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Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes: Selected Pertinent Issues
by Ciara Damgaard1.1 Opening Remarks and Objectives Crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of international law 2 be enforced. This is, perhaps, the most renowned citation from the judgment of the Int- national Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (“IMT”). In the six decades which have passed since the IMT judgment was handed down, the recognition of the c- cept of individual criminal responsibility for core international crimes has been significantly reinforced and developed, particularly since the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (“ICTY”) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (“ICTR”) in the 1990’s and most recently the International Criminal Court (“ICC”). The media has, of course, played a crucial role in increasing awareness of this concept, especially amongst the general populace. Indeed, the concept has, arguably, a much higher profile today, than ever before in its history. However, the concept of individual criminal responsibility for core inter- tional crimes is neither as straightforward nor as single-facetted, as might appear on first glance. While the general principle behind the concept does not generate too many difficulties, it is in its practical application that the more challenging aspects of the concept are brought to the fore. Each of these ‘challenging - pects’ can also be described as a ‘pertinent issue’ of the concept of individual criminal responsibility for core international crimes.
Individual Duty within a Human Rights Discourse (Applied Legal Philosophy)
by Douglas HodgsonOver the past two decades or so, legal literature has devoted much attention to various human rights issues at both the national and international levels. Yet there has been comparatively little written on the concept and importance of individual duty within the human rights discourse. This book attempts to comprehensively and systematically examine the corollary of human right - the principle of individual duty - from a number of different perspectives, including history, the law (principally international human rights and humanitarian law and national constitutional law), philosophy, jurisprudence, religion, and ethics. The author attempts to demonstrate that a greater emphasis upon individual duties is consistent with a cultural relativist critique, natural law theory, the experience of national legal systems and regional human rights systems, certain socio-political philosophies and conventional sociological postulates, and the dictates of good public policy. The author urges the assignment of a greater, indeed revived, role for the principle of individual duty in order to achieve a more salutary balance between rights and duties and in the relationship between individual freedom and the welfare of the general community.
Individual Duty within a Human Rights Discourse (Applied Legal Philosophy)
by Douglas HodgsonOver the past two decades or so, legal literature has devoted much attention to various human rights issues at both the national and international levels. Yet there has been comparatively little written on the concept and importance of individual duty within the human rights discourse. This book attempts to comprehensively and systematically examine the corollary of human right - the principle of individual duty - from a number of different perspectives, including history, the law (principally international human rights and humanitarian law and national constitutional law), philosophy, jurisprudence, religion, and ethics. The author attempts to demonstrate that a greater emphasis upon individual duties is consistent with a cultural relativist critique, natural law theory, the experience of national legal systems and regional human rights systems, certain socio-political philosophies and conventional sociological postulates, and the dictates of good public policy. The author urges the assignment of a greater, indeed revived, role for the principle of individual duty in order to achieve a more salutary balance between rights and duties and in the relationship between individual freedom and the welfare of the general community.
The Individual Employment Rights Primer
by Kurt H. DeckerA guide to employment law. One of the most rapidly evolving areas of law involves individual employment rights. Individual employment rights has no clearly defined boundary. It encompasses a multitude of employment statutes and court decisions. It finds its support in constitutional law and has developed as part of specialized employment law areas involving record keeping and disclosure, labor relations, health and safety, labor standards, fair employment practices. This book consolidates these fragmented individual employment rights into a centralized reference source.
The Individual Employment Rights Primer
by Kurt H. DeckerA guide to employment law. One of the most rapidly evolving areas of law involves individual employment rights. Individual employment rights has no clearly defined boundary. It encompasses a multitude of employment statutes and court decisions. It finds its support in constitutional law and has developed as part of specialized employment law areas involving record keeping and disclosure, labor relations, health and safety, labor standards, fair employment practices. This book consolidates these fragmented individual employment rights into a centralized reference source.
The Individual in Business Ethics: An American Cultural Perspective
by T. KavaliauskasToday we are witnessing social and political dominance of large corporations. They provide for its employees moral values and business principles. Moreover, they institutionalize their codes of ethics. The theory of Business Ethics provides the moral guideline and standards for corporate life and concrete business organizations apply those standards to practice. The individual employee, as a member of a business organization, accepts those standards. Therefore, it is important to examine the foundation of the individual's moral value in Business Ethics in order to understand on what the foundation of the moral value depends on. This highly interdisciplinary text is a critique of Business Ethics as an ideology and life politics. The author discloses how contemporary business ethics grovels before corporations, how it is too weak to create a truly critical voice of American capitalist economy. The individual's treatment in corporate life is revealed through the eyes of American Protestant culture and its coercive work tradition where efficiency value usurps values of individual choice and freedom. This book suggests a new concept of an out-corporate individual.
The Individual in International Law (The History and Theory of International Law)
by Anne Peters Tom SparksShifts across the corpus of international law have brought the international legal system into a closer alignment with the interests of the individual. This has led to a great and growing interest in the roles and status of individuals in international law, and provided new impulses for debate. The Individual in International Law is an exploration of what is described as the humanisation of international law. It examines how international law has accommodated individuals, and how individual status, rights, and obligations have become denser and more important in the international legal system. Split into two parts, the book analyses the humanisation of international law in different historical periods and from various theoretical perspectives. The first part focuses on the historical evolution of international law, exploring how the interests of individuals have shaped the development of the legal system from antiquity to 1945, providing a counterpoint to State-centric readings of international law's history. The second part contains theoretical debates, critical approaches, and interdisciplinary investigations, offering perspectives from ius positivism and ius naturalism, Marxism, TWAIL, feminism, global law, global constitutionalism, law and economics, and legal anthropology. The book aims to stimulate further research on the humanisation and dehumanisation of new fields ranging from the ius contra bellum to climate law. The editors' introduction and conclusion frame the contributions, draw together their findings, and address critiques comprehensively. Written by a team of acknowledged experts in their fields, this volume elucidates how the interests, rights, obligations, and responsibilities of individuals have shaped international norms and regimes, and suggests how a reoriented transformative humanism can inform and develop international law in an era of profound ideological, ecological, and technical challenge. This is an open access title. It is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International licence. It is available to read and download as a PDF version on the Oxford Academic platform.
The Individual in International Law (The History and Theory of International Law)
by Anne Peters Tom SparksShifts across the corpus of international law have brought the international legal system into a closer alignment with the interests of the individual. This has led to a great and growing interest in the roles and status of individuals in international law, and provided new impulses for debate. The Individual in International Law is an exploration of what is described as the humanisation of international law. It examines how international law has accommodated individuals, and how individual status, rights, and obligations have become denser and more important in the international legal system. Split into two parts, the book analyses the humanisation of international law in different historical periods and from various theoretical perspectives. The first part focuses on the historical evolution of international law, exploring how the interests of individuals have shaped the development of the legal system from antiquity to 1945, providing a counterpoint to State-centric readings of international law's history. The second part contains theoretical debates, critical approaches, and interdisciplinary investigations, offering perspectives from ius positivism and ius naturalism, Marxism, TWAIL, feminism, global law, global constitutionalism, law and economics, and legal anthropology. The book aims to stimulate further research on the humanisation and dehumanisation of new fields ranging from the ius contra bellum to climate law. The editors' introduction and conclusion frame the contributions, draw together their findings, and address critiques comprehensively. Written by a team of acknowledged experts in their fields, this volume elucidates how the interests, rights, obligations, and responsibilities of individuals have shaped international norms and regimes, and suggests how a reoriented transformative humanism can inform and develop international law in an era of profound ideological, ecological, and technical challenge. This is an open access title. It is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International licence. It is available to read and download as a PDF version on the Oxford Academic platform.
The Individual in the Economic and Monetary Union: A Study of Legal Accountability
by null Ana BobićA contribution to legal theories of accountability, this book offers pioneering research on the position of the individual in the EU's Economic and Monetary Union. Its premise is that the EU's response to the financial crisis placed undue emphasis on equality of Member States, to the detriment of political equality of citizens. As a remedy, this book reimagines legal accountability as the vehicle for achieving the common interest, by presenting a novel understanding of the relationship between solidarity and equality. Institutionally, the author argues that, by carrying out intensive review of the duty to state reasons, courts can ensure that decision-makers act in the common interest. The book explores judicial review in financial assistance, the monetary policy mechanisms of the European Central Bank, and the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Looking into the future, it tests its theoretical and normative propositions on the newly established Next Generation EU. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Individual Labour Rights as Human Rights: The Contributions of the European Court of Human Rights to Worker’s Rights Protection (Bulletin of Comparative Labour Relations Series)
by Elena SychenkoIn recent years there has been a substantial debate over the interconnection between labour rights and human rights. Consequently, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) concerning substantive individual labour rights, or ‘rights at work’, is coming to greater prominence at the national level throughout the forty-seven Member States of the Council of Europe. This is the first book in English to provide a thorough analysis of the Court’s most recent case law – cases considered in the period from 1963 to 2016 – on fundamental employment rights such as the right to wages, protection from discrimination and unfair dismissal, the right to occupational safety at work, and civil liberties such as the freedom of association, the freedom of religion and expression, and the right to privacy. Drawing on close scrutiny of 347 cases since 1963, the author traces the evolutionary development of the Court’s positions on labour rights as human rights through case analyses, commentary, and general conclusions in each of several categorical groupings. Recent trends are treated in substantial detail. Among the issues and topics raised are the following: – interrelation of ECtHR case law and national labour rights protection; – benefits for employees of reference to ECtHR case law in national proceedings; – role of International Labour Organization conventions and of the European Social Charter in the Court’s reasoning; – application of balancing and proportionality test in relevant to labour law cases; – public criticism of employer, disclosure of information, and standards of whistle-blowers’ protection; and – positive obligations of the State in the ¬field of occupational safety and health. This book offers the most detailed and considered analysis available of how individual labour rights have been referred to in the human rights jurisprudence of the ECtHR. Given that the Court’s positions have already changed certain aspects of some national labour laws, this peerless volume will prove indispensable for practitioners and scholars monitoring the growing applicability of human rights law in matters of labour and employment, especially in the areas of protection of wages, unjust dismissal, and occupational safety.
Individual Psychological Therapies In Forensic Settings: Research And Practice (PDF)
by Jason Davies Claire NagiFrom the 'nothing works' maxim of the 1970s to evidence-based interventions to challenge recidivism and promote pro-social behavior, psychological therapy has played an important role in rehabilitation and risk reduction within forensic settings in recent years. And yet the typical group therapy model isn't always the appropriate path to take. In this important new book, the aims and effectiveness of individual therapies within forensic settings, both old and new, are assessed and discussed. Including contributions from authors based in the UK, North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, a broad range of therapies are covered, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Mentalisation Based Therapy, Schema Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion Focussed Therapy. Each chapter provides: an assessment of the evidence base for effectiveness; the adaptations required in a forensic setting; whether the therapy is aimed at recidivism or psychological chan≥ the client or patient characteristics it is aimed at; a case study of the therapy in action. The final section of the book looks at ethical issues, the relationship between individual and group-based treatment, therapist supervision and deciding which therapies and therapists to select. This book is essential reading for probation staff, psychologists, criminal justice and liaison workers and specialist treatment staff. It will also be a valuable resource for any student of forensic or clinical psychology.
Individual Rights in EU Law
by Bjarte ThorsonThis book explores the EU law notion of ‘individual rights’. It examines which sorts of rules grant EU legal rights to individuals, how it is decided if a right is conferred, and which individuals may claim the judicial protection of a right. It further discusses the legal implications and consequences of holding an EU legal right with respect to the interpretation and application of EU law in general and to specific remedies such as declaratory remedies, injunctions, restitution and damages. On a more overarching level, the book explores the question of how the idea of EU law rights relates to other fundamental EU law concepts such as the principles of effectiveness and direct effect, and discusses the legal stringency of the EU courts’ ‘rights language’ in light of the overall aim of European integration. It thus contributes to the body of literature that aims to shed new light on the borders of the sui generis legal order that is EU law.
Individual Voluntary Arrangements: Law and Practice (Elgar Corporate and Insolvency Law and Practice series)
by Alaric WatsonWith individual voluntary arrangements assuming an increasingly dominant position within personal insolvency law over the last 35 years, this timely book presents a concise yet authoritative guide to this formal debt relief mechanism. It analyses the statutory framework and how this has been interpreted and applied by the courts, as well as the policies that guide it. Key Features: Overview of the essential nature of the law and its effect on the debtor, the creditors, and third partiesFocus on the law as it currently stands, together with an analysis of how this has changed and developedReview of primary documents, including the proposal and the statement of affairs Examination of the procedures involved, the statutory framework in which those procedures are embedded, and the interpretation of this framework that has been applied by the courts Providing an informed and extensive review of the law, it will be invaluable to insolvency practitioners, lawyers, and judges working with individual voluntary arrangements. Accessible and concise in its analysis, it will also be useful to students and scholars of insolvency law researching voluntary arrangements.
Individualdatenschutz im europäischen Datenschutzrecht: Eine theoriegeleitete Analyse (Reihe Politikwissenschaft #18)
by Markus OermannWie personenbezogene Informationen geschützt werden sollen, gehört seit Jahren zu den kontrovers diskutierten Themen der politischen Debatte: Hat das Individuum einen subjektiven Anspruch auf Schutz seiner personenbezogenen Informationen? Inwieweit muss der Staat den Schutzanspruch gegebenenfalls rechtlich sichern und wie soll das Datenschutzrecht der Zukunft aussehen?Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in dem Buch vier Anforderungsprofile für die Ausgestaltung des Datenschutzrechts entwickelt. Die Grundlage hierfür bilden vier normative politische Theorien, die für die Begründung politischer Maßnahmen in demokratischen Systemen besonders relevant sind: Liberalismus, Libertarismus, Kommunitarismus und Sphärentheorie. Diese Theorien, die auf unterschiedlichen Annahmen über das ideale Verhältnis von Individuum und Gesellschaft beruhen, führen zunächst zu allgemeinen Aussagen darüber, wie der jeweilige soziale Idealzustand erreicht werden kann.Das Buch stellt die wesentlichen Argumente dar, welche sich aus der Sicht dieser Theorien speziell für oder gegen den rechtlichen Schutz von personenbezogenen Informationen führen lassen. Aus den Argumenten werden anschließend die jeweiligen Anforderungen an die Ausgestaltung des Datenschutzrechts abgeleitet.Mithilfe dieser Anforderungsprofile wird in einem zweiten Schritt die Entwicklung des europäischen Datenschutzrechts von der ersten Datenschutzrichtlinie bis zum jüngsten Entwurf der Kommission für eine grundlegende Reform des EU-Datenschutzrechts analysiert. Die regulativen Inhalte aller wesentlichen europäischen Rechtssetzungsakte zum Datenschutz werden daraufhin untersucht, ob und wie sie personenbezogene Informationen schützen. Durch den Abgleich mit den theoretischen Anforderungsprofilen zeigt sich, welchen theoretischen Vorgaben die europäischen Normierungen entsprechen. Indem die Arbeit die Veränderungen im Zeitablauf nachzeichnet, werden zudem Trends und Brüche in der Entwicklung des europäischen Datenschutzrechts sichtbar.Das Buch macht auf diese Weise die normativ-theoretischen Hintergründe des europäischen Datenschutzrechts transparent und ermöglicht damit eine entsprechende Einordnung aktueller und kommender Vorschläge in der Debatte um die Zukunft des Datenschutzes.
Individualistische Wirtschaftsethik (IWE): Anwendung der individualistischen Ethik auf das Gebiet der Wirtschaft
by Wolfgang DeppertDer Philosoph Wolfgang Deppert schildert in diesem Buch, wie das Konzept der individualistischen Ethik auf die Wirtschafts- und Unternehmenswelt übertragen werden kann. Die neue individualistische Ethik beruht auf der Einsicht, dass so genannte Sollens-Ethiken – also Ethiken, die auf Forderungen an andere beruhen – nicht mehr allgemeingültig begründet werden können und darum nicht mehr verlässlich sind. Nach einer leicht verständlichen Einführung, die grundlegende Wissensgebiete wie die Evolutionstheorie, die Bewusstseins- und Gehirnforschung, den Wert- und Nutzenbegriff, die Vorstellung von Wertentstehung, den Sinn- und Religionsbegriff sowie die Begriffe von Moral und Ethik erläutert, setzt sich der Autor mit der individualistischen Ethik auseinander und überträgt diese konsequent auf den Bereich der Wirtschaft, wobei auch die Rolle des Staates berücksichtigt wird. Das hierdurch entstehende Konzept der individualistischen Wirtschaftsethik (IWE) stellt eine große Bereicherung für das Fachgebiet der Wirtschaftsethik dar.
Individualization and the Delivery of Welfare Services: Contestation and Complexity
by A. Yeatman G. Dowsett M. Fine D. GursanskyThe conception of welfare services has changed to consider the more specialized needs of individual users or consumers. This book examines the contradictions and complexities of contemporary individualized welfare services, with special reference to service groups who are deeply dependent on service delivery for their quality of life
Individualized Medicine: Ethical, Economical and Historical Perspectives (Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine #7)
by Tobias Fischer Martin Langanke Paul Marschall Susanne MichlIn 2009 the University Medicine Greifswald launched the “Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine” (GANI_MED) to implement biomarker-based individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in clinical settings. Individualized Medicine (IM) has led not only to controversies about its potentials, but also about its societal, ethical and health economic implications. This anthology focusses on these areas and includes – next to clinical examples illustrating how the integrated analysis of biomarkers leads to significant improvement of therapeutic outcomes for a subgroup of patients – chapters about the definition, history and epistemology of IM. Additionally there is a focus on conceptual philosophical questions as well as challenges for applied research ethics (informed consent process, the IT-based consent management and the handling of incidental findings). Finally it pays attention to health economic aspects. The possibilities of IM to initiate a paradigm shift in the German health care provision are investigated. Furthermore, it is asked whether the G-DRG system is ready for the implementation of such approaches into clinical routine.
Individuals' Income under Double Taxation Conventions: A Brazilian Approach
by Daniel Vitor BellanTax conventions (or tax treaties) provide a means of settling on a uniform basis the most common problems that arise in the field of international double taxation. Brazil has over two dozen such conventions in force. This number might seem small but the country will inevitably enter into more such treaties given its economic growth, foreign investments and economic globalization in general. Two highly practical aspects form the basis of the book’s analysis: interpretation and qualification under international tax law; and Brazil’s income tax on individuals. The author employs those starting points to tackle such thorny questions as: Is there coherence in the legal regime that is applicable to individuals’ income in double taxation treaties? Is this “system” for individuals consistent? Is it in accordance with Brazilian constitutional principles? Professionals dealing with Brazil’s tax regime will quickly find this work instructive, insightful and thought-provoking.
Individuelle Gesundheitsleistungen: im Rechtsverhältnis von Arzt und Patient (Kölner Schriften zum Medizinrecht #12)
by Tobias VoigtMediziner, Gesundheitsökonomen, -politiker, Verbraucherschützer und Juristen diskutieren lebhaft die Entwicklung und Folgen eines expandierenden Systems privat zu finanzierender medizinischer Zusatzleistungen. Vielfach kennen Patienten ihre Rechte bei Individuellen Gesundheitsleistungen (IGeL) nicht. Kritiker befürchten, Ärzte nutzten das in sie gesetzte Vertrauen aus, um Patienten allein im finanziellen Eigeninteresse unnütze Leistungen aufzudrängen. Dabei sind IGeL auch vor dem Hintergrund einer fortschreitenden impliziten Rationierung im Gesundheitswesen zu sehen.Die vorliegende Studie setzt sich umfassend mit den rechtlichen Vorgaben für Angebot und Inanspruchnahme von IGeL auseinander. Das umfangreiche Pflichtenspektrum bei der IGeL-Erbringung wird vor dem Hintergrund der vielfältigen sozial- und haftungsrechtlichen Regelungen grundlegend analysiert und mit dem der klassischen Heilbehandlung verglichen. Die Ergebnisse bieten eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage für aktuelle und zukünftige Bemühungen um einen sachgerechten Ausgleich der Interessen und Bedürfnisse von Arzt und Patient.
Individuelle und kollektive Koalitionsfreiheit: Rechtliche Ausgestaltung, Betätigungsbereiche, Umfeld
by G. Schwerdtfeger
Individuelle Verantwortung in Unternehmen: Ethische Entscheidungsprozesse als Voraussetzung für Corporate Social Responsibility
by Nora VerfürthIn dieser Arbeit nimmt Nora Verfürth die Rolle individueller Entscheidungsprozesse für die Umsetzung von Corporate Social Responsibility (kurz: CSR) in den Fokus. Es werden Faktoren herausgearbeitet, theoretisch eingeordnet und systematisiert, die individuelle Entscheidungen von Mitarbeitern im Sinne einer gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung von Unternehmen fördern bzw. verhindern. Hintergrund ist, dass die Frage nach CSR zumeist auf der Ebene der Organisation (Mesoebene) behandelt und danach gefragt wird, warum Unternehmen als Ganzes gesellschaftliche Verantwortung übernehmen (sollten). Im Unterschied dazu steht in diesem Buch die Frage im Zentrum, wie und von wem Verantwortung innerhalb des Unternehmens (Mikroebene) übernommen werden kann.
The Indoctrination of the Wehrmacht: Nazi Ideology and the War Crimes of the German Military
by Bryce SaitFar from the image of an apolitical, “clean” Wehrmacht that persists in popular memory, German soldiers regularly cooperated with organizations like the SS in the abuse and murder of countless individuals during the Second World War. This in-depth study demonstrates that a key factor in the criminalization of the Wehrmacht was the intense political indoctrination imposed on its members. At the instigation of senior leadership, many ordinary German soldiers and officers became ideological warriors who viewed their enemies in racial and political terms—a project that was but one piece of the broader effort to socialize young men during the Nazi era.
Indonesia: The Long Oppression
by G. SimonsGeoff Simons profiles the appalling human-rights record of modern Indonesia, against a history of the country. Brutal repression, the unjust legal system and corrupt nepotism are described, with attention to the independence struggles of the East Timorese and West Papuans. The historical survey includes the anti-colonialist campaign, the role of Sukarno as first president, the Suharto decades, the 1998 appointment of Habibie as third president and the social chaos caused by economic collapse. It also describes how the United States and Britain plotted anti-Sukarno coups , supported 1960s massacres, and protected the despotic Suharto regime.
Indonesian Company Law (Routledge Research in Corporate Law)
by Soonpeel Edgar ChangIn modern countries, a company is commonly categorized as either public or privately-held, depending on whether securities are publicly traded on the open market, into a government-owned company or private company depending on government ownership, or a financial company or non-financial company depending on its main business, and so on. Of course, these categories are generally used in Indonesia as well. A unique aspect in Indonesia is that a well-settled legal practice mainly uses a dichotomy of company types that is rarely popular in foreign countries: a company with foreign direct investment (penanaman modal asing, or PMA) or company with 100% domestic direct investment (penanaman modal dalam negeri, or PMDN). Government plans concerning how to differently regulate these companies frequently becomes a national issue, as it is one of the main standards to evaluate how effectively and willingly the Indonesian government develops its economic policies. Laws, regulations, and actual legal practice also treat the two types of companies differently, based on whether a company has a foreign shareholder. Although many foreign countries are also equipped with similar regulations over companies with foreign direct investment, Indonesia distinctively applies this dichotomy for much wider uses for several reasons. This book is designed to assist students, practitioners, and researchers with clear and comprehensive treatment of key concepts in Indonesian company law. Significant business, economic, and policy issues are highlighted together with a thorough analysis of the important statutory provisions and cases used in the study of Indonesian company law. The book includes the major theoretical approaches used in current company law literature and statutory issues are covered under both the 2007 Indonesian Company Act and the 2007 Indonesian Capital Investment Act. The book will be an essential reference for investors and businesses contemplating entering the Indonesian Market.
Indonesian Company Law (Routledge Research in Corporate Law)
by Soonpeel Edgar ChangIn modern countries, a company is commonly categorized as either public or privately-held, depending on whether securities are publicly traded on the open market, into a government-owned company or private company depending on government ownership, or a financial company or non-financial company depending on its main business, and so on. Of course, these categories are generally used in Indonesia as well. A unique aspect in Indonesia is that a well-settled legal practice mainly uses a dichotomy of company types that is rarely popular in foreign countries: a company with foreign direct investment (penanaman modal asing, or PMA) or company with 100% domestic direct investment (penanaman modal dalam negeri, or PMDN). Government plans concerning how to differently regulate these companies frequently becomes a national issue, as it is one of the main standards to evaluate how effectively and willingly the Indonesian government develops its economic policies. Laws, regulations, and actual legal practice also treat the two types of companies differently, based on whether a company has a foreign shareholder. Although many foreign countries are also equipped with similar regulations over companies with foreign direct investment, Indonesia distinctively applies this dichotomy for much wider uses for several reasons. This book is designed to assist students, practitioners, and researchers with clear and comprehensive treatment of key concepts in Indonesian company law. Significant business, economic, and policy issues are highlighted together with a thorough analysis of the important statutory provisions and cases used in the study of Indonesian company law. The book includes the major theoretical approaches used in current company law literature and statutory issues are covered under both the 2007 Indonesian Company Act and the 2007 Indonesian Capital Investment Act. The book will be an essential reference for investors and businesses contemplating entering the Indonesian Market.