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Between Empowerment and Manipulation: The Ethics and Regulation of For-Profit Health Apps (Information Law Series #47)
by Marijn SaxPopular health apps are commercial services. Despite the promise of empowerment they offer, the tensions introduced by their data-driven, dynamically adjustable digital environments engender a potential for manipulation to which their designers and operators can easily succumb. In this important book, the author develops an ethical framework to evaluate the commercial practices of for-profit health apps, proceeding to a detailed proposal of how to legally address the exploitation, for financial gain, of users’ need for health. Focusing on the intricate tracking of users over time, coupled with the possibility to personalize the environment based on knowledge gained from tracking, the book’s in-depth analysis of popular for-profit health apps engages with such particulars as the following: the strategic framing of health in health apps; the cultural tendency to presume we are unhealthy until we have proven we are healthy; the key concepts of autonomy, vulnerability, trust, and manipulation; how health apps develop ongoing profitable relationships with users; and use of misleading and aggressive commercial practices. The author argues that the European Union’s Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, when informed by ethical considerations, offers promising legal solutions to the manipulation concerns raised by popular for-profit health apps. The book will be welcomed not only for its incisive scrutiny of the health app phenomenon but also for the light it sheds on the wider problems inherent in the digital society—what digital environments know about their users, how they use that knowledge, and for which purpose. Its progress from an ethical approach to legal solutions will recommend the book to lawyers concerned with business practices, human resources professionals, policymakers, and academics interested in the intersection of ethics and law.
Between Friends: White Lace And Promises Friends - And Then Some (Mills And Boon M&b Ser.)
by Debbie MacomberPerfect for fans of Maeve Binchy' - Candis Jillian Lawton and Lesley Adamski. Two girls from very different backgrounds.
Between Globalization and Integration: The Europeanization of Romania (SpringerBriefs in Economics)
by Sebastian VaduvaThis volume focuses on the integration and globalization of Romania, a prominent emerging market in South-Eastern Europe and one of the major players in the securitization of the Black Sea and the Eastern European border, as both a part of NATO since 2004 and a fully integrated EU Member State since 2007. It will examine the challenges the country has faced in its progression from totalitarianism to democracy through several waves of reform intended to update and streamline its political and economic processes for success in the free-market capitalist arena. Having learned the hard way about some of the key aspects of public administration, Romania has learned a place for itself among the diverse global players of Europe and beyond. The first section reviews current perspectives on globalization and its impact in the late 20th century. It has “flattened” the Earth, generating better communication and exchanges than ever before, but also gathering a fair amount of criticisms from commentators seeing it as little else than neo-colonialism. Cooperative-administrative strategies are being suggested instead, in order for new public administration patterns to smoothly run in coordination with the globalized world. In the second section, the European Union is described as a complex multi-level socio-political entity, itself historically in turmoil over its own style of rule – e.g. hierarchy vs. coordination, integration vs. centralization, etc. – or even its own existence, as the European dream seemed to be losing steam with the general population of Europe several times in the previous century. Powers and responsibilities of the European institutions and agencies are also discussed. Thirdly, the recent history of Romania is approached from the Europeanization context, starting from its post-1989 days of confusion and of attempting to jumpstart democracy. Eventually, it has to undergo a series of reforms and internalize some principles fundamental to the EU in order for the much-awaited accession to occur and its multiple effects to start taking place. A country with a rich cultural heritage and straddling multiple socio-political axes, Romania has plenty more to offer in the new geostrategic, security and development contexts of the 21st-century Europe. As such, this volume provides inspiration for further research and practical application opportunities on topics of local, European and global significance.
Between Governing and Governance: On the Emergence, Function and Form of Europe's Post-National Constellation (Hart Monographs in Transnational and International Law)
by Poul F KjaerThis book explains the emergence and functioning of three forms of governance structures within the context of the European integration and constitutionalisation process: comitology, (regulatory) agencies and the Open Method of Co-ordination. The point of departure is the insight that the intergovernmental/supranational distinction, which most theories of European integration and constitutionalisation rely on, has lost its strength. A new paradigm of EU research is therefore needed.Against this background it is suggested that the distinction between governing and governance provides a more appropriate basis for analysing the phenomenon of integration and constitutionalisation in Europe. The distinction between governing and governance allows for an understanding of the EU as a hybrid consisting of a governing dimension, characterised by legal and organisational hierarchy, and a governance dimension which operates within a network form characterised by legal and organisational heterarchy. The function of governance structures is to ensure the embeddedness of the governing dimension in the wider society. Instead of representing contradictory developments, the two dimensions are therefore mutually constitutive in the sense that more governing implies more governance and vice versa. These theoretical insights are illustrated through two detailed case studies which respectively reconstruct the operational mode of the Open Method of Coordination within EU Research & Development Policy and the regulatory system for the EU chemicals market (REACH).The book is inter-disciplinary in nature and incorporates insights from law, political science and sociology.
Between Immunity and Impunity: External Accountability Of Political Elites For Transnational Crime
by Yuliya Zabyelina
Between Impunity and Imperialism: The Regulation of Transnational Bribery
by Kevin E. DavisWhen people pay bribes to foreign public officials, how should the law respond? This question has been debated ever since the enactment of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, and some of the key arguments can be traced back to Cicero in the last years of the Roman Republic and Edmund Burke in late eighteenth-century England. In recent years, the U.S. and other members of the OECD have joined forces to make anti-bribery law one of the most prominent sources of liability for firms and individuals who operate across borders. The modern regime is premised on the idea that transnational bribery is a serious problem which invariably merits a vigorous legal response. The shape of that response can be summed up in the phrase "every little bit helps," which in practice means that: prohibitions on bribery should capture a broad range of conduct; enforcement should target as broad a range of actors as possible; sanctions should be as stiff as possible; and as many agencies as possible should be involved in the enforcement process. An important challenge to the OECD paradigm, labelled here the "anti-imperialist critique," accepts that transnational bribery is a serious problem but questions the conventional responses. This book uses a series of high-profile cases to illustrate key elements of transnational bribery law in action, and analyzes the law through the lenses of both the OECD paradigm and the anti-imperialist critique. It ultimately defends a distinctively inclusive and experimentalist approach to transnational bribery law.
Between Impunity and Imperialism: The Regulation of Transnational Bribery
by Kevin E. DavisWhen people pay bribes to foreign public officials, how should the law respond? This question has been debated ever since the enactment of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, and some of the key arguments can be traced back to Cicero in the last years of the Roman Republic and Edmund Burke in late eighteenth-century England. In recent years, the U.S. and other members of the OECD have joined forces to make anti-bribery law one of the most prominent sources of liability for firms and individuals who operate across borders. The modern regime is premised on the idea that transnational bribery is a serious problem which invariably merits a vigorous legal response. The shape of that response can be summed up in the phrase "every little bit helps," which in practice means that: prohibitions on bribery should capture a broad range of conduct; enforcement should target as broad a range of actors as possible; sanctions should be as stiff as possible; and as many agencies as possible should be involved in the enforcement process. An important challenge to the OECD paradigm, labelled here the "anti-imperialist critique," accepts that transnational bribery is a serious problem but questions the conventional responses. This book uses a series of high-profile cases to illustrate key elements of transnational bribery law in action, and analyzes the law through the lenses of both the OECD paradigm and the anti-imperialist critique. It ultimately defends a distinctively inclusive and experimentalist approach to transnational bribery law.
Between Justice and Stability: The Politics of War Crimes Prosecutions in Post-Miloševic Serbia (Southeast European Studies)
by Mladen OstojicExploring the impact of the International Criminal Tribunal (ICTY) on regime change in Serbia, this book examines the relationship between international criminal justice and democratisation. It analyses in detail the repercussions of the ICTY on domestic political dynamics and provides an explanatory account of Serbia's transition to democracy. Lack of cooperation and compliance with the ICTY was one of the biggest obstacles to Serbia's integration into Euro-Atlantic political structures following the overthrow of Milosevic. By scrutinising the attitudes of the Serbian authorities towards the ICTY and the prosecution of war crimes, Ostojic explores the complex processes set in motion by the international community's policies of conditionality and by the prosecution of the former Serbian leadership in The Hague. Drawing on a rich collection of empirical data, he demonstrates that the success of international judicial intervention is premised upon democratic consolidation and that transitional justice policies are only ever likely to take root when they do not undermine the stability and legitimacy of political institutions on the ground.
Between Justice and Stability: The Politics of War Crimes Prosecutions in Post-Miloševic Serbia (Southeast European Studies)
by Mladen OstojicExploring the impact of the International Criminal Tribunal (ICTY) on regime change in Serbia, this book examines the relationship between international criminal justice and democratisation. It analyses in detail the repercussions of the ICTY on domestic political dynamics and provides an explanatory account of Serbia's transition to democracy. Lack of cooperation and compliance with the ICTY was one of the biggest obstacles to Serbia's integration into Euro-Atlantic political structures following the overthrow of Milosevic. By scrutinising the attitudes of the Serbian authorities towards the ICTY and the prosecution of war crimes, Ostojic explores the complex processes set in motion by the international community's policies of conditionality and by the prosecution of the former Serbian leadership in The Hague. Drawing on a rich collection of empirical data, he demonstrates that the success of international judicial intervention is premised upon democratic consolidation and that transitional justice policies are only ever likely to take root when they do not undermine the stability and legitimacy of political institutions on the ground.
Between Law and Diplomacy: The Social Contexts of Disputing at the World Trade Organization
by Joseph ContiBetween Law and Diplomacy crafts an insider's look at international trade disputes at one of the most important institutions in the global economy—the World Trade Organization. The WTO regulates the global rules for trade, and—unique among international organizations—it provides a legalized process for litigation between countries over trade grievances. Drawing on interviews with trade lawyers, ambassadors, trade delegations, and trade jurists, this book details how trade has become increasingly legalized and the implications of that for power relations between rich and poor countries. Joseph Conti looks closely at who uses the system to initiate and pursue disputes, who settles and on what terms, and the relative disconnect between pursuing a dispute and what a country gains through efforts to gain compliance with WTO dictates. Through this inside look at the process of disputing, Conti provides fresh perspective on how and why the law authorizes the use of specific resources and tactics in the ever unfolding struggle for control in the global economy.
Between Light and Shadow: The World Bank, The International Monetary Fund and International Human Rights Law (Studies in International Law)
by Mac DarrowMuch has been written on the human rights relevance and impacts of the policies and activities of the World Bank and IMF --or International Financial Institutions (IFIs). However while many of the human rights-based critiques of the Bank and Fund purport to link broadly defined reforms with obligations under international human rights law,rarely has this been carried out through a rigorous and in-depth application of international legal rules governing the proper interpretation of the institutions' mandates, and rarely have the policy consequences and practical possibilities for human rights integration been explored in any detail. These are the principal gaps that the present book aims to fill, by reference to a sample of the IFIs' most important and controversial contemporary activities.
Between Moral Hazard and Legal Uncertainty: Ethical, Legal and Societal Challenges of Human Genome Editing (Technikzukünfte, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft / Futures of Technology, Science and Society)
by Matthias Braun Hannah Schickl Peter DabrockGenome Editing Techniques are seen to be at the frontier of current research in the field of emerging biotechnologies. The latest revolutionary development, the so-called CRISPR technology, represents a paradigmatic example of the ambiguity of such techniques and has resulted in an international interdisciplinary debate on whether or not it is necessary to ban the application of this technique by means of a moratorium on its use for human germline modifications, particularly in human embryos in the reproduction process. However, given that other germline engineering techniques like mitochondrial (mt) DNA transfer techniques are already permitted and applied, the question arises what lies at the root of the apparent social unease about the modification of the human germline by Genome Editing Techniques like CRISPR. Against this background, the book seeks to make a substantial contribution to the current debate about a responsible and participatory framework for research on emerging biotechnologies by analysing underlying perceptions, attitudes, arguments and the reasoning on Genome Editing Techniques.
Between The Public And Private In Mobile Communication (PDF)
by Ana Serrano TelleríaMobile devices' impact on daily life has raised relevant questions regarding public and private space and communication. Both the technological environment (operating systems, platforms, apps) and media ecosystems (interface design, participatory culture, social media) influence how users deal with the public and private, intimate and personal spheres. Leading researchers in communication, art, computer engineering, education, law, sociology, philosophy, and psychology here explore current methodologies for studying the dichotomy of the public and private in mobile communication, providing a foundation for further research.
Between the Lines of the Vienna Convention?: Canons and Other Principles of Interpretation in Public International Law
by Joseph Klingler, Yuri Parkhomenko, Constantinos SalonidisThe 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties makes no express reference to many of the most common canons and interpretative principles derived from international jurisprudence over many years. This volume represents the first modern, freestanding analysis of such canons and principles, their role in treaty interpretation and their relationship with the Vienna Convention regime. A top-flight roster of respected scholars and practitioners of public international law offers an in-depth examination of, among other things: • the origins of canons and interpretive principles; • their utility and limits in treaty interpretation; and • the application of numerous individual canons and interpretive principles, including effet utile, expressio unius, lex specialis, ejusdem generis, in dubio mitius, in pari materia, ex abundante cautela, the principles of contemporaneity and evolutive interpretation, and more. Extensive analysis of case law and scholarship provides insightful interpretive guidance across virtually every subfield of public international law. With its valuable insights into when the application of particular canons or principles of interpretation is most likely to be appropriate and persuasive, the volume will be of great value to lawyers representing parties (whether states, corporations or individuals) before international dispute resolution bodies, as well as to judges and arbitrators, legal officials at ministries of foreign affairs, and scholars of public international law.
Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism
by Julie E. CohenA work of ambitious interdisciplinary scholarship that explores the ways that law and technology interact. Our current legal system is to a great extent the product of an earlier period of social and economic transformation. From the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century, as accountability for industrial-age harms became a pervasive source of conflict, the US legal system underwent profound, tectonic shifts. Today, struggles over ownership of information-age resources and accountability for information-age harms are producing new systemic changes. In Between Truth and Power, Julie E. Cohen explores the relationships between legal institutions and political and economic transformation. Systematically examining struggles over the conditions of information flow and the design of information architectures and business models, she argues that as law is enlisted to help produce the profound economic and sociotechnical shifts that have accompanied the emergence of the informational economy, it is too is transforming in fundamental ways. Drawing on elements from legal theory, science and technology studies, information studies, communication studies and organization studies to develop a complex theory of institutional change, Cohen develops an account of the gradual emergence of legal institutions adapted to the information age and of the power relationships that such institutions reflect and reproduce. A tour de force of ambitious interdisciplinary scholarship, Between Truth and Power will transform our thinking about the possible futures of law and legal institutions in the networked information era.
Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism
by Julie E. CohenA work of ambitious interdisciplinary scholarship that explores the ways that law and technology interact. Our current legal system is to a great extent the product of an earlier period of social and economic transformation. From the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century, as accountability for industrial-age harms became a pervasive source of conflict, the US legal system underwent profound, tectonic shifts. Today, struggles over ownership of information-age resources and accountability for information-age harms are producing new systemic changes. In Between Truth and Power, Julie E. Cohen explores the relationships between legal institutions and political and economic transformation. Systematically examining struggles over the conditions of information flow and the design of information architectures and business models, she argues that as law is enlisted to help produce the profound economic and sociotechnical shifts that have accompanied the emergence of the informational economy, it is too is transforming in fundamental ways. Drawing on elements from legal theory, science and technology studies, information studies, communication studies and organization studies to develop a complex theory of institutional change, Cohen develops an account of the gradual emergence of legal institutions adapted to the information age and of the power relationships that such institutions reflect and reproduce. A tour de force of ambitious interdisciplinary scholarship, Between Truth and Power will transform our thinking about the possible futures of law and legal institutions in the networked information era.
Between Universalism and Skepticism: Ethics as Social Artifact
by Michael PhilipsPhilips defends a middle ground between the view that there is a set of standards binding on rational beings as such (universalism) and the view that differences in morals reduce ultimately to matters of taste (skepticism). He begins with a sustained critique of universalist moral theories and some familiar approaches to concrete moral questions that presuppose them (most appeals to intuitions, respect for person's moralities, and versions of contractarianism and wide reflective equilibrium). He goes on to criticize major recent attempts to develop nonuniversalist alternatives to skepticism, arguing that they rely on excessively abstract and philosophically indefensible preference satisfaction theories of the good. According to Philips's positive alternative, moral standards are justified to the extent that they support reasonably valued ways of life. He devotes considerable attention to clarifying this idea and draws conclusions from it about the role and limits of reason in ethics. Philips's theory provides us with a theoretical basis for dealing with actual moral controversies and for approaching questions of applied and professional ethics in a systematic way.
Beware Euphoria: The Moral Roots and Racial Myths of America's War on Drugs
by George FisherBeware Euphoria uncovers the roots of America's moral obsession with drug regulation, offering a lively and fascinating history of the nation's racialized fear of intoxication. Challenging the idea that early antidrug laws in the US arose from racial animus, George Fisher instead shows in textured detail how US drug laws were driven by a deep-seated cultural taboo against euphoria and a preoccupation with white moral integrity. From nineteenth-century opium dens to the war on cocaine and cannabis, and more, Fisher offers a vivid tour of the sites of conflict, along with a convincing case for how the moral discourses and social contexts of the day pit drugs against the law. Bringing this history up to the present, Fisher shows how the racial dynamic has changed dramatically. As harsher penalties swell prisons with mostly nonwhite dealers, antidrug laws have come under renewed scrutiny as a tool of racial oppression. The book closes with an examination of cannabis legalization, driven in part by the movement for racial justice.
Beware Euphoria: The Moral Roots and Racial Myths of America's War on Drugs
by George FisherBeware Euphoria uncovers the roots of America's moral obsession with drug regulation, offering a lively and fascinating history of the nation's racialized fear of intoxication. Challenging the idea that early antidrug laws in the US arose from racial animus, George Fisher instead shows in textured detail how US drug laws were driven by a deep-seated cultural taboo against euphoria and a preoccupation with white moral integrity. From nineteenth-century opium dens to the war on cocaine and cannabis, and more, Fisher offers a vivid tour of the sites of conflict, along with a convincing case for how the moral discourses and social contexts of the day pit drugs against the law. Bringing this history up to the present, Fisher shows how the racial dynamic has changed dramatically. As harsher penalties swell prisons with mostly nonwhite dealers, antidrug laws have come under renewed scrutiny as a tool of racial oppression. The book closes with an examination of cannabis legalization, driven in part by the movement for racial justice.
Bewegungsstudien: Vorschläge zur Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Arbeiters
by Frank B. Gilbreth Collin RossDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
Beweisfragen in der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht #288)
by Alix SchlüterDieses Buch analysiert auf der Grundlage mehrerer hundert Urteile erstmals umfassend das Beweisrecht des EGMR. Untersucht werden verschiedene Referenzgebiete, in denen typischerweise Nachweisschwierigkeiten auftreten: Situationen der Informationsasymmetrie zwischen beklagter Konventionspartei und Beschwerdeführer, Fälle objektiver Ungewissheit von Tatsachen – in der Umweltrechtsprechung und in Fällen von Ausweisungen und Auslieferungen – und Diskriminierungsbeschwerden. Die Autorin zeigt auf, dass ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen Beweisrecht und materiellem Konventionsrecht besteht. Das Buch kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Gerichtshof Probleme, die als Fragen des Nachweises von beweisbedürftigen Tatsachen eigentlich dem Beweisrecht, mithin dem Prozessrecht zuzuordnen wären, vielfach über die Auslegung des materiellen Rechts löst.
Beweislastumkehr bei groben: Über die analoge Anwendung des § 630h Abs. 5 S. 1 BGB und Alternativlösungen (MedR Schriftenreihe Medizinrecht)
by Sarah Christina GöpfertDieses Buch analysiert eine 2017 angestoßene Tendenz der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung, wonach die aus dem Arzthaftungsrecht stammende Beweisregel der Beweislastumkehr beim groben Behandlungsfehler auf andere Berufsgruppen ausgeweitet wird. In einem ersten Hauptteil werden umfangreich die Grundlagen zur Regelung des § 630h Abs. 5 S. 1 BGB dargestellt; deren rechtsgeschichtliche Entwicklung, deren Stärken und Schwächen, sowie Alternativlösungen für das Beweisproblem bei der Kausalität im Arzthaftungsrecht. Im darauffolgenden Hauptteil wird sodann die Entwicklung zur Anwendung der Vorschrift außerhalb des Arzthaftungsrechts beleuchtet, beginnend mit einer umfassenden Auswertung von Entscheidungen seit dem Jahr 1962, die eine entsprechende Anwendung der Beweislastregel in Erwägung gezogen haben. Im Anschluss wird diese Entwicklung nach einer Festlegung der methodischen Bewertungsgrundlagen nach Fallgruppen differenziert beurteilt. So wird im Ergebnis eine subsumtionsfähige Formel für künftige Fälle erarbeitet, die über die Zulässigkeit einer Analogie zu § 630h Abs. 5 S. 1 BGB entscheidet. Schlussendlich wird ein rechtspolitischer Vorschlag für eine Alternativregelung unterbreitet, die nicht an die viel kritisierte Beweislastumkehr anknüpft. Der Leser erhält so einen umfassenden Überblick zu der sich aktuell vollziehenden Rechtsfortbildung. Das Ergebnis ist ein Kompromiss aus den unübersehbaren Beweisnöten in den gegenständlichen Fällen auf der einen Seite, sowie dem Anliegen auf der anderen Seite, den Anwendungsbereich der Regelung zu begrenzen, um nicht das gesamte Haftungsrecht damit zu infiltrieren.
Beweiswert und Beweisfolgen des statistischen Unwirtschaftlichkeits- beweises im Kassenarztrecht (Recht und Medizin)
by Emil Baader
Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit chemischer Substanzen: Die Methode ‚SusDec‘ als schutzgutbezogenes Nachhaltigkeitsindikatorensystem
by Marian MischkeMarian Mischke entwickelt mithilfe der Methode ‚Sustainable Decisio‘ (SusDec) ein integratives Indikatorensystem, mit dem die Nachhaltigkeit von Produktsystemen chemischer Substanzen vergleichend untersucht und bewertet werden kann. Es werden Schutzgüter definiert, Indikatorergebnisse zur Berechnung der Mehrbelastung herangezogen und das nachhaltigere Produktsystem ausgewählt. ‚SusDec‘ verlässt damit den Weg der einfachen Produktanalyse hin zu einer mehrere Betrachtungsebenen umfassenden Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse bei gleichzeitiger gleichberechtigter Berücksichtigung aller drei Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen.
Bewertung von Energieverteilnetzen im Falle eines Konzessionsübergangs: Identifikation eines normzweckadäquaten Bewertungsansatzes
by Jens MeierEntscheidet sich eine Kommune für eine Neuvergabe der Stromnetzkonzession, dann ist das Verteilnetz vom Alt- an den Neu-Konzessionär zu übereignen. Welche Vergütung der Neu-Konzessionär für das übergehende Verteilnetz zu entrichten hat, ist jedoch rechtlich höchst umstritten. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht Jens Meier die Auswirkungen rechtlicher Gesetzesnormauslegungen auf die Ausgestaltung des Bewertungsverfahrens für Energieverteilnetze. Der Autor zeigt dabei auf, unter welchen Prämissen vom Konzept des objektivierten Ertragswerts abgewichen werden sollte, um ein normzweckadäquates Bewertungsergebnis sicherzustellen. Neben einer Veränderung der Bewertungsperspektive wird hierbei auch der Einbezug erwerbertypspezifischer Synergien diskutiert.