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Intercultural Communication: Critical Approaches and Future Challenges
by Giuliana FerriDrawing on interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives, this book critically examines intercultural theory and its interrelations with globalisation, education and dialogue in multicultural societies. Applying the ethics of Emmanuel Levinas, the author repositions intercultural communication within a new paradigm that challenges static interpretations of self and other, and suggests future directions for the development of a post-methodological framework based on the decentring of the researcher. This innovative work will provide researchers and language teachers with the critical tools needed to challenge instrumentalist approaches to communication in a diverse global context, characterised by conflict and fear of the other and fresh insights to scholars of education, applied linguistics and sociology.
Intercultural Constitutionalism: From Human Rights Colonialism to a New Constitutional Theory of Fundamental Rights
by Salvatore BonfiglioThis book argues that the effective protection of fundamental rights in a contemporary, multicultural society requires not only tolerance and respect for others, but also an ethics of reciprocity and a pursuit of dialogue between different cultures of human rights. Nowadays, all cultures tend to claim an equitable arrangement that can be articulated in the terms of fundamental rights and in the multicultural organization of the State. Starting from the premise that every culture is and always was intercultural, this book elaborates a new, and more fundamentally, pluralist view of the relationship between rights and cultural identity. No culture is pure; from the perspective of an irreducible cultural contamination, this book argues, it is possible to formulate constitutional idea of diversity that is properly intercultural. This concept of intercultural constitutionalism is not, then, based on abstract principles, but nor is it bound to any particular cultural norm. Rather, intercultural constitutionalism allows the interpretation of rights, rules and legal principles, which are established in different contexts.
Intercultural Constitutionalism: From Human Rights Colonialism to a New Constitutional Theory of Fundamental Rights
by Salvatore BonfiglioThis book argues that the effective protection of fundamental rights in a contemporary, multicultural society requires not only tolerance and respect for others, but also an ethics of reciprocity and a pursuit of dialogue between different cultures of human rights. Nowadays, all cultures tend to claim an equitable arrangement that can be articulated in the terms of fundamental rights and in the multicultural organization of the State. Starting from the premise that every culture is and always was intercultural, this book elaborates a new, and more fundamentally, pluralist view of the relationship between rights and cultural identity. No culture is pure; from the perspective of an irreducible cultural contamination, this book argues, it is possible to formulate constitutional idea of diversity that is properly intercultural. This concept of intercultural constitutionalism is not, then, based on abstract principles, but nor is it bound to any particular cultural norm. Rather, intercultural constitutionalism allows the interpretation of rights, rules and legal principles, which are established in different contexts.
Intercultural Philosophy and Environmental Justice between Generations: Indigenous, African, Asian, and Western Perspectives
by Hiroshi Abe Matthias Fritsch Mario WenningThis anthology combines an intercultural approach with intergenerational ethics to address critical environmental challenges. Written by scholars from all over the world, including Canada, the US, New Zealand, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Japan, the UK, China, and Spain, this book offers new perspectives on how to foster sustainable societal practises that draw on the past and are fair to future generations. It introduces the Māori idea that views all things and human generations in layered relations; Indigenous accounts of spiralling time and reciprocities among ancestors and descendants; the philosophical dimensions of Chinese conceptions of ancestor spirits and future ghosts; and African accounts of anamnestic solidarity among generations. These ideas influence proposals for how to confront ending worlds and address the environmental future of humanity, making this book a valuable resource for scholars and students of environmental law and policy, environmental humanities, political science, and intercultural and comparative philosophy, as well as policymakers.
Intercultural Spaces of Law: Translating Invisibilities (Law and Visual Jurisprudence #10)
by Mario RiccaThis book proposes an interdisciplinary methodology for developing an intercultural use of law so as to include cultural differences and their protection within legal discourse; this is based on an analysis of the sensory grammar tacitly included in categorizations. This is achieved by combining the theoretical insights provided by legal theory, anthropology and semiotics with a reading of human rights as translational interfaces among the different cultural spaces in which people live. To support this use of human rights’ semantic and normative potential, a specific cultural-geographic view dubbed ‘legal chorology’ is employed. Its primary purpose is to show the extant continuity between categories and spaces of experience, and more specifically between legal meanings and the spatial dimensions of people’s lives. Through the lens of legal chorology and the intercultural, translational use of human rights, the book provides a methodology that shows how to make space and law reciprocally transformative so as to create an inclusive legal grammar that is equidistant from social cultural differences. The analysis includes: a critical view on opportunities for intercultural secularization; the possibility of construing a legal grammar of quotidian life that leads to an inclusive equidistance from differences rather than an unachievable neutrality or an all-encompassing universal legal ontology; an interdisciplinary methodology for legal intercultural translation; a chorological reading of the relationships between human rights protection and lived spaces; and an intercultural and geo-semiotic examination of a series of legal cases and current issues such as indigenous peoples’ rights and the international protection of sacred places.
Intercultural Thinking in African Philosophy: A Critical Dialogue with Kant and Foucault (Routledge Studies in African Philosophy)
by Marita RainsboroughThis book sets up a rich intercultural dialogue between the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and Michel Foucault, and that of key African thinkers such as Kwame Anthony Appiah, Achille Mbembe, Kwasi Wiredu, Kwame Gyekye, Tsenay Serequeberhahn, and Henry Odera Oruka.The book challenges western-centric visions of an African future by demonstrating the richness of thought that can be found in African and Afrodiasporic philosophy. The book shows how thinkers such as Serequeberhan have criticised the inconsistencies in Kant’s work, whereas others such as Wiredu, Gyekye, Appiah and Mbembe have referenced his work more positively and developed progressive political concepts such as the metanational state; partial cosmopolitanism and Afropolitanism. The book goes on to consider how Mbembe and Mudimbe have responded to Foucault’s ideas in deciphering the various Western, African and Afrodiasporic discourses of knowledge on Africa. The book concludes by considering various theories of intercultural exchange, from Gyekye’s cultural borrowing, to Appiah’s conversation across boundaries, Wiredu’s cross cultural dialogue, Mbembe’s thinking outside the frame, Serequeberhan’s dialogue at a distance, and Oruka’s call for global re-distribution and a new ecophilosophical attitude to safeguard human existence on the planet.This book invites us all to engage in intercultural dialogue and mutual respect for different cultural creations. It will be an important read for researchers in Philosophy wherever they are in the world.
Intercultural Thinking in African Philosophy: A Critical Dialogue with Kant and Foucault (Routledge Studies in African Philosophy)
by Marita RainsboroughThis book sets up a rich intercultural dialogue between the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and Michel Foucault, and that of key African thinkers such as Kwame Anthony Appiah, Achille Mbembe, Kwasi Wiredu, Kwame Gyekye, Tsenay Serequeberhahn, and Henry Odera Oruka.The book challenges western-centric visions of an African future by demonstrating the richness of thought that can be found in African and Afrodiasporic philosophy. The book shows how thinkers such as Serequeberhan have criticised the inconsistencies in Kant’s work, whereas others such as Wiredu, Gyekye, Appiah and Mbembe have referenced his work more positively and developed progressive political concepts such as the metanational state; partial cosmopolitanism and Afropolitanism. The book goes on to consider how Mbembe and Mudimbe have responded to Foucault’s ideas in deciphering the various Western, African and Afrodiasporic discourses of knowledge on Africa. The book concludes by considering various theories of intercultural exchange, from Gyekye’s cultural borrowing, to Appiah’s conversation across boundaries, Wiredu’s cross cultural dialogue, Mbembe’s thinking outside the frame, Serequeberhan’s dialogue at a distance, and Oruka’s call for global re-distribution and a new ecophilosophical attitude to safeguard human existence on the planet.This book invites us all to engage in intercultural dialogue and mutual respect for different cultural creations. It will be an important read for researchers in Philosophy wherever they are in the world.
The Interdependent Organization: The Path to a More Sustainable Enterprise
by Rexford H. DramanThe Interdependent Organization provides its readers with a template for the development of an individualized transition plan to guide their journey toward becoming more organizationally sustainable. We as humans tend to rely on our current set of assumptions when we evaluate our actions and their potential impact on the future. With today’s ever-increasing rate of change in technology, our access to information, and cultural interactions (interdependence) around the world, the reliance on old ways of thinking (linear) will not allow us to effectively transition into the systems-based world of tomorrow. The Interdependent Organization presents a deeper understanding of the financial, operational, and cultural crossroads we are facing as a planet, and introduces a systems-based transitional path that individuals, organizations, and societies can draw on to move towards a more holistic and sustainable future. The book provides readers with the necessary understanding and insight into systems, systems-thinking, and the use of systems-based business tools to guide the sustainability journey while producing a positive impact to the organization’s bottom-line, its employee engagement, and its stakeholders’ expectations in each of the journey's three stages. The journey begins with the adoption of simple yet powerful systems-based tools for managing the organization’s operations and projects. These proven tools provide increased productivity with a proven bottom-line improvement that exceeds 30%. This introduction to systems-based tools and thinking provides the organization with the time to become more familiar with this new way of thinking and making business decisions before they expand their exposure to broader, more complex systems-based and sustainable practices. The second stage of this journey is focused on introducing new tools and practices to insure a consistent set of measures are used across the organization. The third and final stage focuses on aligning the organization’s people-management practices.
The Interdependent Organization: The Path to a More Sustainable Enterprise
by Rexford H. DramanThe Interdependent Organization provides its readers with a template for the development of an individualized transition plan to guide their journey toward becoming more organizationally sustainable. We as humans tend to rely on our current set of assumptions when we evaluate our actions and their potential impact on the future. With today’s ever-increasing rate of change in technology, our access to information, and cultural interactions (interdependence) around the world, the reliance on old ways of thinking (linear) will not allow us to effectively transition into the systems-based world of tomorrow. The Interdependent Organization presents a deeper understanding of the financial, operational, and cultural crossroads we are facing as a planet, and introduces a systems-based transitional path that individuals, organizations, and societies can draw on to move towards a more holistic and sustainable future. The book provides readers with the necessary understanding and insight into systems, systems-thinking, and the use of systems-based business tools to guide the sustainability journey while producing a positive impact to the organization’s bottom-line, its employee engagement, and its stakeholders’ expectations in each of the journey's three stages. The journey begins with the adoption of simple yet powerful systems-based tools for managing the organization’s operations and projects. These proven tools provide increased productivity with a proven bottom-line improvement that exceeds 30%. This introduction to systems-based tools and thinking provides the organization with the time to become more familiar with this new way of thinking and making business decisions before they expand their exposure to broader, more complex systems-based and sustainable practices. The second stage of this journey is focused on introducing new tools and practices to insure a consistent set of measures are used across the organization. The third and final stage focuses on aligning the organization’s people-management practices.
Interdisciplinarities: Research Process, Method, and the Body of Law (Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies)
by Didi Herman Connal ParsleyThis book illuminates methodology in legal research by bringing together interdisciplinary scholars, who employ a diverse set of methodologies, to address a specific shared research challenge: ‘the body’. The contributors were asked a question: if you were invited to contribute to an edited book on ‘the body’, where would you start and then where would you go? The result is a self-reflective discussion of how and where researchers engage with methodological practices. The contributors draw on their own interdisciplinary research experiences to explore how ‘the body’ might be addressed in their work, and the resources they would deploy in order to carry out the task. This ‘book within a book’ is innovative in both content and format. It provides a rare insight into how top interdisciplinary legal scholars go about making decisions about their research. The shared device of ‘the body’ allows the volume to trace a number of rich approaches into the process of research as practiced by these diverse scholars. In presenting thinking and research in action, the volume offers a new, self-reflective view on the much-addressed theme of the body, as well as taking a fresh approach to the historically vexed problem of research methodology in legal studies.
Interdisciplinarity in Technology Assessment: Implementation and its Chances and Limits (Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment #11)
by F. WütscherTechnology Assessment processes can be taken as a paradigm for interdisciplinary research. It is expected that interdisciplinary Technology Assessment is able to find solutions for actual sociopolitical problems that go beyond those expected from one individual scientific discipline alone. The common notion, that for tasks like this different disciplinary perspectives should be brought together, confronts the fact that there is no common notion on how interdisciplinary research should be done. In the present volume European experts of Technology Assessment present their perspectives on interdisciplinary research. Many focus on methodology, policy consulting, and participation of stakeholders, non-experts and citizens. Others present concrete case studies concerning climate change and health care. Each contribution is commented by an other scientist. The result is a discussion-like examination of the connection between interdisciplinarity and the main subjects of Technology Assesment.
Interdisciplinary and Social Nature of Engineering Practices: Philosophy, Examples and Approaches (Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics #61)
by Paulo Fernando Ribeiro Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza Maarten J. VerkerkThis book covers practical and philosophical aspects of Engineering, paying special attention to the social impacts of emerging technologies. Some fundamentals of philosophy of technology are introduced followed by social, economic, and environmental discussion and implications in different disciplines. Each chapter provides insights on the responsibilities involved in the design of engineering projects. The examples presented combine concepts about the impacts of Engineering in society at the same time that incorporates new technological models, yielding an innovative approach about the topics.
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change for Sustainable Growth (Natural Resource Management and Policy #47)
by Sara Valaguzza Mark Alan HughesThe book is an edited collection of contributions by a distinguished international panel of academics on the main scientific, juridical, and economic aspects involved in the mitigation and adaptation processes imposed by climate change. Explicitly interdisciplinary, the book transversally cuts through different disciplines offering an outline of a phenomenon that is too often left to specific and sectorial insights. The volume is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the main concepts of the book: climate change and sustainability, wellbeing, and mitigation and adaptation. The second part presents the scientific understanding of climate change and explores some of the more pressing issues driving policy development, such as the melting of the glaciers and the impact on coastal areas. The third part discusses significant experiences in the environmental policies both in the European Union and in the United States of America. The last section explains possible approaches to climate change, by exploring the legal and economic aspects of both adversarial and more lenient approaches towards a more sustainable world. It faces four main issues in the economic and juridical context: consumer behaviors, climate litigations, environmental litigations and the alternative forms of dispute resolution on environmental matters, with particular regard to environmental mediation. Offering a new vision of sustainable policies, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of environmental policy, resource economics, environmental law, sustainable development, and public administration, as well as practitioners and policy makers working in related areas.
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Gene Therapy: Legal, Ethical and Scientific Aspects
by Jan W. Vesting Jürgen W. Simon StefanMüllerCurrent therapies for most human genetic diseases are inadequate. In response to the need for effective treatments, modern molecular genetics is providing tools for an unprecedented new approach to the treatment of diseases; e.g. the direct manipulation of mutant genes or the input on new therapeutic genes. The treatment of human disease by gene transfer has now moved from the theoretical to the practical realm. With the initiation of clinical trials involving somatic gene therapy in different countries, a critical assessment of the different aspects involved with this new technique is necessary. This volume provides an overview on all these interdisciplinary aspects by some well known experts all over the world.
Interdisciplinary Comparative Law: Rubbing Shoulders with the Neighbours or Standing Alone in a Crowd (Elgar Studies in Legal Research Methods)
by Jaakko HusaComparative law scholars have long recognised the importance of looking beyond legal texts and incorporating interdisciplinary methods into the study of law, yet in practice such use of non-legal methods has remained modest. Interdisciplinary Comparative Law illuminates why the doctrinal approach to legal research has retained its strong position, offering a critical analysis of the difficulties of interdisciplinarity.Incisive and ambitious in scope, the book highlights why the comparative study of law benefits from employing the methods of other disciplines. Chapters explore the various ways in which different fields can learn from each other, taking a deep dive into the respective studies of legal history, linguistics, literature, economics, social theory, and international law. The result is a vibrant cross-section of the contrasts and parallels between the practices of law and other areas of research, demonstrating which are the easiest for comparatists to grasp and implement, and which present obstacles for the application of non-legal methods. This cutting-edge book is an essential read for advanced students and scholars of law and legal studies. Its diagnosis of interdisciplinarity as both a boon and bane in the study of law will be of especial interest to comparative law scholars.
Interdisciplinary Foundations for the Science of Emotion: Unification without Consilience
by Cecilea MunIn this book, Cecilea Mun introduces an innovative meta-framework for conducting interdisciplinary research in the science of emotion, broadly construed, as well as a framework for a particular kind of theory of emotion. She provides new solutions and arguments in support of an embodied cognitive approach to resolving a wide range of problems, including those concerning skepticism, the place of ordinary intuitions for the science of emotion, intentionality, the rationality of emotions, naturalizing knowledge, and the debate between philosophical cognitive and noncognitive theories of emotion. Her solutions include a revolutionary, unifying, interdisciplinary taxonomy of theories of emotion, which allows one to understand the discourse in the science of emotion as a debate between four fundamental types of theories: realism, instrumentalism, eliminativism, and eliminative-realism. Her original proposal for a conception of intentionality that makes sense of our ordinary intuitions is also combined with her comprehensive account of rationality to articulate a groundbreaking understanding of the structure of human rationality. All of the contributions made herein, together, provide the foundations for a profound understanding of emotions, including as a kind of embodied language.
An Interdisciplinary Journey from Non-Discrimination to Collective Rights: A Critique of Equality
by Jessika EichlerThis book develops a critique of the equality paradigms and principles to be found in the majority of today’s legal orders. It accompanies the reader taking her/him/x from a critique of non-discrimination and equality to the ‘opposite’ end of the spectrum, that is, to collective rights, collectivization processes and a manifestation of recognition that is based on difference. This interdisciplinary, theoretical journey explores a multiplicity of (legal) orders in terms of how they provide spaces of articulation for ‘difference’. The book draws, emblematically, on the rights of indigenous peoples as well as recognized and unrecognized cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities. The book thereby builds on legal and political theory, which ultimately proves essential given the dedicated objective of the book, that is, to introduce a variety of recognition principles and what the author terms ‘scales of collectivization’, which facilitate a better understanding of collective rights and further ways to capture, define and ultimately measure these rights.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives On International Law And International Relations: The State Of The Art (PDF)
by Jeffrey L. Dunoff Mark A. PollackInterdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art brings together the most influential contemporary writers in the fields of international law and international relations to take stock of what we know about the making, interpretation and enforcement of international law. The contributions to this volume critically explore what recent interdisciplinary work reveals about the design and workings of international institutions, the various roles played by international and domestic courts, and the factors that enhance compliance with international law. The volume also explores how interdisciplinary work has advanced theoretical understandings of the causes and consequences of the increased legalization of international affairs.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives On International Law And International Relations: The State Of The Art (PDF)
by Jeffrey L. Dunoff Mark A. PollackInterdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art brings together the most influential contemporary writers in the fields of international law and international relations to take stock of what we know about the making, interpretation and enforcement of international law. The contributions to this volume critically explore what recent interdisciplinary work reveals about the design and workings of international institutions, the various roles played by international and domestic courts, and the factors that enhance compliance with international law. The volume also explores how interdisciplinary work has advanced theoretical understandings of the causes and consequences of the increased legalization of international affairs.
Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Business: Perspectives of Women Business Scholars (Strategies for Sustainability)
by Beate Sjåfjell Roseanne Russell Maja Van der VeldenThis volume brings together contributions from women business scholars from a range of disciplines and countries. The starting point was a collaborative research meeting organised by Daughters of Themis: International Network of Female Business Scholars in June 2017. The volume highlights the difficulties and the possibilities that lie in working together across disciplines with the aim of achieving corporate sustainability. The volume is written from the perspective of women business scholars, thereby offering outside viewpoints in fields that still are very much dominated by men, and fresh insights and innovate ideas. In three main parts, the authors address the need for interdisciplinarity in research to identify ways to ensure the contribution of business to sustainability, showcasing a number of theoretical and applied approaches for researching sustainable business. The volume ‘s introductory chapter situates the volume in discourses of sustainability and corporate sustainability. It presents the Daughters of Themis Network and provides a short description of the successive eleven chapters. In Part I, Reflections, contributors discuss the significance of interdisciplinary research, how to work across disciplines, as well as the challenges of doing so. In Part II, Theory, contributors discuss theoretical and methodological aspects of interdisciplinary research. Part III presents the Practice of interdisciplinary research. In the introductory chapter, the editors reflect on the insights that can be drawn out of the contributions, and discuss the potential for future developments of interdisciplinary research for sustainability, as well as how interdisciplinary research can be communicated. The book is intended for business scholars, and will particularly appeal to those working in law, accountancy and finance, management, and organization studies.
Interdisciplinary Research Methods in EU Law: A Handbook (Handbooks of Research Methods in Law series)
This comprehensive Handbook provides a critical and analytical guide to the application of interdisciplinary research methods in EU law and explores the advancement of the EU legal landscape from an interdisciplinary research perspective. Venturing beyond doctrinal legal scholarship, it reflects on the cognitive synergies between EU law and other disciplines, and advances the debate on contemporary trends in EU law research.Bringing together a carefully selected group of expert authors, this Handbook surveys the ways in which studying and researching EU law has become an increasingly integrative endeavour. It presents key insights from fields traditionally associated with EU law, including history, economics and political science, but also disciplines traditionally less explored by EU lawyers, such as literature, social psychology and data science, thereby offering novel perspectives and epistemological tools that enrich our understanding of the EU and its laws. Showcasing the variety of research questions and methods advancing EU law studies, it provides a systematisation of the diverse approaches to studying the legal order of the EU.Interdisciplinary Research Methods in EU Law is essential reading for researchers, academics and graduate students of European law and politics, and for those interested in research methods in law. Think tanks, research institutes and practitioners of EU law and related areas will equally benefit from the applied nature of the text.
Interdisciplinary Value Theory
by Steffen SteinertThis book offers an interdisciplinary introduction to value theory. It reviews how researchers in four academic disciplines – psychology, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy – understand value and value change. It offers an introduction for researchers in these disciplines about how other disciplines define, theorize, and investigate value(s) to foster interdisciplinary communication.The book identifies and summarizes similarities and differences of value theory between the academic disciplines and highlights promising areas where each discipline can learn from the others.
Interdisziplinäre Anthropologie: Jahrbuch 1/2013: Soziale Kognition (Interdisziplinäre Anthropologie)
by Gerald Hartung Matthias HerrgenDie Debatte zur sozialen Kognition ist ein zentrales Thema einer aktuell entstehenden Forschungslandschaft zur Interdisziplinären Anthropologie. Der Band sammelt die Beiträge führender Wissenschaftler/Innen in den Geistes-, Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften und bindet sie in eine dialogische Form ein. Es zeigt sich, dass die interdisziplinäre Forschung zur Sozialen Kognition an den Schnittstellen der Disziplinen neue Perspektiven für ein zeitgemäßes Verständnis des Menschen eröffnet.
Interdisziplinäre Anthropologie: Jahrbuch 2/2014: Gewalt und Aggression (Interdisziplinäre Anthropologie)
by Gerald Hartung Matthias HerrgenGewalt und Aggression gehören zu den zentralen Problemen der Anthropologie. Dieser Band versammelt Beiträge von Natur-, Geistes und Sozialwissenschaftlern, um einen interdisziplinären Dialog zum Thema Gewalt zu eröffnen. Der Diskursteil enthält einen Hauptbeitrag aus sozialpsychologischer Perspektive, Kommentare aus unterschiedlichen Fachgebieten und eine Replik der Autorin. Zusätzliche Forschungsbeiträge erweitern den Themenschwerpunkt des Bandes. Komplettiert wird das Jahrbuch mit den Rubriken „Beiträge“, „Berichte“, „Rezensionen“ und „Kalender“, die allesamt Beiträge zur Diskussionslandschaft einer Interdisziplinären Anthropologie bieten.
The Interest Approach to Choice of Law: With Special Reference to Tort Problems
by Amos ShapiraThis book is based on a doctoral thesis submitted to Yale University Law School in 1968. I wish to acknowledge my deepest gratitude to my super visor in the writing of the thesis, Professor Ronald M. Dworkin, whose in sights and criticism have conspicuously contributed to the present work. Time and again I have been inspired by the ideas expressed by hirn both in personal discussions and in his Conflict of Laws and Jurisprudence courses. It has been my privilege also to have had Professors Leon S. Lipson and Guido Calabresi as supervisors. I have derived great benefit from their sug gestions. A sincerely feIt appreciation is expressed to all three persons. A special debt of gratitude is owing to the Yale Law School for the gener ous financial support extended to me. I also wish to record my indebtedness to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and to Tel-Aviv University for their financial assistance. I am extremely grateful to Mr. Michael Reiss, '68 Yale Law School for his significant editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to my wife Ettie for invaluable help and encouragement. Finally, I wish to thank the publishers for their courtesy and cooperation. A.S.