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Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health (Integrated Science #6)

The contributed volume "Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health" is a health-centered volume of the Integrated Science Book series. Lack of confidence, lack of expertise, complexities of healthcare, the confusing nature of healthcare environments, and lack of organization and standardization can become obstacles to successful communication. This volume establishes how extensive is the interface between formal sciences and medical sciences on health-related issues. The book provides an overview of the value of the integration of formal, biological, and medical sciences and related products, i.e., health informatics and biomedical engineering, to frame a holistic approach to health systems, healthcare, medical practice, drug discovery, and medical device design. The book also focuses on innovative solutions to the most critical issues of different health crisis, including obesity, infectious outbreaks, and cancer that can be found by using an integrative approach. It also contains the fascinating crossroads between medical sciences, physics, and mind that is discussed from multiple perspectives on cognition, neuroscience, and psychiatry. These multidisciplinary considerations will expand the concepts of creativity, leadership, aesthetics, empathy and mental health.

Multidisciplinary Medico-Legal Death Investigation: Role of Consultants

Multidisciplinary Medico-legal Death Investigation: Role of Consultants is the only book in the field that focuses on the role consultants have in medical examiner/coroner offices. The book provides a multidisciplinary view on the topic by including specialized fields, such as anesthesiology, surgery, radiology, including CT scan, pediatrics, cardiology-electrophysiology, cardiac pathology, forensic anthropology and odontology, firearms examination, firearms, eye pathology and psychiatry/psychology. Coverage also includes chapters on specialized topics, including high profile cases, the media, business continuity planning, envenomations, the importance of quality assurance and peer review, and quality assurance in a medico-legal death investigation office. This one-of-a-kind resource is ideal for those in the medico-legal death investigation field and professionals in the criminal and civil justice system.Covers many fields, including anesthesiology, surgery, and radiology, including CT scan, pediatrics, cardiology-electrophysiology, cardiac pathology, forensic anthropology and odontology, firearms examination, and more Includes contributions by world-renowned specialistsPresents comprehensive case studies and examples of consultation reports

The Multidisciplinary Nature of Morality and Applied Ethics

Most people intuitively understand the nature of morality; this tends to belie the fact that morality is more complex, controversial and interesting than generally appreciated. This book provides a comprehensive overview of morality from various disciplines and perspectives. These include ethics and evolution, moral psychology, morality and culture, morality and religion and morality and the law. A chapter on evil illustrates the vulnerability of morality. The book also provides a description and critique of various ethical theories, the difference between a moral obligation and a moral ideal and the views of venerable moral philosophers who argue over issues such as whether objective moral truth exists. A number of practical ethical dilemmas are discussed. The book is written in language accessible to the general reader and will be of interest to members of organizational, governmental, and professional ethics committees, students in ethics fellowships or ethics degree programs, philosophers, and others who want to learn more about morality.

Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law (Law, Governance and Technology Series #58)

This open access book presents an interdisciplinary, multi-authored, edited collection of chapters on Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’) and the Law. AI technology has come to play a central role in the modern data economy. Through a combination of increased computing power, the growing availability of data and the advancement of algorithms, AI has now become an umbrella term for some of the most transformational technological breakthroughs of this age. The importance of AI stems from both the opportunities that it offers and the challenges that it entails. While AI applications hold the promise of economic growth and efficiency gains, they also create significant risks and uncertainty. The potential and perils of AI have thus come to dominate modern discussions of technology and ethics – and although AI was initially allowed to largely develop without guidelines or rules, few would deny that the law is set to play a fundamental role in shaping the future of AI.As the debate over AI is far from over, the need for rigorous analysis has never been greater. This book thus brings together contributors from different fields and backgrounds to explore how the law might provide answers to some of the most pressing questions raised by AI. An outcome of the Católica Research Centre for the Future of Law and its interdisciplinary working group on Law and Artificial Intelligence, it includes contributions by leading scholars in the fields of technology, ethics and the law.

Multidisziplinäre Betrachtung des vielschichtigen Phänomens Glücksspiel: Festschrift zu Ehren des 65. Geburtstags von Prof. Dr. Tilman Becker

Wohl kaum ein anderes Thema wird so kontrovers diskutiert wie das Glücksspiel. Rechtliche Fragen vermischen sich mit wirtschaftlichen Perspektiven, psychologisch-medizinische Erwägungen mit moralisch-ethischen Diskussionen und soziale Gesichtspunkte mit politischen Aspekten. Die Beiträge greifen diese vielschichtigen Diskussionsstränge aus Forschung und Praxis auf und beleuchten sie aus multidisziplinärer Perspektive. Das Werk unterteilt sich in die Bereiche „Allgemeine Beiträge zum Glücksspiel“, „Ökonomie“, „Recht und Regulierung“ sowie „Spielverhalten und problematisches Glücksspiel“. Somit liefert der Band einen umfassenden Überblick über aktuelle wissenschaftliche und praxisrelevante Problemlagen in der Glücksspielforschung.

Multijuralism: Manifestations, Causes, and Consequences

At one level of generality, multijuralism is the coexistence of two or more legal systems or sub-systems within a broader normative legal order to which they adhere, such as the existence of civil and common law systems within the EU. However, at a finer level of analysis multijuralism is a more widespread or common phenomenon and a more fluid reality than the civil law/common law distinction suggests. The papers in this study are therefore rooted in the latter frame of reference. They explore various types of multijural manifestations from the harmonizing potential of international treaties to indigenous law and the use of hard and soft pluralism. In addition, the authors consider the external events which are not part of the processes of multijural adjustment but which serve to influence these processes. Included among these important external events are European integration, the growing importance accorded to human rights, the international practice of law, the growth of the Internet, the globalization of markets and the flow of immigrants. This volume represents some of the most current thinking in the area of multijuralism and is essential reading for anyone interested in the coexistence of legal systems or sub-systems.

Multijuralism: Manifestations, Causes, and Consequences

At one level of generality, multijuralism is the coexistence of two or more legal systems or sub-systems within a broader normative legal order to which they adhere, such as the existence of civil and common law systems within the EU. However, at a finer level of analysis multijuralism is a more widespread or common phenomenon and a more fluid reality than the civil law/common law distinction suggests. The papers in this study are therefore rooted in the latter frame of reference. They explore various types of multijural manifestations from the harmonizing potential of international treaties to indigenous law and the use of hard and soft pluralism. In addition, the authors consider the external events which are not part of the processes of multijural adjustment but which serve to influence these processes. Included among these important external events are European integration, the growing importance accorded to human rights, the international practice of law, the growth of the Internet, the globalization of markets and the flow of immigrants. This volume represents some of the most current thinking in the area of multijuralism and is essential reading for anyone interested in the coexistence of legal systems or sub-systems.

Multilateral Compliance Mechanisms in EU Environmental Law: Internationalising EU Environmental Action and Beyond (New Horizons in Environmental and Energy Law series)

Prompted by recent events in the EU’s international environmental cooperation, this thought-provoking book explores the establishment and use of multilateral environmental compliance mechanisms as part of the EU’s external environmental action. Expanding upon current discussions in external relations law, this timely book uses a doctrinal approach to analyse EU engagement with a key instrument of international environmental governance. The author examines the role of compliance mechanisms in EU environmental action, from establishing these treaty-based mechanisms within EU legal boundaries, to utilising non-compliance decisions at EU level. The book concludes with an evaluation of the extent to which EU law enables the EU to preserve, protect, and improve the global environment with the aid of compliance mechanisms, as required by its own Treaties. Multilateral Compliance Mechanisms in EU Environmental Law will be an essential resource for scholars in environmental law, European law, international relations, and public international law. It will also be beneficial for EU officials and policymakers, and environmental advocates and campaigners.

A Multilateral Convention for Tax: From Theory to Implementation (Series on International Taxation)

The Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (MLI) is the most forceful multilateral initiative to coordinate tax regimes on a worldwide basis since the dawn of modern income taxation over a century ago. This book evaluates two radically opposed viewpoints on the convention—a momentous and revolutionary paradigm shift versus a mechanism that merely continues an ongoing flow of limited policy coordination—with detailed investigations that bring to life the hopes and the realities of the current era of multilateral tax cooperation. Bringing together authors from national jurisdictions across the globe to scrutinize the MLI and its likely future ramifications, the book provides in-depth commentary and analysis in the following sequence: first, a comprehensive discussion of the design and goals of the MLI as a treaty and an institutional framework; second, an overview of the structure of the convention and its take-up across the globe to date; and third, the substantive implementation of the MLI with a wide range of country reports. Practice areas covered include tax law, international law, and international relations. The legal workings and implications of the MLI might still seem mysterious to those whose daily work is impacted by it, and there is as yet little jurisprudence regarding its legal nature or ultimate effect on the bilateral treaties coming within its scope. For these reasons, this pathbreaking book will be warmly welcomed by in-house counsel and law firms advising cross-border investors and firms; nongovernmental organizations involved in policy analysis and issue advocacy; researchers working on technical areas of international tax law; and lawyers interested in international policymaking, including the creation and diffusion of consensus-based fiscal and related regulatory norms across jurisdictions of differing development levels.

Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Legal Status Of The Secretariats (PDF)

The present study seeks to examine the genesis, development, and proliferation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) - in-built law-making mechanisms and processes of institutionalization - and their ad hoc treaty-based status and the issue of the legal personality of their secretariats. It provides legal understanding of the location of MEA secretariats within an existing international host institution, as well as discussion of the issue of relationship agreements and interpretation of the commonly used language that triggers such relationships. It places under scrutiny the standard MEA phrase 'providing a secretariat', delegation of authority by the host institution to the head of the convention secretariat, possible conflict areas, host country agreement, and the workings of the relationship agreements. The book offers an authoritative account of the growing phenomenon in which an existing international institution provides a servicing base for MEA that, in turn, triggers a chain of legal implications involving the secretariat, the host institution, and the host country.

Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Compliance: The Benefits of Administrative Procedures (Routledge Research in International Environmental Law)

The adoption of administrative procedures in global governance has the potential to foster proper consideration of marginalized actors’ interests, yet risks entrenching the dominance of the well-resourced and powerful. Accordingly, this book proposes a new framework for evaluating the extent to which administrative procedures in the compliance systems of multilateral environmental agreements constrain power and promote regard for the interests of affected states, which are frequently developing and transition countries. This framework is applied to the compliance systems under the Montreal Protocol, the Kyoto Protocol and CITES, which address critical global environmental issues of ozone-layer depletion, climate change and trade in endangered species, respectively. The analysis shows that, under certain conditions, administrative procedures limit the influence of states’ asymmetric power on compliance deliberations. Furthermore, systematic adoption of these procedures increases the opportunities for affected states’ interests to be voiced and considered in compliance decision-making processes.

Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Compliance: The Benefits of Administrative Procedures (Routledge Research in International Environmental Law)

The adoption of administrative procedures in global governance has the potential to foster proper consideration of marginalized actors’ interests, yet risks entrenching the dominance of the well-resourced and powerful. Accordingly, this book proposes a new framework for evaluating the extent to which administrative procedures in the compliance systems of multilateral environmental agreements constrain power and promote regard for the interests of affected states, which are frequently developing and transition countries. This framework is applied to the compliance systems under the Montreal Protocol, the Kyoto Protocol and CITES, which address critical global environmental issues of ozone-layer depletion, climate change and trade in endangered species, respectively. The analysis shows that, under certain conditions, administrative procedures limit the influence of states’ asymmetric power on compliance deliberations. Furthermore, systematic adoption of these procedures increases the opportunities for affected states’ interests to be voiced and considered in compliance decision-making processes.

Multilateral Negotiation and Mediation: Instruments and Methods

Multilateral Negotiation and Mediation: Instruments and Methods is a collection of papers that covers various areas of concerns in international mediation and negotiation. The materials examine the several aspects negotiation and mediation. The title first covers negotiations with security councils, and then proceeds to tackling regional and inter-regional negotiations. Next, the selection deals with the small-state factor in dispute settlement. The text also talks about disarmament negotiations and north-south negotiations. The last chapter covers international law and negotiation. The book will be of great use diplomats, government officials, and political scientists. Readers who have a keen interest on the mechanisms of diplomacy will also benefit from the text.

A Multilateral Tax Treaty: Designing an Instrument to Modernise International Tax Law (Series on International Taxation)

Many states have set out to develop a multilateral tax instrument with the purpose of amending bilateral treaties in a quick and comprehensive fashion. The recent adoption by as many as a hundred jurisdictions of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the OECD Multilateral Instrument) is the most prominent step in this direction. This book provides not only a detailed analysis of the OECD Multilateral Instrument but also discusses in depth the far-reaching implications of the international tax reform currently under way. The author shows how the BEPS Project has merely unveiled the problems related to bilateral tax relationships and articulates initiatives to ensure the sustainability of a multilateral consensus. Drawing on the fields of international law, international relations, and political science, he develops a design strategy, complete with draft clauses, that fundamentally transforms the way states cooperate in the field of international tax, effectively addressing such problems as the following: – the need for collective action; – the problem structure of multilateral tax cooperation; – the relevance of the OECD Model Tax Convention and Commentaries thereon; – the place, position and operation of the OECD Multilateral Instrument; – non-OECD member countries; and – treaty shopping. The principled and pragmatic structural solution presented would allow policymakers to continuously adapt and respond to the rapidly evolving nature of the global economy. The author’s original research and his recommendations for future development of the topic offer deeply informed guidance to policymakers, practitioners and other tax professionals, and academics.

A Multilateral Tax Treaty: Designing an Instrument to Modernise International Tax Law (Series on International Taxation)

Many states have set out to develop a multilateral tax instrument with the purpose of amending bilateral treaties in a quick and comprehensive fashion. The recent adoption by as many as a hundred jurisdictions of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the OECD Multilateral Instrument) is the most prominent step in this direction. This book provides not only a detailed analysis of the OECD Multilateral Instrument but also discusses in depth the far-reaching implications of the international tax reform currently under way. The author shows how the BEPS Project has merely unveiled the problems related to bilateral tax relationships and articulates initiatives to ensure the sustainability of a multilateral consensus. Drawing on the fields of international law, international relations, and political science, he develops a design strategy, complete with draft clauses, that fundamentally transforms the way states cooperate in the field of international tax, effectively addressing such problems as the following: – the need for collective action; – the problem structure of multilateral tax cooperation; – the relevance of the OECD Model Tax Convention and Commentaries thereon; – the place, position and operation of the OECD Multilateral Instrument; – non-OECD member countries; and – treaty shopping. The principled and pragmatic structural solution presented would allow policymakers to continuously adapt and respond to the rapidly evolving nature of the global economy. The author’s original research and his recommendations for future development of the topic offer deeply informed guidance to policymakers, practitioners and other tax professionals, and academics.

The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages

This book contributes an original theory to understanding human rights and international trade. It offers the ‘governance space’ framework for analysing the linkages and normative relationships between the multilateral trading system (MTS) and human rights regimes. Drawing upon key case studies, the author identifies connecting strands as also gaps in linkage issues. He further examines the ‘right to development’ approach to resolve tensions between these two regimes and demonstrates how the approach may be the most appropriate road map to finding sustainable solutions in balancing human rights and equitable free trade in a complex globalised world. Presenting new legal analyses informed by current debates drawn from international organisations – the World Trade Organization, United Nations, International Labour Organization – governments, civil society and academia as well as global commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goals, the book proposes a systematic and holistic policy intervention. This timely and transdisciplinary text will be of great interest to academics, students and scholars of human rights, international trade, international law, development studies, public policy and governance, economics, politics and international relations. It will also be useful to policymakers, think-tanks, human rights advocates, professionals, lawyers, civil society organisations, non-governmental organisations and trade experts.

The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages

This book contributes an original theory to understanding human rights and international trade. It offers the ‘governance space’ framework for analysing the linkages and normative relationships between the multilateral trading system (MTS) and human rights regimes. Drawing upon key case studies, the author identifies connecting strands as also gaps in linkage issues. He further examines the ‘right to development’ approach to resolve tensions between these two regimes and demonstrates how the approach may be the most appropriate road map to finding sustainable solutions in balancing human rights and equitable free trade in a complex globalised world. Presenting new legal analyses informed by current debates drawn from international organisations – the World Trade Organization, United Nations, International Labour Organization – governments, civil society and academia as well as global commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goals, the book proposes a systematic and holistic policy intervention. This timely and transdisciplinary text will be of great interest to academics, students and scholars of human rights, international trade, international law, development studies, public policy and governance, economics, politics and international relations. It will also be useful to policymakers, think-tanks, human rights advocates, professionals, lawyers, civil society organisations, non-governmental organisations and trade experts.

Multilateral Treaty-Making: The Current Status of Challenges to and Reforms Needed in the International Legislative Process (Nijhoff Law Specials)

Multilayered Structures of International Criminal Law

This book discusses the multilayered legal structures concerning the regulation of crimes under international law. It covers both core crimes and other types of crime under international law, and examines relevant substantive and procedural rules alike. Pursuing such a comprehensive approach is essential to understanding the basic frameworks of international criminal law, since the varied perspectives on international crimes are connected to different systems of enforcement. Being aware of this interrelatedness is conducive to an in-depth examination of individual topics in both substantive and procedural aspects. On the basis of such an inquiry, this book concisely provides a systematic overview of international criminal law.

Multilevel Constitutionalism for Multilevel Governance of Public Goods: Methodology Problems in International Law

This is the first legal monograph analysing multilevel governance of global 'aggregate public goods' (PGs) from the perspective of democractic, republican and cosmopolitan constitutionalism by using historical, legal, political and economic methods. It explains the need for a 'new philosophy of international law' in order to protect human rights and PGs more effectively and more legitimately. 'Constitutional approaches' are justified by the universal recognition of human rights and by the need to protect 'human rights', 'rule of law', 'democracy' and other 'principles of justice' that are used in national, regional and UN legal systems as indeterminate legal concepts. The study describes and criticizes the legal methodology problems of 'disconnected' governance in UN, GATT and WTO institutions as well as in certain areas of the external relations of the EU (like transatlantic free trade agreements). Based on 40 years of practical experiences of the author in German, European, UN, GATT and WTO governance institutions and of simultaneous academic teaching, this study develops five propositions for constituting, limiting, regulating and justifying multilevel governance for the benefit of citizens and their constitutional rights as 'constituent powers', 'democratic principals' and main 'republican actors', who must hold multilevel governance institutions and their limited 'constituted powers' legally, democratically and judicially more accountable.

Multilevel Constitutionalism for Multilevel Governance of Public Goods: Methodology Problems in International Law

This is the first legal monograph analysing multilevel governance of global 'aggregate public goods' (PGs) from the perspective of democractic, republican and cosmopolitan constitutionalism by using historical, legal, political and economic methods. It explains the need for a 'new philosophy of international law' in order to protect human rights and PGs more effectively and more legitimately. 'Constitutional approaches' are justified by the universal recognition of human rights and by the need to protect 'human rights', 'rule of law', 'democracy' and other 'principles of justice' that are used in national, regional and UN legal systems as indeterminate legal concepts. The study describes and criticizes the legal methodology problems of 'disconnected' governance in UN, GATT and WTO institutions as well as in certain areas of the external relations of the EU (like transatlantic free trade agreements). Based on 40 years of practical experiences of the author in German, European, UN, GATT and WTO governance institutions and of simultaneous academic teaching, this study develops five propositions for constituting, limiting, regulating and justifying multilevel governance for the benefit of citizens and their constitutional rights as 'constituent powers', 'democratic principals' and main 'republican actors', who must hold multilevel governance institutions and their limited 'constituted powers' legally, democratically and judicially more accountable.

Multilevel Protection of the Principle of Legality in Criminal Law

This book examines the simultaneous protection of fundamental rights by various norms and jurisdictional organs, focussing on the multilevel protection of the principle of legality in Criminal Law.Written by accredited specialists in criminal law, constitutional law, international public law, and the philosophy of law, the majority of them ex-Counsels of the Spanish Constitutional Court, it addresses various manifestations of the principle of legality: the requirement of precision, the judicial subjection to law and the prohibition of bis in idem. It does so not only from a theoretical perspective, but also through a comparative study of the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union and state constitutional courts. This practical approach characterizes the book, which culminates in a detailed analysis of the relevant ECtHR Judgement Del Río Prada v. Spain on the retroactivity of unfavourable jurisprudence."Multilevel protection of the principle of legality in Criminal Law" is a useful instrument of reflection for scholars of both the principle of criminal legality and the problems that arise from the concurrency of protective jurisdictions of human rights.

Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: The Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms (Studies in International Law)

The outsourcing of military and security services is the object of intense legal debate. States employ private military and security companies (PMSCs) to perform functions previously exercised by regular armed forces, and increasingly international organisations, NGOs and business corporations do the same to provide security, particularly in crisis situations. Much of the public attention on PMSCs has been in response to incidents in which PMSC employees have been accused of violating international humanitarian law. Therefore initiatives have been launched to introduce uniform international standards amidst what is currently very uneven national regulation. This book analyses and discusses the interplay between international, European, and domestic regulatory measures in the field of PMSCs. It presents a comprehensive assessment of the existing domestic legislation in EU Member States and relevant Third States, and identifies implications for future international regulation. The book also addresses the crucial questions whether and how the EU can potentially play a more active future role in the regulation of PMSCs to ensure compliance with human rights and international humanitarian law.

Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: The Interplay between International, European and Domestic Norms (Studies in International Law)

The outsourcing of military and security services is the object of intense legal debate. States employ private military and security companies (PMSCs) to perform functions previously exercised by regular armed forces, and increasingly international organisations, NGOs and business corporations do the same to provide security, particularly in crisis situations. Much of the public attention on PMSCs has been in response to incidents in which PMSC employees have been accused of violating international humanitarian law. Therefore initiatives have been launched to introduce uniform international standards amidst what is currently very uneven national regulation. This book analyses and discusses the interplay between international, European, and domestic regulatory measures in the field of PMSCs. It presents a comprehensive assessment of the existing domestic legislation in EU Member States and relevant Third States, and identifies implications for future international regulation. The book also addresses the crucial questions whether and how the EU can potentially play a more active future role in the regulation of PMSCs to ensure compliance with human rights and international humanitarian law.

Multilingual Interpretation of European Union Law (European Monographs Series)

The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) may be the most important European asset management regulation of the early 21st century. However, a preponderance of practitioners and academics in the field argue that, in its present form, the directive is seriously out of touch with both the system of European financial law and industry practice. In this first in-depth analytical and critical discussion of the content and system of the directive, thirty-four contributing authors – academics, lawyers, consultants, fund supervisors, and fund industry experts – examine the AIFMD from every angle. They cover structure, regulatory history, scope, appointment and authorization of the manager, rules on delegation, reporting requirements, transitional provisions, and the objectives stipulated in the recitals and other official documents. The challenging implications and contexts they examine include the following: connection with systemic risk and the financial crisis; impact on money laundering and financial crime; nexus with insurance for negligent conduct; connection with corporate governance doctrine; risk management; transparency; the cross-border dimension; liability for lost assets; and impact on alternative investment strategies. Ten country reports add a national perspective to the discussion of the European regulation. These chapters deal with the potential interactions among the AIFMD and the relevant laws and regulations of Italy, Switzerland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, Liechtenstein, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Ireland. The former are Europe’s most vibrant financial centres and markets. Designed to spur a critical attitude towards the emerging new European financial markets framework presaged by the AIFMD, this much-needed discussion not only elaborates on the inconsistencies and difficulties sure to be encountered when applying the directive, but also provides potential solutions to the problems it raises. The book will be warmly welcomed by investors and their counsel, fund managers, depositaries, asset managers, and administrators, as well as academics in the field.