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Britain and the Politics of Rhodesian Independence (Routledge Revivals)
by Elaine WindrichFirst published in 1978, Britain and the Politics of Rhodesian Independence is a study of British policy towards Rhodesia and an account of the failure of both Labour and Conservative governments to find a satisfactory solution to its ‘decolonization’. The essential bar to a solution was that the British government had, in Rhodesia, responsibility but no power. Force being ruled out, and sanctions ineffective, nothing remained but the diplomacy of detente, while the two sides in Rhodesia itself moved closer and closer to deadlock.This study provides a balanced and clear analysis of the developments essential to an understanding of the events in Rhodesia. Covering the period 1964–77, with an introduction to the issue as it arose in 1962–3, the attitudes of successive British governments are examined and the pressures affecting their responses considered. A concluding section looks at the international repercussions in 1976–7 and the reactions of the United Nations to the situation then. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of history, politics, and international relations.
Britain and the Politics of Rhodesian Independence (Routledge Revivals)
by Elaine WindrichFirst published in 1978, Britain and the Politics of Rhodesian Independence is a study of British policy towards Rhodesia and an account of the failure of both Labour and Conservative governments to find a satisfactory solution to its ‘decolonization’. The essential bar to a solution was that the British government had, in Rhodesia, responsibility but no power. Force being ruled out, and sanctions ineffective, nothing remained but the diplomacy of detente, while the two sides in Rhodesia itself moved closer and closer to deadlock.This study provides a balanced and clear analysis of the developments essential to an understanding of the events in Rhodesia. Covering the period 1964–77, with an introduction to the issue as it arose in 1962–3, the attitudes of successive British governments are examined and the pressures affecting their responses considered. A concluding section looks at the international repercussions in 1976–7 and the reactions of the United Nations to the situation then. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of history, politics, and international relations.
Britain and the Puzzle of European Union (Routledge Studies in Modern British History)
by Andrew DuffThis book is a study of the complex relationship between Britain and Europe from the Second World War to the present day. Drawing on first-hand experience of British and European politics, the author highlights not only the dramatically shifting power play between London and Brussels but also the EU’s own struggle to come to terms with its federal mission. He traces the important constitutional events that have fashioned the EU, of which the Brexit process is an outstanding example. The author proposes a number of constitutional reforms which, if carried through, would form the basis of a new entente between the EU and the UK. Both polities will profit from stronger democratic government of a federal type. The author advocates spanning the divide between NATO and the EU. He proposes installing a new class of affiliate EU membership, which may be useful for the whole European neighbourhood, including the UK. Featuring the history, present and future of Britain’s relationship with the European Union, the book will be of worldwide interest to students and practitioners of European integration, as well as diplomats and journalists. It is the first comprehensive manifesto for the future of Europe and Britain since Brexit.
Britain and the Puzzle of European Union (Routledge Studies in Modern British History)
by Andrew DuffThis book is a study of the complex relationship between Britain and Europe from the Second World War to the present day. Drawing on first-hand experience of British and European politics, the author highlights not only the dramatically shifting power play between London and Brussels but also the EU’s own struggle to come to terms with its federal mission. He traces the important constitutional events that have fashioned the EU, of which the Brexit process is an outstanding example. The author proposes a number of constitutional reforms which, if carried through, would form the basis of a new entente between the EU and the UK. Both polities will profit from stronger democratic government of a federal type. The author advocates spanning the divide between NATO and the EU. He proposes installing a new class of affiliate EU membership, which may be useful for the whole European neighbourhood, including the UK. Featuring the history, present and future of Britain’s relationship with the European Union, the book will be of worldwide interest to students and practitioners of European integration, as well as diplomats and journalists. It is the first comprehensive manifesto for the future of Europe and Britain since Brexit.
Britain and the Regency of Tripoli: Consuls and Empire-Building in Nineteenth-Century North Africa
by Sara M. ElGaddariBy the early 1820s, British policy in the Eastern Mediterranean was at a crossroads. Historically shaped by the rivalry with France, the course of Britain's future role in the region was increasingly affected by concern about the future of the Ottoman Empire and fears over Russia's ambitions in the Balkans and the Middle East. The Regency of Tripoli was at this time establishing a new era in foreign and commercial relations with Europe and the United States. Among the most important of these relationships was that with Britain. Using the National Archive records of correspondence of the British consuls and diplomats from 1795 to 1832, and within the context of the wider Eastern Question, this book reconstructs the the Anglo-Tripolitanian relationship and argues that the Regency played a vital role in Britain's imperial strategy during and after the Napoleonic Wars. Including the perspective of Tripolitanian notables and British diplomats, it contends that the activities of British consuls in Tripoli, and the networks they fostered around themselves, reshaped the nature and extent of British imperial activity in the region.
Britain and the Regency of Tripoli: Consuls and Empire-Building in Nineteenth-Century North Africa
by Sara M. ElGaddariBy the early 1820s, British policy in the Eastern Mediterranean was at a crossroads. Historically shaped by the rivalry with France, the course of Britain's future role in the region was increasingly affected by concern about the future of the Ottoman Empire and fears over Russia's ambitions in the Balkans and the Middle East. The Regency of Tripoli was at this time establishing a new era in foreign and commercial relations with Europe and the United States. Among the most important of these relationships was that with Britain. Using the National Archive records of correspondence of the British consuls and diplomats from 1795 to 1832, and within the context of the wider Eastern Question, this book reconstructs the the Anglo-Tripolitanian relationship and argues that the Regency played a vital role in Britain's imperial strategy during and after the Napoleonic Wars. Including the perspective of Tripolitanian notables and British diplomats, it contends that the activities of British consuls in Tripoli, and the networks they fostered around themselves, reshaped the nature and extent of British imperial activity in the region.
Britain and the Revolutions in Eastern Europe, 1989: Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume XII (Whitehall Histories)
by Richard SmithThis volume documents the UK Government’s response to the unfolding social and political changes in Eastern Europe during 1989. The year 1989 saw momentous change in Europe. It was the year in which Communist rule in Eastern Europe finally ended: with mass demonstrations, an end to one-Party rule, free elections and the opening of borders. In Poland, the independent trade union Solidarity went from being an illegal organisation to running the country. Vaclav Havel went from being a jailed dissident to President of Czechoslovakia. In October 1989, the German Democratic Republic marked the 40th anniversary of the Socialist state, only to see that state collapse a month later following the opening of the Berlin Wall. In December, the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceauşescu saw his near quarter century rule brought to an end in a matter of days. This volume charts the events of an historic year in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Hungary, Poland and Romania, and looks at British policy towards the Baltic States. It contains reporting from British embassies on the rapidly changing political scene, and documents attempts by the British Government to develop policy against the backdrop of unfolding revolution. This book will be of interest to students of British politics, Eastern European politics, and International Relations.
Britain and the Revolutions in Eastern Europe, 1989: Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume XII (Whitehall Histories)
by Richard Smith Paul Bali Tara Finn Luke GibbonThis volume documents the UK Government’s response to the unfolding social and political changes in Eastern Europe during 1989. The year 1989 saw momentous change in Europe. It was the year in which Communist rule in Eastern Europe finally ended: with mass demonstrations, an end to one-Party rule, free elections and the opening of borders. In Poland, the independent trade union Solidarity went from being an illegal organisation to running the country. Vaclav Havel went from being a jailed dissident to President of Czechoslovakia. In October 1989, the German Democratic Republic marked the 40th anniversary of the Socialist state, only to see that state collapse a month later following the opening of the Berlin Wall. In December, the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceauşescu saw his near quarter century rule brought to an end in a matter of days. This volume charts the events of an historic year in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Hungary, Poland and Romania, and looks at British policy towards the Baltic States. It contains reporting from British embassies on the rapidly changing political scene, and documents attempts by the British Government to develop policy against the backdrop of unfolding revolution. This book will be of interest to students of British politics, Eastern European politics, and International Relations.
Britain and the Ruhr Crisis (Studies in Military and Strategic History)
by E. O'RiordanThis book provides a comprehensive examination of British policy during the Ruhr occupation crisis of 1922-24. It explores Britain's attitude to reparations and to broader questions of postwar European reconstruction and stability, revealing the dilemmas caused by Britain's underlying strategic and economic weakness after the First World War. It highlights the difficulties Britain encountered when dealing with her European neighbours and provides a valuable insight into the complexity of British foreign policy during this brief but crucial period.
Britain and the Sea: Since 1600
by G. O'HaraO'Hara presents the first general history of Britons' relationship with the surrounding oceans from 1600 to the present day. This all-encompassing account covers individual seafarers, ship-borne migration, warfare and the maritime economy, as well as the British people's maritime ideas and self perception throughout the centuries.
Britain and the Sea: Since 1600
by Glen O'HaraO'Hara presents the first general history of Britons' relationship with the surrounding oceans from 1600 to the present day. This all-encompassing account covers individual seafarers, ship-borne migration, warfare and the maritime economy, as well as the British people's maritime ideas and self perception throughout the centuries.
Britain and the Seventy Years War, 1744-1815: Enlightenment, Revolution and Empire (British History in Perspective)
by Anthony PageEighteenth-century Britons were frequently anxious about the threat of invasion, military weakness, possible financial collapse and potential revolution. Anthony Page argues that between 1744 and 1815, Britain fought a 'Seventy Years War' with France. This invaluable study:- argues for a new periodization of eighteenth-century British history, and explains the politics and course of Anglo-French war - explores Britain's 'fiscal-naval' state and its role in the expansion of empire and industrial revolution- highlights links between war, Enlightenment and the evolution of modern British culture and politics.Synthesizing recent research on political, military, economic, social and cultural history, Page demonstrates how Anglo-French war influenced the revolutionary era and helped to shape the first age of global imperialism.
Britain and the Spanish Anti-Franco Opposition
by D. DunthornAfter fascism's defeat in 1945 Britain did not co-operate with Franco's Spanish opponents to end his dictatorship. This study demonstrates how divisions in the Spanish opposition were one factor but argues that Britain's strategic and commercial interests in Spain also acted as a disincentive. Only when international pressure for sanctions threatened Iberian stability in 1947 did the British government turn to the Spanish opposition. With the advent of the Cold War, however, the opposition became irrelevant to British needs and Franco's survival was guaranteed.
Britain and the United States in Greece: Anglo-American Relations and the Origins of the Cold War
by Spero Simeon ParavantesFor the first time, Britain and the United States in Greece provides an in-depth analysis of Anglo-American diplomacy in Greece from 1946 to 1950. After Word War II, as Europe floundered economically, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee looked to disengage Britain from some of its broad international obligations and increase American support for its new foreign agenda. One place he sought to do so was in Greece.Spero Simeon Z. Paravantes reveals how the relationship between Britain and the US developed in this formative period, arguing that Britain used the fast-escalating tensions of the Cold War to direct US policy in Greece and encourage the Americans to take a more active role – effectively taking Britain's place – in the region. In the process, Paravantes sheds new light on how the American experience in Greece contributed to the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and the containment of communism, the structure of Greek institutions, and ultimately, the birth of the Cold War.Drawing on a wide range of sources from Britain, the US, Greece and the Balkans, this book is essential reading for all scholars looking to gain fresh insight into the complex origins of the Cold War, 20th-century Anglo-American relations, and the history of modern Greece.
Britain and the United States in Greece: Anglo-American Relations and the Origins of the Cold War
by Spero Simeon ParavantesFor the first time, Britain and the United States in Greece provides an in-depth analysis of Anglo-American diplomacy in Greece from 1946 to 1950. After Word War II, as Europe floundered economically, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee looked to disengage Britain from some of its broad international obligations and increase American support for its new foreign agenda. One place he sought to do so was in Greece.Spero Simeon Z. Paravantes reveals how the relationship between Britain and the US developed in this formative period, arguing that Britain used the fast-escalating tensions of the Cold War to direct US policy in Greece and encourage the Americans to take a more active role – effectively taking Britain's place – in the region. In the process, Paravantes sheds new light on how the American experience in Greece contributed to the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and the containment of communism, the structure of Greek institutions, and ultimately, the birth of the Cold War.Drawing on a wide range of sources from Britain, the US, Greece and the Balkans, this book is essential reading for all scholars looking to gain fresh insight into the complex origins of the Cold War, 20th-century Anglo-American relations, and the history of modern Greece.
Britain and the Weimar Republic: The History of a Cultural Relationship (International Library of Twentieth Century History)
by Colin StorerBetween the two world wars, Germany managed - despite all the political upheavals it was experiencing - to attract extremely large numbers of British travellers and tourists. During the Weimar period in particular, Germany attracted visitors from virtually every section of British society. Previous research into British interactions with the Weimar Republic has tended to focus, to the point of exclusivity, on official attitudes towards Germany or the lives and works of a few individual authors and statesmen. In particular, research into British intellectual engagement with the Weimar Republic has been focused on the writings, attitudes and activities of Christopher Isherwood and the 'Berlin Bloomsbury' set. Indeed, Isherwood's 'Berlin Novels' have become transfigured in the minds of many as the archetypal image of the Republic, as works of history rather than fiction. Yet this has meant that the true extent and diversity of British intellectual interaction with Weimar Germany has not been appreciated.This book moves away from this traditional focus to provide the first broad comparative study of British intellectual attitudes towards Weimar Germany. It stresses the diversity of British travel to and interaction with the Republic; whilst also highlighting areas of commonality in these attitudes. Above all it seeks to establish why the Weimar Republic was so appealing to such a variety of individuals. It identifies key trends and themes running through the contemporary British discourse on the Republic - such as modernity, youth and rebellion, decadence, crisis and victimhood - and relates these to wider cultural trends in the interwar period. Based on wide-ranging research encompassing unpublished documents, diaries and letters, autobiographical writings, travel writing, works of fiction and newspaper reports, this book challenges the received understanding of the 'inevitable collapse' of the Republic and deals with a wide range of rich personalities, many of whom have been long overshadowed by Isherwood and his circle.
Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century: Ever Decreasing Circles
by Michael J TurnerThis is a detailed, single volume analysis of Britain's changing position in the world during the twentieth century. It places British policy making in the appropriate domestic and international contexts, offers an alternative to the more negative, 'decline'-obsessed assessments of Britain's role and influence in global affairs. This book suggests that Britain's leaders did a better job than some historians think. Michael Turner, in order to understand why they took the options they did, investigates their motives and aims within the international environment within which they operated.
Britain and the World since 1945 (Seminar Studies)
by Alasdair BlairThis Seminar Studies title is a succinct study of modern British foreign policy, focusing on the period from 1945 to the present day. Since the end of the Second World War, Britain has been engaged in international conflicts from the Suez Crisis to the Gulf War and has actively sought involvement in transnational and global affairs. Starting with a brief overview of the rise and fall of the British Empire and continuing chronologically with detailed chapters covering the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first, Alasdair Blair discusses the highs and lows of British foreign policy in an accessible yet analytical manner. Dealing with themes such as the issues triggered by decolonisation and the changing relationship between Britain and Europe, this text considers the pivotal moments in modern Britain’s engagement with the wider world. Included in this title are supporting materials, such as a chronology of important events from 1945, a Who’s Who of key government figures and a collection of relevant primary sources. Thorough yet concise, Britain and the World since 1945 is the ideal resource for students interested in the development of British foreign policy.
Britain and the World since 1945 (Seminar Studies)
by Alasdair BlairThis Seminar Studies title is a succinct study of modern British foreign policy, focusing on the period from 1945 to the present day. Since the end of the Second World War, Britain has been engaged in international conflicts from the Suez Crisis to the Gulf War and has actively sought involvement in transnational and global affairs. Starting with a brief overview of the rise and fall of the British Empire and continuing chronologically with detailed chapters covering the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first, Alasdair Blair discusses the highs and lows of British foreign policy in an accessible yet analytical manner. Dealing with themes such as the issues triggered by decolonisation and the changing relationship between Britain and Europe, this text considers the pivotal moments in modern Britain’s engagement with the wider world. Included in this title are supporting materials, such as a chronology of important events from 1945, a Who’s Who of key government figures and a collection of relevant primary sources. Thorough yet concise, Britain and the World since 1945 is the ideal resource for students interested in the development of British foreign policy.
Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins — Foreign Policy and the Limits of Covert Action
by Clive JonesBetween 1962 and 1965 Britain engaged in covert operations in support of Royalist forces fighting the Egyptian backed Republican regime that had seized power in the Yemeni capital Sana'a in September 1962. Covert action was regarded as a legitimate tool of foreign policy as Britain attempted to secure the future of the newly formed South Arabian Federation against the animus of Nasser. The use of covert action, as well as the quasi approval given to the use of mercenaries to support the Royalist cause, was the inevitable result of policy differences within Whitehall (most notably between the mandarins' of the Colonial Office and the Foreign Office) as well as international constraints imposed upon the UK in the aftermath of the Suez crisis. The book examines the extent to which British policy, while successful in imposing a war of attrition upon Nasser in the Yemen, contributed to the political demise of the very objective covert action was designed to secure: the future stability of the Federation of South Arabia. The study makes extensive use of primary sources in producing the first detailed account of British involvement in the Yemen Civil War, and how the experience shaped British foreign policy. It breaks new ground by analyzing the extent to which Britain came to support the Royalist cause despite public declarations of non-involvement in the Yemen conflict, and details for the first time how London's tacit support for mercenary operations' in the Yemen came to enlist the help of Saudi Arabia and Israel.
Britain and Transnational Progressivism
by D. GutzkeThis collection of essaysexplores how Progressivism was the historical catalyst for reforms across the social and political spectrum in Britain for over half a century.
Britain and Turkey in the Middle East: Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era (Library of Modern Middle East Studies)
by Mustafa BilginIn the first work documenting Anglo-Turkish relations in the Middle East in the early Cold War period, Mustafa Bilgin identifies two very distinct stages in the relationship between Britain and Turkey. Before 1952 Turkey relied heavily on Britain to protect it from the 'Soviet menace'. In return for Britain's support, Turkey acted as an honest broker in Britain's increasingly difficult relations with key Middle Eastern states such as Egypt, Iran and Iraq. However Turkey's realisation that it could not rely on Britain, encouraged by Britain's blocking of Turkish membership of NATO in 1952, led to a new alliance between Turkey and the US.This is the first book to understand the development of the Cold War in the Middle East by exploring the Turkish case. 'Britain and Turkey in the Middle East' is crucial to grasping the nature of Western strategy in general and British and Turkish strategy in particular during the crucial early years of the Cold War.
Britain and UN Peacekeeping: 1948-67
by N. BriscoeBritain was arguably the single greatest catalyst and beneficiary of UN peacekeeping operations during the post-war period. This book analyses the reasons for this, including the post-colonial conflicts which Britain handed the UN and its determination to ensure that peacekeeping evolved in a manner compatible with UK national interests. Despite initial ambivalence about letting the UN run military operations, Britain repeatedly used the organization, to shed colonial responsibilities, save face, share policing burdens, and stabilise conflicts in sensitive regions. This comprehensive survey first examines UK experience with antecedents of UN operations, notably 19th century colonial policing and missions set up under the League of Nations. It then analyses British efforts to influence, contain and exploit individual UN operations, including the Emergency Force established following the Suez Crisis (1956-67), the force in the Congo (1960-64), and the enduring operation in Cyprus (1967-). Also covered are several instances when British Governments preferred to intervene unilaterally, including in Jordan and Kuwait. One of the main contributions of the book is the detailed analysis of internal UK Government and UN files, which the author uses to reconstruct the policy making process. The book also sheds light on the peacekeeping policies of certain other key states, particularly the US and USSR. Finally, the account addresses some issues of contemporary relevance, including the tension between neutrality and impartiality, peacekeeping in a semi-permissive environment, and the use of force.
