show some heat escaping. In the bottom centre of the diagram is a factory. It has two windows and a tall chimney with smoke coming out. The smoke joins the clouds. To the right is a side view of a car producing smoke as its engine burns fossil fuel. The smoke adds to the clouds which are getting thicker. On the right of the diagram heat is rising again but the greenhouse gases have trapped even more heat so the Earth warms up even more.
Causes of the Greenhouse Effect (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis page shows a diagram showing how the greenhouse effect works. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. The image is surrounded by an image border. The sun is in the top left of the diagram. It shines down on the Earth and warms the soil shown by heavy arrows. To the right heat rises but most is trapped and reflected back to earth. At the top centre of the diagram two arrows show some heat escaping. In the bottom centre of the diagram is a factory. It has two windows and a tall chimney with smoke coming out. The smoke joins the clouds. To the right is a side view of a car producing smoke as its engine burns fossil fuel. The smoke adds to the clouds which are getting thicker. On the right of the diagram heat is rising again but the greenhouse gases have trapped even more heat so the Earth warms up even more.
Causes of the Greenhouse Effect (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis page shows a diagram showing how the greenhouse effect works. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. The image is surrounded by an image border. The sun is in the top left of the diagram. It shines down on the Earth and warms the soil shown by heavy arrows. To the right heat rises but most is trapped and reflected back to earth. At the top centre of the diagram two arrows show some heat escaping. In the bottom centre of the diagram is a factory. It has two windows and a tall chimney with smoke coming out. The smoke joins the clouds. To the right is a side view of a car producing smoke as its engine burns fossil fuel. The smoke adds to the clouds which are getting thicker. On the right of the diagram heat is rising again but the greenhouse gases have trapped even more heat so the Earth warms up even more.
The Causes of Tropical Deforestation: The Economic and Statistical Analysis of Factors Giving Rise to the Loss of the Tropical Forests (Routledge Revivals)
by Katrina Brown David W. PearceThe Causes of Tropical Deforestation (1994) is an analysis of the problem of deforestation, using statistical technique – a form of ‘environ-metrics’ – to discover the true causes of an issue whose basis is hotly debated, and attributed to causes as varied as poverty, external debt, multinational logging companies, government corruption, the IMF, population growth, and non-sustainable agriculture.
The Causes of Tropical Deforestation: The Economic and Statistical Analysis of Factors Giving Rise to the Loss of the Tropical Forests (Routledge Revivals)
The Causes of Tropical Deforestation (1994) is an analysis of the problem of deforestation, using statistical technique – a form of ‘environ-metrics’ – to discover the true causes of an issue whose basis is hotly debated, and attributed to causes as varied as poverty, external debt, multinational logging companies, government corruption, the IMF, population growth, and non-sustainable agriculture.
Caustic Light in Nonlinear Photonic Media (Springer Theses)
by Alessandro ZannottiCaustics are natural phenomena, forming light patterns in rainbows or through drinking glasses, and creating light networks at the bottom of swimming pools. Only in recent years have scientists started to artificially create simple caustics with laser light. However, these realizations have already contributed to progress in advanced imaging, lithography, and micro-manipulation. In this book, Alessandro Zannotti pioneers caustics in many ways, establishing the field of artificial caustic optics. He employs caustic design to customize high-intensity laser light. This is of great relevance for laser-based machining, sensing, microscopy, and secure communication. The author also solves a long standing problem concerning the origin of rogue waves which appear naturally in the sea and can have disastrous consequences. By means of a far-reaching optical analogy, he identifies scattering of caustics in random media as the origin of rogue waves, and shows how nonlinear light-matter interaction increases their probability.
Caustics, Catastrophes and Wave Fields (Springer Series on Wave Phenomena #15)
by Yu.A. Kravtsov Yu.I. OrlovCaustics, Catastrophes and Wave Fields in a sense continues the treatment of the earlier volume 6 "Geometrical Optics of Inhomogeneous Media" by analysing caustics and their fields on the basis of modern catastrophe theory. The present volume covers local and uniform caustic asymptotic expansions: The Lewis-Kravtsov method of standard functions, Maslov's method of canonical operators , Orlov's method of interference integrals, as well as their modifications for penumbra, space-time, random and other types of caustics. All the methods are amply illustrated by worked problems concerning relevant wave-field applications.
Cave and Karst Systems of Hungary (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)
by Márton Veress Szabolcs Leél-ŐssyThis book describes Hungarian karst areas and Hungarian karst research results. The chapters present the general characteristics of karst areas, their geology, their paleokarst, their hydrology, their surface and subsurface morphology (more significant caves are classified according to karst areas and their morphology and development is described), ecology and flora and fauna.This book also includes a separate chapter which deals with the history of Hungarian karst and cave research. Another chapter deals with theories that were made during Hungarian karst researches.
Cave and Karst Systems of Romania (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)
by Gheorghe M. Ponta Bogdan P. OnacThis book focuses on Romania’s more than 12,000 caves, which developed in limestone (including thermal water caves), salt, gypsum, and occasionally in sandstone. It examines these caves and related topics in a format suitable for cavers, while also addressing a broad range of aspects useful for students and researchers. Since the Institute of Speleology was first established by Emil Racovita in 1920, a great deal of research has been conducted on all cave and karst types. As such, the book examines a variety of scientific fields, including karst geology, hydrogeology, biospeleology, paleoclimatology, mineralogy and archaeology.
Cave, Arch and Stack Formation (large print)
by RnibThis is an image of an eroded headland. An image border surrounds the image. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The land goes across the middle of the page from the left of the page towards the right. The sea fills the bottom of the page. On the left there is a large vertical crack in the cliff face. This is where the force of the sea and waves is opening a fissure in a weakness in the rock. To the right is another crack which has been eroded into a cave at sea level. In the centre of the image is an arch. This is where the sea has eroded a cave so deep it has broken right through the headland. To the right is where there used to be a second arch but it has been eroded so much it has collapsed. Its original position is shown by a dotted line. All that is left is on the right, a vertical stack of rock. To the right of the stack is a stump all that is left of a heavily eroded stack.
Cave, Arch and Stack Formation (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis is an image of an eroded headland. An image border surrounds the image. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The land goes across the middle of the page from the left of the page towards the right. The sea fills the bottom of the page. On the left there is a large vertical crack in the cliff face. This is where the force of the sea and waves is opening a fissure in a weakness in the rock. To the right is another crack which has been eroded into a cave at sea level. In the centre of the image is an arch. This is where the sea has eroded a cave so deep it has broken right through the headland. To the right is where there used to be a second arch but it has been eroded so much it has collapsed. Its original position is shown by a dotted line. All that is left is on the right, a vertical stack of rock. To the right of the stack is a stump all that is left of a heavily eroded stack.
Cave, Arch and Stack Formation (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis is an image of an eroded headland. An image border surrounds the image. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The land goes across the middle of the page from the left of the page towards the right. The sea fills the bottom of the page. On the left there is a large vertical crack in the cliff face. This is where the force of the sea and waves is opening a fissure in a weakness in the rock. To the right is another crack which has been eroded into a cave at sea level. In the centre of the image is an arch. This is where the sea has eroded a cave so deep it has broken right through the headland. To the right is where there used to be a second arch but it has been eroded so much it has collapsed. Its original position is shown by a dotted line. All that is left is on the right, a vertical stack of rock. To the right of the stack is a stump all that is left of a heavily eroded stack.
Cave Ecology (Ecological Studies #235)
by Oana Teodora Moldovan Ľubomír Kováč Stuart HalseCave organisms are the ‘monsters’ of the underground world and studying them invariably raises interesting questions about the ways evolution has equipped them to survive in permanent darkness and low-energy environments. Undertaking ecological studies in caves and other subterranean habitats is not only challenging because they are difficult to access, but also because the domain is so different from what we know from the surface, with no plants at the base of food chains and with a nearly constant microclimate year-round. The research presented here answers key questions such as how a constant environment can produce the enormous biodiversity seen below ground, what adaptations and peculiarities allow subterranean organisms to thrive, and how they are affected by the constraints of their environment. This book is divided into six main parts, which address: the habitats of cave animals; their complex diversity; the environmental factors that support that diversity; individual case studies of cave ecosystems; and of the conservation challenges they face; all of which culminate in proposals for future research directions. Given its breadth of coverage, it offers an essential reference guide for graduate students and established researchers alike.
Cave Exploration in Slovenia: Discovering Over 350 New Caves During Motorway Construction on Classical Karst (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)
by Martin Knez Tadej SlabeThis book focuses on the opening and exploration of more than 350 previously undiscovered caves of the Slovenian Karst, discovered during motorway construction work. The summarizes the planning of traffic roads and presents the new findings obtained during construction, as well as studies on newly-discovered karst phenomena and karst waters and their protection.Earthmoving work during construction has revealed a cross-section of the surface of the Classical Karst, covered karst with famous underground stone forests and unique karst in breccia. Research conducted in these caves has yielded a number of new findings on how the karst surface and underground were formed, on the flow of water through karst aquifers, and on the evolution of karst on various types of rock and under various conditions. The work was written by researchers from the ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute and the Institute of Geology AS CR. The reader will benefit from the authors’ collaboration with planners and builders, which offers valuable insights for the planning and execution of their own activities in karst regions.
Caves: Processes, Development and Management
by David GilliesonThis book is aimed at students of the natural environment, but it will also appeal to those - cavers, environmental managers and field naturalists - who are curious about the underground world and its inhabitants. it is illustrated throughout with photographs, maps and line diagrams, almost all of which are original to the book.
Caves: Processes, Development, and Management
by David Shaw GilliesonPeople have been interested in caves for a very long time. Our distant ancestors used them for shelter, as sources of water, and as places in which to conduct essential rituals. They adorned their walls with quite sophisticated artwork depicting both their existential and spiritual concerns. Caves feature in our mythology, they are used as places of worship in many cultures, and they are used throughout the world as places in which to store prized foodstuffs and wine. For at least two hundred years they have attracted scientists, artists, photographers, and recreational cavers. This book aims examines how caves form, the light they shed on past environments and climates, and the values, both environmental and cultural, that they provide to humanity. This second edition of Caves: Processes, Development, and Management is a welcome revision of the author’s earlier treatment released over twenty years ago. It has been updated, significantly expanded, and largely rewritten. The intervening years have seen a dramatic increase in karst and cave research globally, with significant advances in our understanding of fundamental processes, in our ability to extract proxy climatic and environmental data from cave deposits, and in our understanding of the breadth of cave values and as a result the complexity of their management needs. This new edition adopts a broad international perspective in the research examples used and the cited literature, and has actively sought out material from the tropical world and the southern continents, thus avoiding the European and North American bias frequently found in speleological publications. Caves: Processes, Development, and Management, Second Edition, is organised into four sections. In the first section, contemporary processes of cave formation are examined. The second section of the book deals with past processes and their physical manifestation. In the third section, the use of caves by various organisms from bacteria to humans is explored. The final section of the book reviews our changing approaches to cave management and to catchment management on karst terrains. The book will be of use to anyone who is interested in caves and karst, or who wants to understand about cave formation, development, values and management.
Caves: Processes, Development, and Management
by David Shaw GilliesonPeople have been interested in caves for a very long time. Our distant ancestors used them for shelter, as sources of water, and as places in which to conduct essential rituals. They adorned their walls with quite sophisticated artwork depicting both their existential and spiritual concerns. Caves feature in our mythology, they are used as places of worship in many cultures, and they are used throughout the world as places in which to store prized foodstuffs and wine. For at least two hundred years they have attracted scientists, artists, photographers, and recreational cavers. This book aims examines how caves form, the light they shed on past environments and climates, and the values, both environmental and cultural, that they provide to humanity. This second edition of Caves: Processes, Development, and Management is a welcome revision of the author’s earlier treatment released over twenty years ago. It has been updated, significantly expanded, and largely rewritten. The intervening years have seen a dramatic increase in karst and cave research globally, with significant advances in our understanding of fundamental processes, in our ability to extract proxy climatic and environmental data from cave deposits, and in our understanding of the breadth of cave values and as a result the complexity of their management needs. This new edition adopts a broad international perspective in the research examples used and the cited literature, and has actively sought out material from the tropical world and the southern continents, thus avoiding the European and North American bias frequently found in speleological publications. Caves: Processes, Development, and Management, Second Edition, is organised into four sections. In the first section, contemporary processes of cave formation are examined. The second section of the book deals with past processes and their physical manifestation. In the third section, the use of caves by various organisms from bacteria to humans is explored. The final section of the book reviews our changing approaches to cave management and to catchment management on karst terrains. The book will be of use to anyone who is interested in caves and karst, or who wants to understand about cave formation, development, values and management.
Caves and Cave Life (Collins New Naturalist Library #79)
by Philip ChapmanCave exploration has uncovered archaeological finds which have enhanced our understanding of human evolution, and fossil remains, such as woolly mammoths, which reveal something of the Pleistocene animal world. But perhaps most fascinating of all is the living natural history of caves.
Caves and Karst of the Greenbrier Valley in West Virginia (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)
by William B. WhiteThe focus of this book is on the more than 2000 caves of the Greenbrier Valley of West Virginia of which the 14 with lengths greater than 10 km have an aggregate length of 639 km. The major caves form the core part of sub-basins which drain to big springs and ultimately to the Greenbrier River. Individual chapters of this book describe each of the major caves and its associated drainage basin. The caves are formed in the Mississippian Greenbrier Limestone in a setting of undulating gentle folds. Fractures, lineaments and confining layers within the limestone are the main controlling factors. The caves underlie an extensive sinkhole plain which may relate to a major erosion surface. The caves are habitat for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms which are cataloged and described as are the paleontological remains found in some of the caves. The sinkhole plain of the Greenbrier karst and the underlying complex of cave systems are the end result of at least a ten million year history of landscape evolution which can be traced through the evolving sequence of cave passages and which is described in this book.
Caves and Karst of the Upper Midwest, USA: Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)
by Greg A. Brick E. Calvin Alexander Jr.This book discusses the karst and pseudokarst of the Upper Midwest, USA, consisting of the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois—the first regional synthesis in 40 years. Starting with an overview of the regional geology of what is largely glaciated fluviokarst and paleokarst developed on Paleozoic carbonates, but including other lithologies such as the St. Peter Sandstone and the Ft. Dodge Gypsum, the caves, springs, sinkholes, and karst hydrogeology of each state are described. Special attention is devoted to the region’s longest caves: Coldwater Cave, Mystery Cave, and the Minnesota Cave Preserve caves. Application of tools such as data loggers and LiDAR, with new conceptual models such as hypogenic speleogenesis, has been transformative here. Special topics include lead and zinc mining in the Driftless Area, vertebrate and invertebrate cave fauna near the Laurentide ice limit, the impact and policies of nutrient and herbicide intensive modern agriculture on karst, and paleoclimate studies. The discovery, exploration, institutional history of caving organizations, and show caves of the Upper Midwest, from the year 1700 onwards, are brought up to date. The top 10 historical paradigms of cave and karst science in the Midwest are reviewed. Perspectives on paleontology, archeology, and Native American rock art are included.
Caves and Karst of Turkey - Vol. 1: History, Archaeology and Caves (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)
by Ali Yamaç Eric Gilli Ezgi Tok Koray TörkThis book comprehensively reviews the historical background of speleology and cave research in the contexts of archeology and natural sciences. It also offers a summary of selected topics related to the karstic terrain of Turkey. Covering 40 % of the country's surface area, Turkey's karstic terrain accommodates thousands of caves. However, understanding the geology, geomorphology, hydrology, biology, and ecosystem dynamics of these caves is still limited. Despite numerous explorations and extensive fieldwork, this is the first comprehensive publication on the topic since 1984. The book presents the 45 most significant caves in Turkey, selected according to several criteria, including esthetical uniqueness. It covers caves of global archeological importance, such as Karain, Yarımburgaz and Üçagızlı, and some of the world's deepest caves, such as Peynirlikönü, Kuzgun, Morca, and Çukurpınar. The book includes a survey and a detailed description of the genesis, geology, geomorphology, and exploration history for each cave.
Caves and Karst of Turkey - Volume 2: Geology, Hydrogeology and Karst (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)
by Gültekin Günay Koray Törk İsmail Noyan GÜNER Eric GilliThis book discusses Turkey's karst systems' most critical features, one of the world's most important karst areas. This publication has been prepared to assist geologists and professionals working in karst areas by solving several different problems, for example, to conduct groundwater analysis in regions with karstic depressions and examine subsidence problems through geotechnical and hydrogeological studies to solve dams' technical challenges from Karstic areas.