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The Captains of Energy: Systems Dynamics from an Energy Perspective (Synthesis Lectures on Engineering)
by Paul Gessler Timothy Decker Vincent PrantilIn teaching an introduction to transport or systems dynamics modeling at the undergraduate level, it is possible to lose pedagogical traction in a sea of abstract mathematics. What the mathematical modeling of time-dependent system behavior offers is a venue in which students can be taught that physical analogies exist between what they likely perceive as distinct areas of study in the physical sciences. We introduce a storyline whose characters are superheroes that store and dissipate energy in dynamic systems. Introducing students to the overarching conservation laws helps develop the analogy that ties the different disciplines together under a common umbrella of system energy. In this book, we use the superhero cast to present the effort-flow analogy and its relationship to the conservation principles of mass, momentum, energy, and electrical charge. We use a superhero movie script common to mechanical, electrical, fluid, and thermal engineering systems to illustrate how to apply the analogy to arrive at governing differential equations describing the systems' behavior in time. Ultimately, we show how only two types of differential equation, and therefore, two types of system response are possible. This novel approach of storytelling and a movie script is used to help make the mathematics of lumped system modeling more approachable for students. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / If You Push It, It Will Flow / Governing Dynamics / The Electrical Cast / The Mechanical Cast / A Common Notion / Going Nowhere? / The Fluid and Thermal Casts / Summary / Afterword / Bibliography / Authors' Biographies
Captioned Media in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching: Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing as Tools for Language Learning (New Language Learning and Teaching Environments)
by Robert VanderplankThis book brings together current thinking on informal language learning and the findings of over 30 years of research on captions (same language subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing) to present a new model of language learning from captioned viewing and a future roadmap for research and practice in this field. Language learners may have normal hearing but they are ‘hard-of-listening’ and find it difficult to follow the rapid or unclear speech in many films and TV programmes. Vanderplank considers whether watching with captions not only enables learners to understand and enjoy foreign language television and films but also helps them to improve their foreign language skills. Captioned Media in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching will be of interest to students and researchers involved in second language acquisition teaching and research, as well as practising language teachers and teacher trainers.
Captivating your Class: Effective Teaching Skills
by Joanne PhilpottThis essential handbook offers practical approaches to teaching in an Advanced Level (A Level) classroom, this includes AS, A2 and all level 3 equivalents as well as the International Baccalaureate and other post-16 qualifications. It is primarily designed to give confidence to teachers to teach in a way that encourages students to enjoy learning in lessons in a purposeful way. It will build on theoretical work, where appropriate, to help reflection and planning by individual teachers for their specific subjects and classes. The references section will guide teachers to further reading for each of the chapters if they wish to explore the theory in greater depth. The key messages of the book are twofold. Firstly, personalised planning of lessons is essential, generic lesson plans will not work at A Level and teachers will need to be aware of the personalities and individual strengths and weaknesses of the students in their class to be able to structure and develop their learning accordingly. Secondly the strategies will be successful when they have been developed in relation to the subject and consolidated to secure subject knowledge and understanding. To this end many suggestions are exemplified through a range of subject examples for both AS and A2. This comprehensive guide is a must for those teaching anyone post-16.
Capturing Children's Meanings in Early Childhood Research and Practice: A Practical Guide
by Ann Marie HalpennyCapturing Children’s Meanings in Early Childhood Research and Practice draws together contemporary research and established theories to produce a unique take on the meanings children express through a range of creative tools. Drawing on Reggio Emilia and the Mosaic approach, this book provides readers with a range of strategies for accessing, recording and interpreting young children’s perceptions of and responses to their experiences. Providing a synthesis of the multiple imaginative ways we can capture young children’s meanings through observations, art, photo elicitation, mindfulness, music and other creative methods, Halpenny covers topics such as: Negotiating challenges presented by researching with children Frameworks for seeing and hearing children’s intentions Accurately documenting and interpreting research findings Promoting children’s meanings and their performance of them Moving forward with new understandings This book is an indispensable resource for students of early childhood education, especially for courses focusing on the lived experiences of children from early to middle childhood. It is also a useful reference for those working with young children in educational and caregiving settings, and for those advocating for young children.
Capturing Children's Meanings in Early Childhood Research and Practice: A Practical Guide
by Ann Marie HalpennyCapturing Children’s Meanings in Early Childhood Research and Practice draws together contemporary research and established theories to produce a unique take on the meanings children express through a range of creative tools. Drawing on Reggio Emilia and the Mosaic approach, this book provides readers with a range of strategies for accessing, recording and interpreting young children’s perceptions of and responses to their experiences. Providing a synthesis of the multiple imaginative ways we can capture young children’s meanings through observations, art, photo elicitation, mindfulness, music and other creative methods, Halpenny covers topics such as: Negotiating challenges presented by researching with children Frameworks for seeing and hearing children’s intentions Accurately documenting and interpreting research findings Promoting children’s meanings and their performance of them Moving forward with new understandings This book is an indispensable resource for students of early childhood education, especially for courses focusing on the lived experiences of children from early to middle childhood. It is also a useful reference for those working with young children in educational and caregiving settings, and for those advocating for young children.
Capturing Colour (Basics Photography)
by Phil MalpasBasics Photography 03: Capturing Colour gives readers a comprehensive introduction to the subject of colour and how to master its use in the process of photographic image-making. The topics discussed range from basic colour theory to the colour temperature of light and how to use colour to maximize the impact of compositions. A full and intimate understanding of colour is vital to the creation of dramatic, emotive and powerful photographic images. The way we choose to use colour will greatly influence the success of our image-making.
Capturing Colour (Basics Photography)
by Phil MalpasBasics Photography 03: Capturing Colour gives readers a comprehensive introduction to the subject of colour and how to master its use in the process of photographic image-making. The topics discussed range from basic colour theory to the colour temperature of light and how to use colour to maximize the impact of compositions. A full and intimate understanding of colour is vital to the creation of dramatic, emotive and powerful photographic images. The way we choose to use colour will greatly influence the success of our image-making.
Capturing Light: The Heart of Photography
by Michael FreemanFor professional photographers, chasing the light, waiting for it, sometimes helping it, and finally capturing it is a constant preoccupation and for some, an obsession. Drawing on four decades of working with light, Michael Freeman takes a simple but practical approach to interpreting, reacting to, and capturing photography's most valuable commodity.Practical advice is organised into three straightforward sections: Waiting, Chasing, and Helping. Begin by mastering the art of patience, and recognise the immense value of anticipating and planning for gorgeous light that's just over the horizon. Then learn the techniques to meet otherwise transient and fleeting lighting conditions halfway, with quick thinking and fast reactions. Finally, make the most of the tools at your disposal to enhance and manipulate light as you find it, covering everything from in-the-field shooting choices to technical transformations in post-production. This is the method of a working professional the way to interpret, approach, and master whatever lighting situation is thrown at you and always get the shot, no matter what.
Capturing The Moment: The Essence of Photography
by Michael FreemanThis is not a book about the fundamentals of shutter speed or how your camera works; it is a book that will teach photographers of all levels how to work with their cameras to capture moments whether they are occurring quickly or unfolding over many hours. Capturing the Moment is about a gesture, an expression, a ball in the net, a whale breaching, like Marilyn Monroe’s skirt flying up or Alfred Eisenstaedt’s image of a kiss between a soldier and nurse in Times Square. Moments in all forms are the true core of photography, and this book will explain how to anticipate them, recognise them, choose them, and capture them, through the eyes and wisdom of award-winning photographer and celebrated author Michael Freeman.
Capturing The Moment: The Essence of Photography
by Michael FreemanThis is not a book about the fundamentals of shutter speed or how your camera works; it is a book that will teach photographers of all levels how to work with their cameras to capture moments whether they are occurring quickly or unfolding over many hours. Capturing the Moment is about a gesture, an expression, a ball in the net, a whale breaching, like Marilyn Monroe’s skirt flying up or Alfred Eisenstaedt’s image of a kiss between a soldier and nurse in Times Square. Moments in all forms are the true core of photography, and this book will explain how to anticipate them, recognise them, choose them, and capture them, through the eyes and wisdom of award-winning photographer and celebrated author Michael Freeman.
Capturing the Universe: A Photographer’s Guide to Deep-Sky Imaging
by Chris WoodhouseThis book provides a thorough introduction to and exploration of deep sky astrophotography for the digital photographer. With over 280 images, graphs, and tables, this introductory book uses a progressive and practical style to teach readers how to image the night sky using existing, affordable equipment. The book opens with a brief astronomy primer, followed by chapters that build progressively to explain the challenges, offer solutions, and provide invaluable information on equipment choice through image capture, calibration, and processing in affordable software. The book’s focus ranges from how to image sweeping vistas and star trails using only a camera body, lens and tripod, to more advanced methods suitable for imaging galaxies, clusters, nebulae, and stars. Other features of the book include: Real-world assignments showing how and when to use certain tools and how to overcome challenges and setbacks Practical construction projects Evaluations of the most recent developments in affordable hardware and software Exploration on how sensor performance and light pollution relate to image quality and exposure planning Ground-breaking practical chapters on lucky imaging and choosing and using the latest CMOS cameras Written in an accessible, easy to follow format, this comprehensive guide equips readers with all the necessary skills to progress from photographer to astrophotographer.
Capturing the Universe: A Photographer’s Guide to Deep-Sky Imaging
by Chris WoodhouseThis book provides a thorough introduction to and exploration of deep sky astrophotography for the digital photographer. With over 280 images, graphs, and tables, this introductory book uses a progressive and practical style to teach readers how to image the night sky using existing, affordable equipment. The book opens with a brief astronomy primer, followed by chapters that build progressively to explain the challenges, offer solutions, and provide invaluable information on equipment choice through image capture, calibration, and processing in affordable software. The book’s focus ranges from how to image sweeping vistas and star trails using only a camera body, lens and tripod, to more advanced methods suitable for imaging galaxies, clusters, nebulae, and stars. Other features of the book include: Real-world assignments showing how and when to use certain tools and how to overcome challenges and setbacks Practical construction projects Evaluations of the most recent developments in affordable hardware and software Exploration on how sensor performance and light pollution relate to image quality and exposure planning Ground-breaking practical chapters on lucky imaging and choosing and using the latest CMOS cameras Written in an accessible, easy to follow format, this comprehensive guide equips readers with all the necessary skills to progress from photographer to astrophotographer.
Carbon Footprint Case Studies: Municipal Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Road Transport and Carbon Sequestration (Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes)
by Subramanian Senthilkannan MuthuGlobal warming and its effects are felt and understood by almost every one across the globe now. Carbon footprint calculation and mitigation in different industrial sectors is the need of the hour. There are numerous industrial sectors, whose carbon footprints need to be calculated and the ways to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions from those sectors need to be started with immediate effect. This book highlights case studies involving the carbon footprints of municipal solid waste, sustainable road transport and Carbon footprint accounting of sources and sinks by studying carbon sequestration of Karnataka, a state in India.
Cardiology Secrets - E-Book: Cardiology Secrets - E-Book (Secrets)
by Glenn N. LevineFor more than 30 years, the highly regarded Secrets Series® has provided students and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Cardiology Secrets, 6th Edition, offers practical, up-to-date coverage of the full range of essential topics in this dynamic field. This highly regarded resource features the Secrets' popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, pearls, memory aids, and an easy-to-read style – making inquiry, reference, and review quick, easy, and enjoyable. - The proven Secrets Series® format gives you the most return for your time – succinct, easy to read, engaging, and highly effective. - Fully revised and updated, including new information on peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease, direct oral anticoagulant agents, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). - New chapter on COVID-19 and the Cardiovascular System. - Several hundred illustrations, figures, and flow diagrams clearly depict key topics. - Top 100 Secrets and Key Points boxes provide a fast overview of the secrets you must know for success in practice and on exams. - Bulleted lists, mnemonics, practical tips from global leaders in the field – all providing a concise overview of important board-relevant content. - Written by global experts and thought leaders in cardiovascular disease.
Cardiology Secrets E-Book: Cardiology Secrets E-Book (Secrets)
by Glenn N. LevineFor more than 30 years, The Secrets Series® has provided students and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Cardiology Secrets, 5th Edition, features the Secrets' popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, and an easy-to-read style – making reference and review quick, easy, and enjoyable. - The Secrets Series® format gives you the most return for your time – concise, easy to read, engaging, and highly effective – now with an improved organization that makes information even easier than ever to find. - Written by global experts and thought leaders in cardiovascular disease. - Top 100 Secrets and Key Points boxes provide a fast overview of the secrets you must know for success in practice. - New dedicated sections on peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease, venous thromboembolic disease, and specific populations and conditions, plus a dedicated chapter on new direct oral anticoagulant agents. - New chapters added on hypercoagulability states, specific valvular lesions, sleep apnea and the heart, heart disease in women, cardio-oncology, cardiac arrest, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), carotid artery disease, and hemorrhagic stroke. - Several hundred illustrations, figures, and flow diagrams – 100+ are new! - Expert Consult™ eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, Q&As, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Cardiopatie congenite dell'adulto: Una guida pratica
by Michael A. Gatzoulis Lorna Swan Judith Therrien George A. PantelyTra le malattie congenite, le cardiopatie sono quelle più frequentemente riscontrate, e hanno infatti un'incidenza dell'1% nulla popolazione mondiale. Grazie alle moderne terapie, i portatori di queste patologie diventano oggi adulti, ma necessitano di essere costantemente seguiti dagli specialisti e monitorati dai medici di famiglia. Questo testo, offrendo una panoramica completa delle informazioni relative ad esse relative e e al loro trattamento, si propone appunto di essere una guida facilmente consultabile e utile sia per l'esperto del settore sia per coloro che solo saltuariamente si confrontano con le problematiche legate alla cardiopatia congenita dell'adulto. Grazie alle numerose figure e tabelle, alla semplicità dell'esposizione e alla completezza dei dati riportati, il volume potrà essere un utile strumento di lavoro anche per il personale paramedico e per tutti gli operatori coinvolti nella gestione di questi pazienti.
Cardiovasculaire ziektebeelden: De introductie
by C. Klöpping and R. JansenCardiovasculaire ziektebeelden biedt de basiskennis die nodig is voor verdieping van het vakgebied hart- en vaatziekten. De aandacht ligt in dit boek vooral op de klinische aspecten van cardiovasculaire ziekten. Het boek is opgedeeld in verschillende hoofdthema’s trombose en atherosclerose, ischemische hartziekten, ritmestoornissen, hartfalen, hartklepafwijkingen en lichamelijk onderzoek bij hartziekten. De onderwerpen worden overzichtelijk en beknopt behandeld. Daarmee is het een handig naslagwerk dat kan worden gebruikt in de dagelijkse praktijk van zowel de studenten geneeskunde als de coassistent. Het boek is geschikt voor alle studenten geneeskunde in Nederland die bij het bestuderen van cardiovasculaire ziektebeelden tijdens hun opleiding tot arts behoefte hebben aan een Nederlandstalig basisboek. Tijdens coassistentschappen of semi-arts-stages is het een handig naslagwerk dat gemakkelijk in ‘de witte jas’ kan worden meegedragen. Verder is het een toegankelijk boek voor arts-assistenten in opleiding tot internist of een deelspecialisme hiervan, physician assistants in opleiding en verpleegkundigen.
Cardiovasculaire ziektebeelden: De introductie
by C. Klöpping R. JansenCardiovasculaire ziektebeelden biedt de basiskennis die nodig is voor verdieping van het vakgebied hart- en vaatziekten. De aandacht ligt in dit boek vooral op de klinische aspecten van cardiovasculaire ziekten. Het boek is opgedeeld in verschillende hoofdthema’s trombose en atherosclerose, ischemische hartziekten, ritmestoornissen, hartfalen, hartklepafwijkingen en lichamelijk onderzoek bij hartziekten. De onderwerpen worden overzichtelijk en beknopt behandeld. Daarmee is het een handig naslagwerk dat kan worden gebruikt in de dagelijkse praktijk van zowel de studenten geneeskunde als de coassistent. Het boek is geschikt voor alle studenten geneeskunde in Nederland die bij het bestuderen van cardiovasculaire ziektebeelden tijdens hun opleiding tot arts behoefte hebben aan een Nederlandstalig basisboek. Tijdens coassistentschappen of semi-arts-stages is het een handig naslagwerk dat gemakkelijk in ‘de witte jas’ kan worden meegedragen. Verder is het een toegankelijk boek voor arts-assistenten in opleiding tot internist of een deelspecialisme hiervan, physician assistants in opleiding en verpleegkundigen.
Cardiovascular Physiology E-Book: Mosby Physiology Monograph Series (Mosby's Physiology Monograph)
by Achilles J. Pappano Withrow Gil WierCardiovascular Physiology gives you a solid understanding of how the cardiovascular system functions in both health and disease. Ideal for your systems-based curriculum, this title in the Mosby Physiology Monograph Series explains how the latest concepts apply to real-life clinical situations. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Get clear, accurate, and up-to-the-minute coverage of the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Master the material easily with objectives at the start of each chapter; self-study questions, summaries, and key words and concepts. Grasp the latest concepts in vascular, molecular, and cellular biology as they apply to cardiovascular function, thanks to molecular commentaries in each chapter.Apply information to clinical situations with the aid of clinical commentaries and highlighted clinical vignettes throughout.
Care Aesthetics: For artful care and careful art
by James ThompsonWhat if the work of a nurse, physio, or homecare worker was designated an art, so that the qualities of the experiences they create became understood as aesthetic qualities? What if the interactions created by artists, directors, dancers, or workshop facilitators were understood as works of care? Care Aesthetics is the first full-length book to explore these questions and examine the work of carer artists and artist carers to make the case for the importance of valuing and supporting aesthetically caring relations across multiple aspects of our lives. Theoretically and practically, the book outlines the implications of care aesthetics for the socially engaged arts field and health and social care, and for acts of aesthetic care in the everyday. Part 1 of the book outlines the approaches to aesthetics and to care theory that are necessary to make and defend the concept of care aesthetics. Part 2 then tests this through practice, examining socially engaged arts and health and social care through its lens. It makes the case for careful art exploring the implications of care aesthetics for participatory or applied arts. Then it argues for artful care and how an aesthetic orientation to care practices might challenge some of the inadequacies of contemporary care. This is a vital, paradigm-shifting book for anyone engaged with socially engaged arts or social and health care practices on an academic or professional level.
Care Aesthetics: For artful care and careful art
by James ThompsonWhat if the work of a nurse, physio, or homecare worker was designated an art, so that the qualities of the experiences they create became understood as aesthetic qualities? What if the interactions created by artists, directors, dancers, or workshop facilitators were understood as works of care? Care Aesthetics is the first full-length book to explore these questions and examine the work of carer artists and artist carers to make the case for the importance of valuing and supporting aesthetically caring relations across multiple aspects of our lives. Theoretically and practically, the book outlines the implications of care aesthetics for the socially engaged arts field and health and social care, and for acts of aesthetic care in the everyday. Part 1 of the book outlines the approaches to aesthetics and to care theory that are necessary to make and defend the concept of care aesthetics. Part 2 then tests this through practice, examining socially engaged arts and health and social care through its lens. It makes the case for careful art exploring the implications of care aesthetics for participatory or applied arts. Then it argues for artful care and how an aesthetic orientation to care practices might challenge some of the inadequacies of contemporary care. This is a vital, paradigm-shifting book for anyone engaged with socially engaged arts or social and health care practices on an academic or professional level.
Care and Education in Early Childhood: A Student's Guide to Theory and Practice
by Audrey Curtis Maureen O'HaganThe authors draw on their extensive early years experience to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the key issues in the field of early childhood care and education. In this fully updated and revised new edition, rewritten to include the new Early Years Foundation Stage, students will find that this text now meets the needs of students on Foundation degrees, Early Childhood Degrees and the new Early Years Professional qualification. Topics covered in this essential textbook include: an overview of the principles of effective practice discussions on equal opportunities and children's rights an update of the latest development theories relating to brain development and how children learn and the difficulties children may face in their learning investigations into what working with parents really means consideration of the different early years systems in operation summaries of key management issues and useful information on how to address them comparison with European perspectives on early years care and education the importance of play in children's early learning. Readers of this second edition will also find the expansion of existing chapters in order to include topics such as inclusion, transitions, child protection in relation to the internet and partnerships with parents. The book covers the whole age range from birth to eight years with a special section on the birth to three years age group. Each chapter is fully referenced and has case studies or reflective practice boxes within the text. Informative and engaging, the book challenges the reader to think about how underlying theory may be reflected in practice. It will be essential reading for all students who are studying for early childhood qualifications at levels four, five and six.
Care and Education in Early Childhood: A Student's Guide to Theory and Practice
by Audrey Curtis Maureen O'HaganThe authors draw on their extensive early years experience to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the key issues in the field of early childhood care and education. In this fully updated and revised new edition, rewritten to include the new Early Years Foundation Stage, students will find that this text now meets the needs of students on Foundation degrees, Early Childhood Degrees and the new Early Years Professional qualification. Topics covered in this essential textbook include: an overview of the principles of effective practice discussions on equal opportunities and children's rights an update of the latest development theories relating to brain development and how children learn and the difficulties children may face in their learning investigations into what working with parents really means consideration of the different early years systems in operation summaries of key management issues and useful information on how to address them comparison with European perspectives on early years care and education the importance of play in children's early learning. Readers of this second edition will also find the expansion of existing chapters in order to include topics such as inclusion, transitions, child protection in relation to the internet and partnerships with parents. The book covers the whole age range from birth to eight years with a special section on the birth to three years age group. Each chapter is fully referenced and has case studies or reflective practice boxes within the text. Informative and engaging, the book challenges the reader to think about how underlying theory may be reflected in practice. It will be essential reading for all students who are studying for early childhood qualifications at levels four, five and six.
Care and Teachers in the Induction Years: Supporting Early Career Educators in Today’s Teaching Landscape
by Melanie Shoffner Angela W. WebbThis edited volume focuses on understandings and enactments of care in teacher induction in a landscape reshaped by the recent pandemic, ongoing societal issues, and increased expectations of teachers. Building on the editors’ book Reconstructing Care in Teacher Education after COVID-19: Caring Enough to Change, this volume extends reconsiderations of care and teacher development into K-12 schools, aiming to explore how care is, should, and can be operationalized in teacher induction now.Each chapter draws on research, practice, and reflection to provide recommendations to move teacher induction forward in responsive and caring ways. Authors include teacher educators, practicing teachers, and administrators representing different subject areas and educational levels. The operationalization of care also takes many forms, from mentorship and professional learning communities to support in navigating burnout and staff shortages. Chapters offer specific examples from contributors’ own teaching experiences and conclude with suggestions for adapting the model or practice for readers’ own programs and students.Ideal for faculty working with preservice educators and administrators supporting newly hired teachers, this book can also serve as recommended or supplementary reading in undergraduate or graduate teacher education, curriculum and instruction, leadership, and educational administration courses as well as within professional development opportunities.
Care and Teachers in the Induction Years: Supporting Early Career Educators in Today’s Teaching Landscape
by Melanie Shoffner Angela W. WebbThis edited volume focuses on understandings and enactments of care in teacher induction in a landscape reshaped by the recent pandemic, ongoing societal issues, and increased expectations of teachers. Building on the editors’ book Reconstructing Care in Teacher Education after COVID-19: Caring Enough to Change, this volume extends reconsiderations of care and teacher development into K-12 schools, aiming to explore how care is, should, and can be operationalized in teacher induction now.Each chapter draws on research, practice, and reflection to provide recommendations to move teacher induction forward in responsive and caring ways. Authors include teacher educators, practicing teachers, and administrators representing different subject areas and educational levels. The operationalization of care also takes many forms, from mentorship and professional learning communities to support in navigating burnout and staff shortages. Chapters offer specific examples from contributors’ own teaching experiences and conclude with suggestions for adapting the model or practice for readers’ own programs and students.Ideal for faculty working with preservice educators and administrators supporting newly hired teachers, this book can also serve as recommended or supplementary reading in undergraduate or graduate teacher education, curriculum and instruction, leadership, and educational administration courses as well as within professional development opportunities.