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Social Security Law in Spain
by Thais Guerrero Padrón et al.<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Derived from the renowned multi-volume <span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">International Encyclopaedia of Laws<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">, this book describes the social security regime in Spain. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. <span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. <span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in Spain. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
Social Security Law in Switzerland
by Thomas Gächter Dania TrempDerived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in Switzerland. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in Switzerland. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
Social Security Law in the Netherlands
by Frans PenningsDerived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in the Netherlands. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in the Netherlands. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
Social Security Law in the Netherlands
by Frans Pennings<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Derived from the renowned multi-volume <span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">International Encyclopaedia of Laws<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:""; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">, this book describes the social security regime in the Netherlands. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"";mso-bidi-font-family:"";color:black;mso-font-kerning: .5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:HI;mso-bidi-language:HI">Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in the Netherlands. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
Social Security Law in the United Kingdom
by Stephen HardyDerived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in the United Kingdom. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in the United Kingdom. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
Social Security Law in the United Kingdom
by Stephen HardyDerived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in the United Kingdom. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in the United Kingdom. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
Social Security Law in Turkey
by Kübra Dogan-YeniseyDerived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in Turkey. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in Turkey. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.
Social Security Outside the Realm of the Employment Contract: Informal Work and Employee-like Workers
by Marius Olivier Mies WesterveldOver recent years, the inability of social security protection to reach workers without a formal employment contract has become an inconvenient reality in both the global north and south. This book explores how provisions for income security can be revised to effectively meet the needs of the labour force in varying economies. In developing economies, informal employment has traditionally accounted for a high proportion of overall employment and this trend looks set to continue. In the global north, the increasing use of flex-contracts and ‘dependent self-employment’ has led to a rise in the number of workers with limited income protection. An additional challenge for countries in both hemispheres is the rise of the ‘gig’ economy. This book is the first to open up a dialogue about social security coverage in the developed and developing world. Authors from both sides of the divide have contributed chapters and present a variety of insights, experiments and practices with the aim of identifying better ways to combat the growing social security challenge. Academic researchers with an interest in labour law and social policy will find this book to be an engaging source of innovative research. Practicing lawyers and policy makers will also benefit from the insights and examples provided from a number of different jurisdictions.
Social Services of General Interest in the EU (Legal Issues of Services of General Interest)
by Ulla Neergaard, Erika Szyszczak, Johan Willem Gronden and Markus KrajewskiThe EU has limited legislative competence in the field of social law. However, the Member States are increasingly modernizing social services and social (welfare) protection, attempting to make social services more efficient by increasingly looking to the market for the provision of such services. This policy move brings social services into the radar of EU law. The EU response to this sensitive issue has resulted in a piecemeal and fragmented approach towards the treatment of a new policy area of Social Services of General Interest (SSGI) in EU law and policy. This book is a first contribution towards charting how SSGI have emerged as a special category of SGI in the EU, the reaction of the Member States and stake-holders and how policy is being made through new governance processes, carve-outs and safe havens in legislation and soft law, especially in the light of the new values of the EU introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon 2009. It takes an inter-disciplinary approach and will be of interest to lawyers, economists and political scientists who are interested in EU policy-making as well as practioners, EU and national policy-makers. Ulla Neergaard is Professor of EU law at the Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Erika Szyszczak is a Jean Monnet Professor of European Law ad personam, Professor of European Competition and Labour Law at the University of Leicester, Barrister, Littleton Chambers, UK. Johan W. van de Gronden is Professor of European Law at the Radboud University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Markus Krajewski is Professor of Public and International law at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg.
Social Sustainability in Unsustainable Society: Concepts, Critiques and Counter-Narratives (Ethical Economy #67)
by Jo Krøjer Luise Li LangergaardThis book offers a unique, critical exploration of concepts and practices of social sustainability through both a critical concept analysis as well as empirical studies of practices that undermine social sustainability. It addresses the questions: What is the main role of social relations and social practice in the transition from fundamentally unsustainable societies and local practices towards a sustainable future? And how does economical sustainability reduce or enhance social sustainability? The chapters in this work define and understand social sustainability in relation to principles such as solidarity, community, welfare, reciprocity, and regenerative co-existence. These principles are analyzed through the lens of emotions, respect, carefulness, sensitivity, and art, to establish counter-principles and narratives to principles like growth, efficiency, capitalism, and mastery of nature. Such counter-narratives to mainstream understandings and histories of economy aid in shedding light on a variety of different aspects of sustainability. The book presents a methodological plurality including conceptual and empirical approaches, praxis-oriented and inductive approaches. The chapters present interdisciplinary approaches concerning welfare, ecology, sociology, organization and economy, social psychology and aesthetics and therefore appeal to a broad audience of scholars and academics.
Social Systems Theory and Judicial Review: Taking Jurisprudence Seriously (Studies in Modern Law and Policy)
by Katayoun BaghaiThis book demonstrates the empirical gains and integrative potentials of social systems theory for the sociology of law. Against a backdrop of classical and contemporary sociological debates about law and society, it observes judicial review as an instrument for the self-steering of a functionally differentiated legal system. This allows close investigation of the US Supreme Court’s jurisprudence of rights, both in legal terms and in relation to structural transformations of modern society. The result is a thought-provoking account of conceptual and doctrinal developments concerning racial discrimination, race-based affirmative action, freedom of religion, and prohibition of its establishment, detailing the Court’s response to boundary tensions between functionally differentiated social systems. Preliminary examination of the European Court of Human Rights’ privacy jurisprudence suggests the pertinence of the analytic framework to other rights and jurisdictions. This contribution is particularly timely in the context of increasing appeals to fundamental rights around the world and the growing role of national and international high courts in determining their concrete meanings.
Social Systems Theory and Judicial Review: Taking Jurisprudence Seriously (Studies in Modern Law and Policy)
by Katayoun BaghaiThis book demonstrates the empirical gains and integrative potentials of social systems theory for the sociology of law. Against a backdrop of classical and contemporary sociological debates about law and society, it observes judicial review as an instrument for the self-steering of a functionally differentiated legal system. This allows close investigation of the US Supreme Court’s jurisprudence of rights, both in legal terms and in relation to structural transformations of modern society. The result is a thought-provoking account of conceptual and doctrinal developments concerning racial discrimination, race-based affirmative action, freedom of religion, and prohibition of its establishment, detailing the Court’s response to boundary tensions between functionally differentiated social systems. Preliminary examination of the European Court of Human Rights’ privacy jurisprudence suggests the pertinence of the analytic framework to other rights and jurisdictions. This contribution is particularly timely in the context of increasing appeals to fundamental rights around the world and the growing role of national and international high courts in determining their concrete meanings.
A Social Theory of Corruption: Notes From The Indian Subcontinent
by Sudhir Chella RajanA social theory of grand corruption from antiquity to the twenty-first century.In contemporary policy discourse, the notion of corruption is highly constricted, understood just as the pursuit of private gain while fulfilling a public duty. Its paradigmatic manifestations are bribery and extortion, placing the onus on individuals, typically bureaucrats. Sudhir Chella Rajan argues that this understanding ignores the true depths of corruption, which is properly seen as a foundation of social structures. Not just bribes but also caste, gender relations, and the reproduction of class are forms of corruption.Using South Asia as a case study, Rajan argues that syndromes of corruption can be identified by paying attention to social orders and the elites they support. From the breakup of the Harappan civilization in the second millennium BCE to the anticolonial movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, elites and their descendants made off with substantial material and symbolic gains for hundreds of years before their schemes unraveled.Rajan makes clear that this grander form of corruption is not limited to India or the annals of global history. Societal corruption is endemic, as tax cheats and complicit bankers squirrel away public money in offshore accounts, corporate titans buy political influence, and the rich ensure that their children live lavishly no matter how little they contribute. These elites use their privileged access to power to fix the rules of the game—legal structures and social norms—benefiting themselves, even while most ordinary people remain faithful to the rubrics of everyday life.
A Social Theory of International Law: International Relations as a Complex System (International Law in Japanese Perspective #10)
by Kazuko Hirose KawaguchiThe ability to shape one's own destiny-to make decisions on the basis of one's own ideals and goals-is a uniquely human characteristic. It is shared by the groups that human beings fonn-peoples, nations, and other communities--each bound by a common destiny. The very existence of different individuals and groups that have this characteristic virtually guarantees that there will be conflicts among them. And yet it is also human to want to find common ground with others. When individuals or groups emphasize their differences, the result is conflict; when they find common ground, cooperation becomes possible. However, even when it appears that cooperative efforts have resolved the sources of conflict, not all conflict will disappear. Conflict is a natural part of all human interaction. Both conflict and cooperation exist simultaneously. All social phenomena can ultimately be reduced to the question of how these two human characteristics are reconciled and allowed to coexist on the same plane.
Social Value in Practice (Social Value in the Built Environment)
by Ani Raiden Andrew KingSocial Value in Practice offers the reader a simple, accessible guide for considering, creating, and delivering social value in projects and within their organisation. The book connects social value to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and presents an insight into the many and different practical ways in which individuals and organisations can make a positive impact towards resolving the ‘people, planet and prosperity’ agenda: 'Good work' – good practice in managing people, including working conditions, and equality, diversity, and inclusion Education, skills, and employment, including apprenticeships and enhancing the industry image Social procurement and circular supply chains Strategic partnerships and social enterprises Community development, regeneration, and placemaking Construction consultancy Architecture, design, and construction Assessing and measuring social value. Reflective practitioners can pick it up, turn to a chapter, and learn something they can use right away. Through numerous practical examples and think pieces, this book can help readers learn how to create social value, how to improve and build upon current practice, and how to co-create social value in partnership with clients and the supply chain. The authors aim to empower and inspire stakeholders to engage with new ideas and create more value for those using the built environment. This book is a must read for all those involved in procuring, tendering, planning, designing, developing, funding, building, working in, and managing the built environment.
Social Value in Practice (Social Value in the Built Environment)
by Ani Raiden Andrew KingSocial Value in Practice offers the reader a simple, accessible guide for considering, creating, and delivering social value in projects and within their organisation. The book connects social value to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and presents an insight into the many and different practical ways in which individuals and organisations can make a positive impact towards resolving the ‘people, planet and prosperity’ agenda: 'Good work' – good practice in managing people, including working conditions, and equality, diversity, and inclusion Education, skills, and employment, including apprenticeships and enhancing the industry image Social procurement and circular supply chains Strategic partnerships and social enterprises Community development, regeneration, and placemaking Construction consultancy Architecture, design, and construction Assessing and measuring social value. Reflective practitioners can pick it up, turn to a chapter, and learn something they can use right away. Through numerous practical examples and think pieces, this book can help readers learn how to create social value, how to improve and build upon current practice, and how to co-create social value in partnership with clients and the supply chain. The authors aim to empower and inspire stakeholders to engage with new ideas and create more value for those using the built environment. This book is a must read for all those involved in procuring, tendering, planning, designing, developing, funding, building, working in, and managing the built environment.
Social Values and Social Indicators: Essays in Normative Economics and Measurement (Themes in Economics)
by S. SubramanianThe book is a collection of essays written since 2010, and dealing, in one way or another, with the place of values in economic analysis. The centrality of values in the collection is not surprising, given that the thematic concerns informing the essays in the book relate principally to methodological issues in economic enquiry, to the normatively constrained aggregation of personal preferences into collective choice, and to problems of logical coherence and ethical appeal in the axiom systems underlying the measurement of economic and social phenomena such as poverty, inequality and literacy. While many of the essays are more or less technical in nature, they are all explicitly motivated by considerations that go beyond the formalisms of presentation to an involvement with the role of moral reasoning in economic analysis. In particular, the essays emphasize the importance of ‘ought propositions’ in a science which is all too often regarded as being wholly and exclusively ‘positive’ in its orientation. The book should be of particular interest to researchers, students, and public policy makers.
Social versus Corporate Welfare: Competing Needs and Interests within the Welfare State
by K. FarnsworthThe greatest myth of modern times is the suggestion that capitalism and corporations do better with less government. The global economic crisis has certainly put paid to this idea. But the massive emergency state bailouts and interventions put in place from 2008 were unique only in their size and scale. Government programmes, designed to meet the needs of business, are not just everyday, they are everywhere and they are essential. Just as social welfare protects citizens from the cradle to the grave, corporate welfare protects and benefits corporations throughout their life course. And yet, in most countries, corporate welfare is hidden and underresearched. Drawing on comparative data from OECD states, this book seeks to shed light on the size, uses and importance of corporate welfareacross variouswelfare regimes.
Social Welfare and EU Law (Essays in European Law)
by Michael Dougan Eleanor SpaventaThe assumption that Member States of the European Union enjoyed exclusive competence over social provision has been shaken by the realisation that they are now “semi-sovereign welfare states” whose policy choices are subject to increasing scrutiny under Community law. This book seeks to take stock of how Community membership is reshaping the legal environment of welfare provision across Europe. Topics covered include: the evolving economic and governance debates about Community intervention in social rights; the relationship between public services and Community competition and state aids law; the crucial developments which have taken place in the sphere of health care; and recent judgments on free movement and equal treatment for Union citizens as regards national education and social assistance policies. Social Welfare and EU Law provides a valuable collection of essays overall exploring the emergence of new models of social solidarity within the European Union.
Social Work and the Law: Proceedings of the National Organization of Forensic Social Work, 2000
by Ira Arthell Neighbors Anne Chambers Ellen Levin Gila Nordman Cynthia TutroneExamine cutting-edge research on the social worker’s role in the legal system!Social Work and the Law: Proceedings of the National Organization of Forensic Social Work, 2000 addresses the issues and concerns facing social workers who deal with law and the legal system. This comprehensive research collection is essential for providing diagnosis, treatment, and recommendations on legal issues and litigation, both criminal and civil. The findings are invaluable for social workers called upon for consultation, education, and training insights when dealing with legal personnel.As the relatively new field of forensic social work grows, the issues related to its expansion become more complex. Social Work and the Law presents thoughtful commentary on those issues, taken from cutting-edge research findings on the links between animal, child, and domestic abuse; the psychology of stalkers (and their targets); empowering the drug courts; determining competency to stand trial; and much more! Vital for social work practitioners, the book is also an important resource for medical, legal, and criminal justice professionals, educators, and counselors.Social Work and the Law is a valuable guide for anyone dealing with: the assessment and treatment of criminal and juvenile justice populations the civil rights of the mentally ill and mentally impaired the social work aspects of marriage, divorce, and annulment the termination of parental rights and much more!More and more, social workers will need legal knowledge as they advocate for clients who have legal problems and/or are involved in the judicial system. Social Work and the Law provides essential information on dealing with issues confronted by the civil and criminal justice systems.
Social Work and the Law: Proceedings of the National Organization of Forensic Social Work, 2000
by Ira Arthell Neighbors Anne Chambers Ellen Levin Gila Nordman Cynthia TutroneExamine cutting-edge research on the social worker’s role in the legal system!Social Work and the Law: Proceedings of the National Organization of Forensic Social Work, 2000 addresses the issues and concerns facing social workers who deal with law and the legal system. This comprehensive research collection is essential for providing diagnosis, treatment, and recommendations on legal issues and litigation, both criminal and civil. The findings are invaluable for social workers called upon for consultation, education, and training insights when dealing with legal personnel.As the relatively new field of forensic social work grows, the issues related to its expansion become more complex. Social Work and the Law presents thoughtful commentary on those issues, taken from cutting-edge research findings on the links between animal, child, and domestic abuse; the psychology of stalkers (and their targets); empowering the drug courts; determining competency to stand trial; and much more! Vital for social work practitioners, the book is also an important resource for medical, legal, and criminal justice professionals, educators, and counselors.Social Work and the Law is a valuable guide for anyone dealing with: the assessment and treatment of criminal and juvenile justice populations the civil rights of the mentally ill and mentally impaired the social work aspects of marriage, divorce, and annulment the termination of parental rights and much more!More and more, social workers will need legal knowledge as they advocate for clients who have legal problems and/or are involved in the judicial system. Social Work and the Law provides essential information on dealing with issues confronted by the civil and criminal justice systems.
Social Work at the Level of International Comparison: Examples from Iraqi-Kurdistan and Germany
by Cinur Ghaderi Kristin Sonnenberg Luqman Saleh Karim Niyan Namiq Sabir Zhiya Abbas Qader Lisa Marie DünnebackeThe book presents a theoretical and practical approach to international social work. It uses examples from Germany with a long tradition of social work and focuses on the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which is in a pioneering phase in teaching social work while at the same time experiencing a highly explosive situation in global politics. Socio-political challenges such as violence, traumatization, (religious) fundamentalism, ethnicization, changing gender relations, flight and migration call for a professional examination of social work as a human rights profession in international comparison.
Social Work Ethics: Politics, Principles And Practice (PDF)
by Chris L. ClarkThis book offers a critical introduction to professional ethics for social workers. It recognises that social work is largely a state sponsored activity and therefore poses issues in political theory. The traditional values and rules of practice ethics are explained using plentiful examples. The critique is followed by an innovative concept of social work and its relationship to the state. A new approach to practice ethics is developed based on four cardinal principles of respect, justice, citizenship and discipline.
Social Work Ethics (The International Library of Essays in Public and Professional Ethics)
by Eileen GambrillThis collection of essays highlights ethical issues in social work which are often overlooked as well as recurring clashes that influence how they play out, for example among different values and related moral judgements. A wide range of ethical issues are addressed such as the types of technologies incorporated into social work; issues raised by the common position of social workers as 'double agents' required to carry out state mandates while also honoring obligations to clients; and issues concerning the distribution of scarce resources. These topics are integrally related to other often neglected concerns such as harming in the name of helping; the ethics of claims making regarding what is true and what is not, and related concerns regarding empowerment and social justice. This collection, which includes essays from an array of professions and disciplines, is designed to bring these neglected topics to the attention of readers and to offer suggestions for addressing them in a manner that is faithful to obligations described in social work codes of ethics.
Social Work Ethics (The International Library of Essays in Public and Professional Ethics)
by Eileen GambrillThis collection of essays highlights ethical issues in social work which are often overlooked as well as recurring clashes that influence how they play out, for example among different values and related moral judgements. A wide range of ethical issues are addressed such as the types of technologies incorporated into social work; issues raised by the common position of social workers as 'double agents' required to carry out state mandates while also honoring obligations to clients; and issues concerning the distribution of scarce resources. These topics are integrally related to other often neglected concerns such as harming in the name of helping; the ethics of claims making regarding what is true and what is not, and related concerns regarding empowerment and social justice. This collection, which includes essays from an array of professions and disciplines, is designed to bring these neglected topics to the attention of readers and to offer suggestions for addressing them in a manner that is faithful to obligations described in social work codes of ethics.