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The Evolution of Cooperation: Revised Edition
by Robert AxelrodA famed political scientist's classic argument for a more cooperative worldWe assume that, in a world ruled by natural selection, selfishness pays. So why cooperate? In The Evolution of Cooperation, political scientist Robert Axelrod seeks to answer this question. In 1980, he organized the famed Computer Prisoners Dilemma Tournament, which sought to find the optimal strategy for survival in a particular game. Over and over, the simplest strategy, a cooperative program called Tit for Tat, shut out the competition. In other words, cooperation, not unfettered competition, turns out to be our best chance for survival.A vital book for leaders and decision makers, The Evolution of Cooperation reveals how cooperative principles help us think better about everything from military strategy, to political elections, to family dynamics.
The Evolution of Counter-Terrorism Since 9/11: Understanding the Paradigm Shift in Liberal Democracies (Political Violence)
by Thomas RenardThis book examines the evolution of counter-terrorism (CT) policies in liberal democracies since 2001, with a specific focus on the case of Belgium. What is counter-terrorism (CT)? While the answer to this question may seem self-evident, it has become quite complicated to define the contours of a field that has expanded dramatically in the two decades since the 9/11 attacks. The development of "softer" policies, dealing with the prevention of radicalisation, has blurred the limits of CT. Through the use of public policy theory and an in-depth case study on Belgium, the book identifies the key factors influencing CT policy-making, both domestically and internationally, and offers an explanation for the development of a more comprehensive CT agenda across Europe. It provides an innovative theoretical approach and is also based on extensive interviews with key counter-terrorism officials and analysis of key policy documents. The book concludes by identifying some key drivers of change and offers an embryonic theory of CT policy-making. The book will be of much interest to students and practitioners of counter-terrorism, radicalisation, European politics and security studies.
The Evolution of Counter-Terrorism Since 9/11: Understanding the Paradigm Shift in Liberal Democracies (Political Violence)
by Thomas RenardThis book examines the evolution of counter-terrorism (CT) policies in liberal democracies since 2001, with a specific focus on the case of Belgium. What is counter-terrorism (CT)? While the answer to this question may seem self-evident, it has become quite complicated to define the contours of a field that has expanded dramatically in the two decades since the 9/11 attacks. The development of "softer" policies, dealing with the prevention of radicalisation, has blurred the limits of CT. Through the use of public policy theory and an in-depth case study on Belgium, the book identifies the key factors influencing CT policy-making, both domestically and internationally, and offers an explanation for the development of a more comprehensive CT agenda across Europe. It provides an innovative theoretical approach and is also based on extensive interviews with key counter-terrorism officials and analysis of key policy documents. The book concludes by identifying some key drivers of change and offers an embryonic theory of CT policy-making. The book will be of much interest to students and practitioners of counter-terrorism, radicalisation, European politics and security studies.
The Evolution of Designs: Biological Analogy in Architecture and the Applied Arts
by Philip SteadmanThis book tells the history of the many analogies that have been made between the evolution of organisms and the human production of artefacts, especially buildings. It examines the effects of these analogies on architectural and design theory and considers how recent biological thinking has relevance for design. Architects and designers have looked to biology for inspiration since the early 19th century. They have sought not just to imitate the forms of plants and animals, but to find methods in design analogous to the processes of growth and evolution in nature. This new revised edition of this classic work adds an extended Afterword covering recent developments such as the introduction of computer methods in design in the 1980s and ‘90s, which have made possible a new kind of ‘biomorphic’ architecture through ‘genetic algorithms’ and other programming techniques.
The Evolution of Designs: Biological Analogy in Architecture and the Applied Arts
by Philip SteadmanThis book tells the history of the many analogies that have been made between the evolution of organisms and the human production of artefacts, especially buildings. It examines the effects of these analogies on architectural and design theory and considers how recent biological thinking has relevance for design. Architects and designers have looked to biology for inspiration since the early 19th century. They have sought not just to imitate the forms of plants and animals, but to find methods in design analogous to the processes of growth and evolution in nature. This new revised edition of this classic work adds an extended Afterword covering recent developments such as the introduction of computer methods in design in the 1980s and ‘90s, which have made possible a new kind of ‘biomorphic’ architecture through ‘genetic algorithms’ and other programming techniques.
The Evolution of Development Thinking: Governance, Economics, Assistance, and Security (Politics, Economics, and Inclusive Development)
by William Ascher G. Shabbir Cheema John M. Heffron Garry D. BrewerThis landmark book offers a comprehensive analysis of how development approaches have evolved since World War II, examining and also evaluating the succession of theories, doctrines, and practices that have been formulated and applied in the Third World and beyond. Covering all developing regions, the book offers an integrated approach for considering the entwined aspects of development: governance, economics, foreign assistance, civil society, and the military. With reference to carefully chosen case studies, the authors offer distinctive explanations for why development approaches fall short and systematically relate the evolution of development thinking to current challenges, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of key institutions and the clashes of institutional interests that have distorted otherwise sound doctrines and negatively affected development practice. In identifying the dynamics that account for shortcomings in past development attempts, and recommending a better integration of doctrines across the entire range of inter-connected development fronts, the book points to how development practice may be improved to better advance human dignity.
The Evolution of Economic Development in Africa: African Trade, 1948–2017 (Routledge Studies in Development Economics)
by Francis K. MbrohWithin the theoretical framework of the trade-growth and structural transformation-growth nexuses, the book examines the evolution of African (goods and service) trade in terms of value and share of global commerce relative to other regions during the period 1948–2017. It also identifies and discusses discernible changes in the composition and structure of African exports and imports between 1995 and 2015 and their implications for economic development in Africa. The study attributes Africa's laggard trade performance during the period primarily to sub-optimal macroeconomic policies and lack of bold export development policies and initiatives, among other factors. It also offers an incisive discussion of several inhibitions to the structural transformation of African exports and imports, including lack of finance, globalization, tariff, and non-tariff measures in global markets. The discussion of the evolution of African trade during the period 1948–2017 based on statistics and publications of international organizations, including the UNCTAD, the World Bank, and the African Development Bank, among others, is the first of its kind in terms of scope and depth of review of African trade. The analyses of cross-border trade during 1948–2017 and their implications for Africa’s economic development prospects constitute a useful reference material for academics and students of African and development studies and African and international policymakers.
The Evolution of Economic Development in Africa: African Trade, 1948–2017 (Routledge Studies in Development Economics)
by Francis K. MbrohWithin the theoretical framework of the trade-growth and structural transformation-growth nexuses, the book examines the evolution of African (goods and service) trade in terms of value and share of global commerce relative to other regions during the period 1948–2017. It also identifies and discusses discernible changes in the composition and structure of African exports and imports between 1995 and 2015 and their implications for economic development in Africa. The study attributes Africa's laggard trade performance during the period primarily to sub-optimal macroeconomic policies and lack of bold export development policies and initiatives, among other factors. It also offers an incisive discussion of several inhibitions to the structural transformation of African exports and imports, including lack of finance, globalization, tariff, and non-tariff measures in global markets. The discussion of the evolution of African trade during the period 1948–2017 based on statistics and publications of international organizations, including the UNCTAD, the World Bank, and the African Development Bank, among others, is the first of its kind in terms of scope and depth of review of African trade. The analyses of cross-border trade during 1948–2017 and their implications for Africa’s economic development prospects constitute a useful reference material for academics and students of African and development studies and African and international policymakers.
Evolution of Economic Ideas: Adam Smith to Amartya Sen and Beyond
by Vinay Bharat-RamThe history of economic thought can be traced to the Industrial Revolution and the 19th-century Great Divergence until which it remained an integral part of philosophy. This book deals with different thinkers and theories to explore ideas that later became the foundation of modern economics. Through the lives and social circumstances of eminent economists from Adam Smith through Marx, Keynes and many others to Amartya Sen and beyond, it establishes that each one was a keen observer of the social conditions of his time. The book adopts a unique approach of not only bringing together the thoughts of such thinkers but also highlighting how they were often vehemently different from one another. Through a narrative inspired by a kind of Socratic dialogue based on the author’s classroom interactions with his students, it discusses the evolution of economic ideas, ending with a look at modern economics in the context of the great recession.
The Evolution of Economic Ideas and Systems: A Pluralist Introduction (Routledge Pluralist Introductions To Economics Ser. (PDF))
by Geoffrey SchneiderIn order to fully understand the evolution and future growth of economic systems, we must draw on the lessons of economic history. The 2008 Financial Crisis, for example, mirrored past economic meltdowns with uncanny accuracy. Just like the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980s, it featured deregulated lenders taking incredible risks with other people’s money. Historical analysis is crucial to understanding trends and patterns that can help us predict the future. This text presents a ground-breaking, pluralistic introduction to economic history and the history of economic thought. Tracing the development of economic systems and economic thought, the text introduces students to the story from ancient times to contemporary capitalism, and also its critics. Focusing in particular on Smith, Marx, Veblen, and Keynes, the text encourages students to consider which ideas and systems are still relevant in the modern world. This book can be used as a standalone text for relevant classes or as a supplement in any principles course.
The Evolution of Economic Ideas and Systems: A Pluralist Introduction (Routledge Pluralist Introductions to Economics)
by Geoffrey SchneiderIn order to fully understand the evolution and future growth of economic systems, we must draw on the lessons of economic history. The 2008 Financial Crisis, for example, mirrored past economic meltdowns with uncanny accuracy. Just like the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980s, it featured deregulated lenders taking incredible risks with other people’s money. Historical analysis is crucial to understanding trends and patterns that can help us predict the future. This text presents a ground-breaking, pluralistic introduction to economic history and the history of economic thought. Tracing the development of economic systems and economic thought, the text introduces students to the story from ancient times to contemporary capitalism, and also its critics. Focusing in particular on Smith, Marx, Veblen, and Keynes, the text encourages students to consider which ideas and systems are still relevant in the modern world. This book can be used as a standalone text for relevant classes or as a supplement in any principles course.
The Evolution of English Justice: Law, Politics and Society in the Fourteenth Century (British Studies Series)
by Anthony Musson W Mark OrmrodThe importance of the fourteenth century for the development of English law has long been recognised. The shocks and challenges of that period - the murder of the incompetent Edward II, Edward III's ever escalating military demands for the war in France and the unparalleled disaster of the Black Death - gave English society a trauma that found its ultimate expression in Lollardy and the Peasants' Revolt. Out of this ferment came the evolution of a system of justice still substantially recognisable today. This key theme for students of late medieval England has often been made needlessly difficult by the rarefied nature of most books available on the subject. The aim of this book is to present in lucid and approachable terms the main outline of the debate and the different schools of thought, and to suggest the best ways by which students can understand a crucial subject and how this helps illuminate many other aspects of English society during the reigns of Edward II, Edward III and Richard II.
The Evolution of English Sport
by Neil WigglesworthThis work uses original material from clubs and sporting organizations to illuminate the evolution of sporting activity nation-wide. It relates these documents to themes such as commercialism and club fortunes. It concludes by discussing the outlook for English sport.
The Evolution of English Sport
by Neil WigglesworthThis work uses original material from clubs and sporting organizations to illuminate the evolution of sporting activity nation-wide. It relates these documents to themes such as commercialism and club fortunes. It concludes by discussing the outlook for English sport.
The Evolution of Everything: How Small Changes Transform Our World
by Matt Ridley‘If there is one dominant myth about the world, one huge mistake we all make … it is that we all go around assuming the world is much more of a planned place than it is.’
The Evolution of Global Paper Industry 1800¬–2050: A Comparative Analysis (World Forests #17)
by Juha-Antti Lamberg, Jari Ojala, Mirva Peltoniemi and Timo SärkkäThis book presents an historical analysis of the global paper industry evolution from a comparative perspective. At the centre are 16 producing countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, the USA, Germany, Canada, Japan, the UK, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay and Russia). A comparative study of the paper industry evolution can achieve the following important research objectives. First, we can identify the country specific historical features of paper industry evolution and compare them to the general business trends explicable by existing theoretical knowledge. Second, we can identify and isolate the factors causing both the rise and fall of industrial populations. Third, a shared research agenda can produce an intensive analysis of global industry dynamics. Finally, an extended research period of 250 years can identify what is truly unique in the paper industry evolution and the extent to which it took the same path as other important manufacturing industries.
The Evolution Of God: The origins of our beliefs
by Robert WrightFor centuries, faithful followers of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have looked to their holy texts for spiritual guidance, social and political mandates, and answers to man's burning questions about the workings of the universe. But what if these believers have been overlooking the most important message in their Scriptures?In THE EVOLUTION OF GOD, bestselling author Robert Wright finds a kind of 'hidden code' in the Bible and the Koran. Read closely, he says, these texts reveal the key to harmony among the Abrahamic faiths, and thus to a peaceful world - nothing less than the salvation of humankind. THE EVOLUTION OF GOD explains why spirituality has a role today, why science affirms the validity of the religious quest, and why the future will hold harmony instead of religious extremism.If there is an author capable of giving us a revolutionary, enlightening re-reading of the Scriptures, it is Robert Wright. He has written acclaimed and influential books on the evolution of our minds and our history. Now he tackles the evolution of God.
The Evolution of Inanimate Objects: The Life And Collected Works Of Thomas Darwin (1857-1879)
by Harry KarlinskyLONGLISTED FOR THE WELLCOME TRUST BOOK PRIZE 2012
The Evolution of International Criminal Procedure: From Nuremberg and Tokyo to the International Criminal Court (Routledge Studies in Law, Rights and Justice)
by Giovanni ChiariniThis book examines the evolution of international criminal procedure from the 1945–1946 Nuremberg and Tokyo trials to the present period. It is largely based on a normative-jurisprudential approach to the procedural rules, comparing both norms and case law of the relevant courts and tribunals. The book shows the possibility of classifying “international criminal procedure” as an autonomous concept and field of study, which is constantly evolving due to the interaction of different legal cultures that characterizes this subject matter and is derived from the varied procedures as established in both statutory law and jurisprudence. Far from being an autonomous entity, international criminal procedure now represents a great compromise between the legal traditions of different ICC member States. What emerges is the historical evolution of an international criminal procedure with a unique identity, a very real “third way” between the traditional dichotomy of common law and civil law, between the Anglo-Saxon and the European Roman Law-oriented legal traditions. The book will be of interest to academics, scholars, and researchers working in the areas of international criminal law, comparative law, criminal procedure, and legal history, as well as judges and international legal professionals.
The Evolution of International Criminal Procedure: From Nuremberg and Tokyo to the International Criminal Court (Routledge Studies in Law, Rights and Justice)
by Giovanni ChiariniThis book examines the evolution of international criminal procedure from the 1945–1946 Nuremberg and Tokyo trials to the present period. It is largely based on a normative-jurisprudential approach to the procedural rules, comparing both norms and case law of the relevant courts and tribunals. The book shows the possibility of classifying “international criminal procedure” as an autonomous concept and field of study, which is constantly evolving due to the interaction of different legal cultures that characterizes this subject matter and is derived from the varied procedures as established in both statutory law and jurisprudence. Far from being an autonomous entity, international criminal procedure now represents a great compromise between the legal traditions of different ICC member States. What emerges is the historical evolution of an international criminal procedure with a unique identity, a very real “third way” between the traditional dichotomy of common law and civil law, between the Anglo-Saxon and the European Roman Law-oriented legal traditions. The book will be of interest to academics, scholars, and researchers working in the areas of international criminal law, comparative law, criminal procedure, and legal history, as well as judges and international legal professionals.
The Evolution Of International Security Studies (PDF)
by Barry Buzan Lene HansenInternational Security Studies (ISS) has changed and diversified in many ways since 1945. This book provides the first intellectual history of the development of the subject in that period. It explains how ISS evolved from an initial concern with the strategic consequences of superpower rivalry and nuclear weapons, to its current diversity in which environmental, economic, human and other securities sit alongside military security, and in which approaches ranging from traditional Realist analysis to Feminism and Post-colonialism are in play. It sets out the driving forces that shaped debates in ISS, shows what makes ISS a single conversation across its diversity, and gives an authoritative account of debates on all the main topics within ISS. This is an unparalleled survey of the literature and institutions of ISS that will be an invaluable guide for all students and scholars of ISS, whether traditionalist, 'new agenda' or critical.
The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis Reissue with a new introduction by Barry Buzan and Richard Little
by Adam Watson`This is a real feast of a book. ... a landmark book. It is clear enough to be used as a teaching text, and could make an excellent introduction to the discipline for those courageous enough to revise their courses.' International Affairs `This is a bold, successful and valuable book... It is written with admirable clarity and merciful conciseness.' International Relations `A stunning success. Watson's book is a masterful piece of theoretical and historical analysis.' John A. Vasquez, Rutgers University Adam Watson, who died in 2007, was a former diplomat who in his later academic career became a pioneer of the discipline of international relations. Originally published in 1992, The Evolution of International Society made a major contribution to international theory and to our perception of how relations between states operate, and established Watson’s place within the canon. This acclaimed and uniquely comprehensive work explains how international societies function across time, starting by examining the ancient state systems before turning to look in detail at the current worldwide international society. The book demonstrates that relations between states are not normally anarchic, but are in fact organized and regulated by elaborate rules and practices. In this timely reissue, a new introduction by Barry Buzan and Richard Little assesses Adam Watson's career as a diplomat and examines how his work as a practitioner shaped his subsequent thinking about the nature of international society. It then contextualises Watson's original work, situates it alongside current work in the area and identifies the originality of Watson's key arguments, helping us to understand Watson’s place within the canon.
The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis Reissue with a new introduction by Barry Buzan and Richard Little
by Adam Watson`This is a real feast of a book. ... a landmark book. It is clear enough to be used as a teaching text, and could make an excellent introduction to the discipline for those courageous enough to revise their courses.' International Affairs `This is a bold, successful and valuable book... It is written with admirable clarity and merciful conciseness.' International Relations `A stunning success. Watson's book is a masterful piece of theoretical and historical analysis.' John A. Vasquez, Rutgers University Adam Watson, who died in 2007, was a former diplomat who in his later academic career became a pioneer of the discipline of international relations. Originally published in 1992, The Evolution of International Society made a major contribution to international theory and to our perception of how relations between states operate, and established Watson’s place within the canon. This acclaimed and uniquely comprehensive work explains how international societies function across time, starting by examining the ancient state systems before turning to look in detail at the current worldwide international society. The book demonstrates that relations between states are not normally anarchic, but are in fact organized and regulated by elaborate rules and practices. In this timely reissue, a new introduction by Barry Buzan and Richard Little assesses Adam Watson's career as a diplomat and examines how his work as a practitioner shaped his subsequent thinking about the nature of international society. It then contextualises Watson's original work, situates it alongside current work in the area and identifies the originality of Watson's key arguments, helping us to understand Watson’s place within the canon.
The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics: Irish Parties and Irish Politics from the 18th Century to Modern Times
by Professor Tom GarvinProfessor Tom Garvin’s classic work studies the growth of nationalism in Ireland from the middle of the eighteenth century to modern times.It traces the continuity of tradition from earlier organisations, such as the United Irishmen and the agrarian Ribbonmen of the eighteenth century, through the followers of Daniel O’Connell, the Fenians and the Land League in the nineteenth century to the Irish political parties of today, including Sinn Féin, Fianna Fáil, Labour Party and Fine Gael.The dual nature of Irish nationalism is shown in sharp focus. Despite the secular and liberal leanings of many Irish leaders and theoreticians, their followers were frequently sectarian and conservative in social outlook. This book demonstrates how this dual legacy has influenced the politics of modern Ireland.The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics: Table of ContentsIrish parties and Irish politicsThe Irish republic: post-colonial politics in a western European statePolitical culture and political organisationGeography, economics and methodThe origins of Irish popular politicsRoots of Irish popular nationalismThe beginnings of urban radical political organisation, 1750–1800Agrarianism, religion and revolution, 1760–1800The development of nationalist popular politics, 1800–48Secret societies before the Famine: the rise of RibbonismPolitical mobilisation in pre-Famine nationalist IrelandSecret societies and party politics after the FamineThe social backgroundElectoral politics after the FamineThe recrudescence of republicanism: Fenianism and the AgrariansThe IRB and Irish politics after the Land WarAgrarianism, nationalism and party politics, 1874–95Political mobilisation and the agrarian campaignThe development of the Irish National LeagueThe Parnell split: the collapse of the Irish National LeagueThe reconstruction of nationalist politics, 1891–1910The rebuilding of the parliamentary partyThe rise of the HiberniansThe new nationalism and military conspiracy, 1900–16The development of cultural nationalism and the origins of Sinn FéinFenians, Volunteers and insurrectionElections, revolution and civil war, 1916–23The rise of Sinn FéinThe electoral landslide of December 1918The Republic of Ireland, 1919–23The origins of the party system in independent IrelandThe ancestry of the Irish party systemThe legitimation of the state and the building of political partiesAn analysis of electoral politics, 1923–48Parties and elections in the Irish Free StateTurnout, 1922–44Sinn Féin III/Fianna FáilCumann na nGaedheal/Fine GaelThe Labour PartyThe farmers’ partiesThe break-up of the Treaty party systemThe roots of party and government in independent IrelandThe central place of party in Irish politicsParty and the physical force traditionThe evolution of the Irish stateParty and government in independent IrelandSome comparative perspectivesLiberal democracyThe party system in comparative perspective
Evolution of Italian Enterprises in the 20th Century (Contributions to Economics)
by Renato Giannetti Michelangelo VastaDuring the first two-thirds of the 20th century the themes of sectorial structure and compared performance prevail in Italian economic historiography. In contrast, in the last part of the century attention is focused on the behavior of single economic actors and their micro-economic strategies. This book intends to act as a bridge between the two approaches, and reconstructs the secular journey of Italian industrial enterprise through an original study.