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Pedagogy, Praxis and Purpose in Education (Routledge Research in Education Policy and Politics)
by C.M. Mulcahy D.E. Mulcahy D.G. MulcahyRecent years have shown the growth of federal legislation and programs having a profound impact on educational policy and practice, and a decline in reliance on broadly based educational justifications. Paralleling this development has been the emergence of well-endowed and influential private foundations, and an increase in corporate influence in shaping policy. In this volume the authors consider the discourse, rhetoric, and underlying values that sustain these developments alongside those that underlie more longstanding and competing educational theories and practices. This volume highlights the importance of recognizing opposing conceptualizations of education—some more educationally productive than others— and their core values, approaches to student learning, strengths and weaknesses, and justification. The authors analyze and critique what Jane Roland Martin has referred to as ‘the deep structure of educational thought’, and seek improved educational policy and practice with particular reference to curriculum and pedagogy. It features a comparative analysis of competing discourses including autocratic control, limited personal development, and praxis.
Pedagogy, Religion, and Practice: Reflections on Ethics and Teaching
by A. BlockThis new work from Alan Block explores the contemporary discourses of education, scholarship and learning. The book offers a strong argument for the centrality of ethics in curriculum, scholarship and the classroom, and presents a powerful argument against the present emphasis on standards and quantitative accountability.
Pediatric Clinical Skills E-Book
by Richard B. GoldbloomPediatric Clinical Skills, 4th Edition, by renowned author Richard B. Goldbloom, is your ideal guide to mastering necessary, often complex and challenging pediatric clinical skills. Written in a clear, informal tone, this book explains the nuances of the child/family interview and history, pediatric physical exam, crucial interpersonal skills, and important issues such as cultural sensitivity, chronic conditions, and athletic participation. An indispensable learning tool for in-training physicians, this book is also a valuable resource for pediatric and family practice physicians, nurses, physician assistants, and all healthcare personnel who work with children. Discover the best approach and demeanor for interviewing patients and their families. Elicit cooperation and gain the maximum value from physical exams of patients of all ages, including preterm and low-birth-weight infants. Enhance cultural sensitivity and capably navigate issues associated with chronic conditions, athletic participation, and more. Perfect the latest approaches for approaching the adolescent, clinical evaluation for possible child abuse, palliative care, examining the head and neck, evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms, surgical assessment of the abdomen, and other rapidly evolving areas. Navigate growing areas of concern including obesity, autism, TV-watching, and video games. Access the complete contents online at studentconsult.com, with Integration Links to related content in other Student Consult resources…videos demonstrating different aspects of the neurological exam, including assessing cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy…additional content and images to complement Ch. 21, Clinical Evaluation for Possible Child Abuse…and full-color inserts that complement Ch. 8, Examining the Visual System, and Ch. 19, Assessing the Skin. Study efficiently with the aid of Case Histories, Key Points, and Recommended Readings.
Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues
by Steven E. Lipshultz, Sarah E. Messiah and Tracie L. MillerIn just under three decades, the world has witnessed an enormous rise in obesity with a parallel growth in cardiometabolic disease risk factors characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, together known as the metabolic syndrome - conditions previously unheard of in children and adolescents. During this time, we have little knowledge of the global and cumulative detrimental health effects of childhood obesity. As obese children age, not only will their health be negatively affected, but infertility and pregnancy complications associated with the metabolic syndrome will affect generations to come. The work force will undoubtedly be affected because of increased sick days and decreased work productivity. Identifying children and adolescents at the earliest stages of chronic disease onset should be the goal of clinical practice, yet there is no clear guidance for defining the risk of metabolic syndrome or appropriate risk-factor thresholds in these groups. If children are identified early in the disease process, lifestyle and clinical interventions can be instituted when they are potentially more effective. Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues approaches the pediatric metabolic syndrome by elucidating its effects on specific organ systems and by considering the problem through understanding the social, psychological and economic consequences of it. The Editors have recruited an invited group of esteemed experts in the field to provide the most timely and informative approaches on how to deal with this health crisis. Through educating our practitioners, our future researchers, our health and community organizations, our legislators and our families and children, we have the best chance at improving the health trajectory of the next generation.
Pediatric Secrets - E-Book: With Student Consult Online Access (Secrets)
by Richard A. Polin Mark F. DitmarFor more than 30 years, the highly regarded Secrets Series® has provided students and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Written by Drs. Richard A. Polin and Mark F. Ditmar, Pediatric Secrets, 7th Edition, features the Secrets’ popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, pearls, memory aids, and an easy-to-read style – making inquiry, reference, and review quick, easy, and enjoyable.The proven Secrets Series® format gives you the most return for your time – succinct, easy to read, engaging, and highly effective. Fully revised and updated throughout, including protocols and guidelines that are continuously evolving and that increasingly dictate best practices. Practical, up-to-date coverage of the full range of essential topics in the practice of pediatrics. Top 100 Secrets and Key Points boxes provide a fast overview of the secrets you must know for success in practice and on exams. Features bulleted lists, mnemonics, practical tips from leaders in the field – all providing a concise overview of important board-relevant content. Portable size makes it easy to carry with you for quick reference or review anywhere, anytime.
Pediatrics Morning Report: Beyond the Pearls E-Book (Morning Report)
by Adler Salazar Randall Y. Chan Michelle PietzakPediatrics Morning Report: Beyond the Pearls is a case-based reference that covers the key material included on the USMLE Step 2 and Step 3, as well as the pediatric clerkship. Focusing on the practical information you need to know, it teaches how to analyze a clinical vignette in the style of a morning report conference, sharpening your clinical decision-making skills and helping you formulate an evidence-based approach to realistic patient scenarios.Each case has been carefully chosen and covers scenarios and questions frequently encountered on the Pediatrics boards, shelf exams, and clinical practice, integrating both basic science and clinical pearls."Beyond the Pearls" tips and secrets (all evidence-based with references) provide deep coverage of core material."Morning Report"/"Grand Rounds" format begins with the chief complaints to the labs, relevant images, and includes a "pearl" at the end of the case. Questions are placed throughout the case to mimic practical decision making both in the hospital and on the board exam. Written and edited by experienced teachers and clinicians; each case has been reviewed by board certified attending/practicing physicians.
Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs
by Lauren A. RiveraAmericans are taught to believe that upward mobility is possible for anyone who is willing to work hard, regardless of their social status, yet it is often those from affluent backgrounds who land the best jobs. Pedigree takes readers behind the closed doors of top-tier investment banks, consulting firms, and law firms to reveal the truth about who really gets hired for the nation's highest-paying entry-level jobs, who doesn’t, and why.Drawing on scores of in-depth interviews as well as firsthand observation of hiring practices at some of America’s most prestigious firms, Lauren Rivera shows how, at every step of the hiring process, the ways that employers define and evaluate merit are strongly skewed to favor job applicants from economically privileged backgrounds. She reveals how decision makers draw from ideas about talent—what it is, what best signals it, and who does (and does not) have it—that are deeply rooted in social class. Displaying the "right stuff" that elite employers are looking for entails considerable amounts of economic, social, and cultural resources on the part of the applicants and their parents.Challenging our most cherished beliefs about college as a great equalizer and the job market as a level playing field, Pedigree exposes the class biases built into American notions about the best and the brightest, and shows how social status plays a significant role in determining who reaches the top of the economic ladder.
Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs
by Lauren A. RiveraAmericans are taught to believe that upward mobility is possible for anyone who is willing to work hard, regardless of their social status, yet it is often those from affluent backgrounds who land the best jobs. Pedigree takes readers behind the closed doors of top-tier investment banks, consulting firms, and law firms to reveal the truth about who really gets hired for the nation's highest-paying entry-level jobs, who doesn’t, and why.Drawing on scores of in-depth interviews as well as firsthand observation of hiring practices at some of America’s most prestigious firms, Lauren Rivera shows how, at every step of the hiring process, the ways that employers define and evaluate merit are strongly skewed to favor job applicants from economically privileged backgrounds. She reveals how decision makers draw from ideas about talent—what it is, what best signals it, and who does (and does not) have it—that are deeply rooted in social class. Displaying the "right stuff" that elite employers are looking for entails considerable amounts of economic, social, and cultural resources on the part of the applicants and their parents.Challenging our most cherished beliefs about college as a great equalizer and the job market as a level playing field, Pedigree exposes the class biases built into American notions about the best and the brightest, and shows how social status plays a significant role in determining who reaches the top of the economic ladder.
Peek, Otter!: Level 1 (PDF)
by Shira Evans National Geographic Kids StaffNational Geographic Primary Readers is a high-interest series of beginning reading books that have been developed in consultation with education experts. The books pair magnificent National Geographic photographs with lively text by skilled children’s book authors across four reading levels. Meet the funny and adorable river otter! Young readers will learn all about these amazing animals. Told in simple yet lively text, Peek, Otter! will enchant kids who are just beginning their reading journey. Level 1: Early reader: These books contain simple sentences and are just right for kids who can decode with ease and are beginning to read fluently. They are ideal for readers of Yellow and Blue banded books.
Peer-assisted Learning
by Keith Topping Stewart EhlyPeer Assisted Learning (PAL) involves children in school consciously assisting others to learn, and in so doing learning more effectively themselves. It encompasses peer tutoring, peer modeling, peer education, peer counseling, peer monitoring, and peer assessment, which are differentiated from other more general "co-operative learning" methods. PAL is not diluted or surrogate "teaching"; it complements and supplements (but never replaces) professional teaching--capitalizing on the unique qualities and richness of peer interaction and helping students become empowered democratically to take more responsibility for their own learning. In this book, PAL is presented as a set of dynamic, robust, effective, and flexible approaches to teaching and learning, which can be used in a range of different settings. The chapters provide descriptions of good practice blended with research findings on effectiveness. They describe procedures that can be applied to all areas of the school curriculum, and can be used with learners of all levels of ability, including gifted students, students with disabilities, and second-language learners. Among the distinguished contributors, many are from North America, while others are from Europe and Australia. The applicability of the methods they present is worldwide. Peer-Assisted Learning is designed to be accessible and useful to teachers and to those who employ, train, support, consult with, and evaluate them. Many chapters will be helpful to teachers aiming to replicate in their own school environments the cost-effective procedures described. A practical resources guide is included. This volume will also be of interest to faculty and researchers in the fields of education and psychology, to community educators who want to learn about the implications of Peer Assisted Learning beyond school contexts, and to employers and others involved in post-school training.
Peer-assisted Learning: A Practical Guide For Teachers
by Keith Topping Stewart EhlyPeer Assisted Learning (PAL) involves children in school consciously assisting others to learn, and in so doing learning more effectively themselves. It encompasses peer tutoring, peer modeling, peer education, peer counseling, peer monitoring, and peer assessment, which are differentiated from other more general "co-operative learning" methods. PAL is not diluted or surrogate "teaching"; it complements and supplements (but never replaces) professional teaching--capitalizing on the unique qualities and richness of peer interaction and helping students become empowered democratically to take more responsibility for their own learning. In this book, PAL is presented as a set of dynamic, robust, effective, and flexible approaches to teaching and learning, which can be used in a range of different settings. The chapters provide descriptions of good practice blended with research findings on effectiveness. They describe procedures that can be applied to all areas of the school curriculum, and can be used with learners of all levels of ability, including gifted students, students with disabilities, and second-language learners. Among the distinguished contributors, many are from North America, while others are from Europe and Australia. The applicability of the methods they present is worldwide. Peer-Assisted Learning is designed to be accessible and useful to teachers and to those who employ, train, support, consult with, and evaluate them. Many chapters will be helpful to teachers aiming to replicate in their own school environments the cost-effective procedures described. A practical resources guide is included. This volume will also be of interest to faculty and researchers in the fields of education and psychology, to community educators who want to learn about the implications of Peer Assisted Learning beyond school contexts, and to employers and others involved in post-school training.
Peer-Group Mentoring for Teacher Development
by Hannu L.T. Heikkinen Hannu Jokinen Päivi TynjäläSupporting new teachers is a common challenge globally and the European Commission has recently emphasised the need to promote a lifelong continuum of teachers professional development by building bridges between pre-service and in-service teacher education.Peer-Group Mentoring for Teacher Development introduces and contextualises for an internati
Peer-Group Mentoring for Teacher Development
by Hannu L. T. Heikkinen Hannu Jokinen Päivi TynjäläSupporting new teachers is a common challenge globally and the European Commission has recently emphasised the need to promote a lifelong continuum of teachers professional development by building bridges between pre-service and in-service teacher education.Peer-Group Mentoring for Teacher Development introduces and contextualises for an internati
Peer Instruction: Interaktive Lehre praktisch umgesetzt
by Günther Kurz Eric Mazur Ulrich HartenDas vorliegende Buch bietet Lehrenden eine schrittweise Einführung zur Planung und Durchführung der Peer Instruction Lehrmethode in der Physik. Mit der vorliegenden deutschen Übersetzung des Buches von Harvard-Professor Eric Mazur, der diese Methode entwickelt und erstmals eingesetzt hat, erhalten Lehrende unmittelbar anwendbare, gut durchdachte Arbeitsmaterialien für die Grundlagenvorlesung Physik in allen technischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Studiengängen.In einem ersten Teil wird die grundlegende Peer Instruction Philosophie vorgestellt. In einem zweiten Teil finden sich:• 243 Verständnisfragen im Multiple-Choice-Format• 109 Verständnisaufgaben für die Physikklausur• zwei bewährte diagnostische Tests, die das konzeptuelle Verständnis der Newton’schen Mechanik der Studierenden überprüfen.Für Lehrende sind sämtliche erwähnte Unterrichtsmaterialien auf der Verlagsseite des Buches aufbereitet und abrufbar. Zusätzlich findet sich auf der begleitenden Webseite peerinstruction.net ein Forum für Austausch und Beiträge von Anwendern dieser Methode.Diese didaktische Methode, die eine Variante des 'Inverted Classroom' darstellt, ist seit über 20 Jahren nicht nur in der Physik, sondern auch in anderen Studienfächerfächern erfolgreich im Einsatz. Die Grundidee einer Abstimmung und anschließender Diskussion zwischen den Studierenden über eine von der Lehrperson gestellten Multiple-Choice-Frage ist als aktivierendes Element in verschiedensten Lehrsituationen flexibel einsetzbar. Ein elektronisches Abstimmungssystem ist dafür nützlich, aber nicht zwingend.
Peer Instruction in der Mathematik: Didaktische, organisatorische und technische Grundlagen praxisnah erläutert
by Peter RieglerSie möchten Ihre Lehrveranstaltungen aktivierender und wirksamer gestalten? Sie möchten die Verständnisschwierigkeiten Ihrer Studierenden besser erkennen und verstehen? Sie möchten die studentische Beteiligung steigern, zum Nachdenken und Diskutieren anregen? Lernen Sie das Potenzial von Clickerfragen für die akademische Lehre kennen – damit es bei Ihren Studierenden klick macht! In diesem Buch werden die Grundlagen der interaktiv-dialogischen Lehrmethode praxisnah erläutert. Dabei werden auch häufige Fragen zu didaktischen, organisatorischen und technischen Aspekten beantwortet, etwa:Was ist die Grundidee von Peer Instruction?Wie wirksam ist Peer Instruction? Wie überzeuge ich meine Studierenden davon?Welche technischen Voraussetzungen gibt es?Wie stelle ich gute Clickerfragen?Was sollte ich sonst noch beachten?
Peer Interactions in New Content and Language Integrated Settings (Educational Linguistics #24)
by Nathan J. DevosTrade schools, universities, and programs for international students have begun to experiment with Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) as a viable pedagogy for instruction, as the pedagogy of CLIL increasingly gains recognition as a practical form of language and content education in Europe and beyond, and its application in instructional settings becomes more diverse. Corresponding with CLIL’s growth, this book focuses on foreign language use during peer interactions in a new CLIL setting. It particularly concentrates on how to conduct research when the focus is on learner interactions. The theoretical background, research methods, and research instruments are explained in a brief and understandable manner. This book is intended for those interested in CLIL and peer interactions and includes a framework and ideas for investigating new CLIL contexts in a practical manner allowing undergraduate and graduate students to conduct their own research in these settings.
Peer Learning in Higher Education: Learning from and with Each Other
by David Boud Ruth Cohen Jane SampsonWhile peer learning is often used informally by students - and for many can form an essential part of their HE experience - this book discusses methods of developing more effective learning through the systematic implementation of peer learning approaches.
Peer Learning in Higher Education: Learning from and with Each Other
by Ruth Cohen David David Boud Jane (all of the University of Technology Sampson, Jane (all of the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia)While peer learning is often used informally by students - and for many can form an essential part of their HE experience - this book discusses methods of developing more effective learning through the systematic implementation of peer learning approaches.
Peer-Led Team Learning: Evaluation, Dissemination, and Institutionalization of a College Level Initiative (Innovations in Science Education and Technology #16)
by Leo Gafney Pratibha Varma-NelsonThere seems to be no end to the flood of conferences, workshops, panel discussions, reports and research studies calling for change in the introductory science courses in our colleges and universities. But, there comes a time to move from criticism to action. In 1993, the Division of Undergraduate Education of the National Science Foundation called for proposals for systemic initiatives to change the way int- ductory chemistry is taught. One of the five awards was to design, develop and implement the peer-led Workshop, a new structure to help students learn science. This book is a study of 15 years of work by the Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) project, a national consortium of faculty, learning specialists and students. The authors have been in the thick of the action as project evaluator (Gafney) and co-principle investigator (Varma-Nelson). Readers of this book will find a story of successful change in educational practice, a story that continues today as new institutions, faculty, and disciplines adopt the PLTL model. They will learn the model in theory and in practice and the supporting data that encourage others to adopt and adapt PLTL to new sit- tions. Although the project has long since lost count of the number of implem- tations of the model, conservative estimates are that more than 100 community and four year colleges and a range of universities have adopted the PLTL model to advance student learning for more than 20,000 students in a variety of STEM disciplines.
Peer Mediation: Citizenship And Social Inclusion Revisited (UK Higher Education OUP Humanities & Social Sciences Education OUP)
by Hilary Cremin"This book is a must for those who, like me, believe passionately both in the power of peer mediation...and in the urgency of spreading good practice in a society like ours, which is desperately searching for ways to be inclusive and at peace with itself.”Tim Brighouse, former Commissioner for London Schools“As the challenges facing young people grow so do the array of support mechanisms to help them. During my time as a Member of Parliament and as a Minister I saw many of the ideas and initiatives which were tackling this issue. I am attracted to the idea of peer mediation mainly because it goes beyond the question of how can we protect and help children when they have a difficulty, and develops those increasingly important social and emotional skills in all children”Estelle Morris, Former Secretary of State, DfES Why use peer mediation? What are the factors that influence its failure or success? Peer mediation as a form of conflict resolution is growing in popularity and usage, particularly within education. The number of schools using this method has increased, with many schools in the UK now using mediation to settle disputes both in school, and in the wider community.Based on the author’s extensive work on peer mediation, the book provides a thorough account of theory and practice relating to an approach that can enable young people to resolve their own disputes – and those of their peers. The author shows how peer mediation can be embraced by schools to strengthen student voice, behaviour management, active citizenship and inclusion, as well as how it can be neglected and fail to achieve these aims. Drawing on case studies of peer mediation in schools, the book offers an analysis of the work that has been carried out in this area. It revisits key debates in education such as citizenship, social inclusion, student voice and behaviour management in order to begin to address the questions surrounding this method of conflict resolution. Peer Mediation is key reading for primary and secondary school teachers, educational professionals, academics, policy-makers and those with an interest in practical peace making.
Peer Mentoring in Music Education: Developing Effective Student Leadership
by Andrew GoodrichPeer Mentoring in Music Education: Developing Effective Student Leadership offers a practical guide to peer mentoring in music education, enabling music teachers to implement and benefit from this technique with their students. Drawing on extensive and current research in education and music education, the core focus of this book is on the instructional practice of peer mentoring and how students can become effective leaders. Through case studies and examples focused on music education, the author shows how peer mentoring can transform learning for all students and foster student leadership as part of a student-centered instructional approach. Part I explores the foundations of these instructional practices, the role of the music teacher, the role of the student, and how socializing and student leadership contribute to meaningful learning. Part II portrays stories of four exemplary music teachers who use peer mentoring and student leadership in their music programs across a wide array of age levels and music classes and ensembles. Music teachers will benefit from learning about the transformative power of peer mentoring and student leadership, and how these instructional practices aid with diversity, equity, inclusion, and access so that all students are valued in the music class and ensemble. Peer Mentoring in Music Education: Developing Effective Student Leadership provides a comprehensive guide for in-service and preservice music teachers seeking to understand peer mentoring and incorporate this technique in teaching.
Peer Mentoring in Music Education: Developing Effective Student Leadership
by Andrew GoodrichPeer Mentoring in Music Education: Developing Effective Student Leadership offers a practical guide to peer mentoring in music education, enabling music teachers to implement and benefit from this technique with their students. Drawing on extensive and current research in education and music education, the core focus of this book is on the instructional practice of peer mentoring and how students can become effective leaders. Through case studies and examples focused on music education, the author shows how peer mentoring can transform learning for all students and foster student leadership as part of a student-centered instructional approach. Part I explores the foundations of these instructional practices, the role of the music teacher, the role of the student, and how socializing and student leadership contribute to meaningful learning. Part II portrays stories of four exemplary music teachers who use peer mentoring and student leadership in their music programs across a wide array of age levels and music classes and ensembles. Music teachers will benefit from learning about the transformative power of peer mentoring and student leadership, and how these instructional practices aid with diversity, equity, inclusion, and access so that all students are valued in the music class and ensemble. Peer Mentoring in Music Education: Developing Effective Student Leadership provides a comprehensive guide for in-service and preservice music teachers seeking to understand peer mentoring and incorporate this technique in teaching.
Peer Play and Relationships in Early Childhood: International Research Perspectives (International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Development #30)
by Avis Ridgway Gloria Quiñones Liang LiThis book offers a rich collection of international research narratives that reveal the qualities and value of peer play. It presents new understandings of peer play and relationships in chapters drawn from richly varied contexts that involve sibling play, collaborative peer play, and joint play with adults. The book explores social strategies such as cooperation, negotiation, playing with rules, expressing empathy, and sharing imaginary emotional peer play experiences. Its reconceptualization of peer play and relationships promotes new thinking on children's development in contemporary worlds. It shows how new knowledge generated about young children's play with peers illuminates how they learn and develop within and across communities, families, and educational settings in diverse cultural contexts. The book addresses issues that are relevant for parents, early years' professionals and academics, including the role of play in learning at school, the role of adults in self-initiated play, and the long-term impact of early friendships. The book makes clear how recent cultural differences involve digital, engineering and imaginary peer play. The book follows a clear line of argument highlighting the importance of play-based learning and stress the importance of further knowledge of children's interaction in their context. This book aims to highlight the narration of peer play, mostly leaning on a sociocultural theoretical perspective, where many chapters have a cultural-historical theoretical frame and highlight children's social situation of development. Polly Björk-Willén, Linköping University, Sweden
Peer Relationships in Classroom Management: Evidence and Interventions for Teaching
by Martin H. JonesPeer Relationships in Classroom Management offers pragmatic, empirically validated guidance to teachers in training on issues pertaining to students’ interpersonal relationships. Concepts such as bullying, popularity, and online friendships are ubiquitous in today’s schools, but what kinds of scientific and pedagogical knowledge can support teachers navigating students’ complex lives? Using real-world examples and case studies, this book helps preservice educators to enhance their knowledge of classroom management by focusing on the interpersonal relationships in their schools. Each chapter includes an accessible approach to understanding the social motives in student’s peer interactions inside school, and how to best intervene when these social interactions become detrimental to learning or cause negative interpersonal interactions.
Peer Relationships in Classroom Management: Evidence and Interventions for Teaching
by Martin H. JonesPeer Relationships in Classroom Management offers pragmatic, empirically validated guidance to teachers in training on issues pertaining to students’ interpersonal relationships. Concepts such as bullying, popularity, and online friendships are ubiquitous in today’s schools, but what kinds of scientific and pedagogical knowledge can support teachers navigating students’ complex lives? Using real-world examples and case studies, this book helps preservice educators to enhance their knowledge of classroom management by focusing on the interpersonal relationships in their schools. Each chapter includes an accessible approach to understanding the social motives in student’s peer interactions inside school, and how to best intervene when these social interactions become detrimental to learning or cause negative interpersonal interactions.