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The Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality
by Nick Huntington-KleinThe Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality is about research design, specifically concerning research that uses observational data to make a causal inference. It is separated into two halves, each with different approaches to that subject. The first half goes through the concepts of causality, with very little in the way of estimation. It introduces the concept of identification thoroughly and clearly and discusses it as a process of trying to isolate variation that has a causal interpretation. Subjects include heavy emphasis on data-generating processes and causal diagrams. Concepts are demonstrated with a heavy emphasis on graphical intuition and the question of what we do to data. When we “add a control variable” what does that actually do? Key Features: • Extensive code examples in R, Stata, and Python • Chapters on overlooked topics in econometrics classes: heterogeneous treatment effects, simulation and power analysis, new cutting-edge methods, and uncomfortable ignored assumptions • An easy-to-read conversational tone • Up-to-date coverage of methods with fast-moving literatures like difference-in-differences
The effect of exercise on risk of death (large print)
by RnibThis page shows a block chart. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. There are five blocks going across the page. They decrease in height towards the right. Activity levels increase towards the right. The risk of death decreases towards the right. The chart shows that the least active people are 4.5 times more likely to die early than the most active.
The effect of exercise on risk of death (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis page shows a block chart. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. There are five blocks going across the page. They decrease in height towards the right. Activity levels increase towards the right. The risk of death decreases towards the right. The chart shows that the least active people are 4.5 times more likely to die early than the most active.
The effect of exercise on risk of death (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis page shows a block chart. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. There are five blocks going across the page. They decrease in height towards the right. Activity levels increase towards the right. The risk of death decreases towards the right. The chart shows that the least active people are 4.5 times more likely to die early than the most active.
The effect of pH on enzyme action (large print)
by RnibThese pages show images of curved line graphs. It is a multi-page image set on two pages. There is a locator dot shown on each page, which will be at the top left when the image is the correct way up. Pepsin This graph shows the effect different pH values have on pepsin enzyme activity. The Y-axis on the left of the page is the relative activity of the enzyme pepsin and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is the pH value. The data line goes from high up on the Y-axis right and up in a diagonal straight line. It has a rounded peak at the optimum pH value then it goes down sharply to the X-axis. Pancreatic amylase This graph shows the effect different pH values have on pancreatic amylase enzyme activity. The Y-axis on the left of the page is the relative activity of the enzyme pancreatic amylase and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is the pH value. The data line goes from near the origin up and right in a diagonal line to a rounded peak in the top centre of the graph. It then falls sharply back to the X-axis.
The effect of pH on enzyme action (UEB contracted)
by RnibThese pages show images of curved line graphs. It is a multi-page image set on two pages. There is a locator dot shown on each page, which will be at the top left when the image is the correct way up. Pepsin This graph shows the effect different pH values have on pepsin enzyme activity. The Y-axis on the left of the page is the relative activity of the enzyme pepsin and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is the pH value. The data line goes from high up on the Y-axis right and up in a diagonal straight line. It has a rounded peak at the optimum pH value then it goes down sharply to the X-axis. Pancreatic amylase This graph shows the effect different pH values have on pancreatic amylase enzyme activity. The Y-axis on the left of the page is the relative activity of the enzyme pancreatic amylase and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is the pH value. The data line goes from near the origin up and right in a diagonal line to a rounded peak in the top centre of the graph. It then falls sharply back to the X-axis.
The effect of pH on enzyme action (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThese pages show images of curved line graphs. It is a multi-page image set on two pages. There is a locator dot shown on each page, which will be at the top left when the image is the correct way up. Pepsin This graph shows the effect different pH values have on pepsin enzyme activity. The Y-axis on the left of the page is the relative activity of the enzyme pepsin and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is the pH value. The data line goes from high up on the Y-axis right and up in a diagonal straight line. It has a rounded peak at the optimum pH value then it goes down sharply to the X-axis. Pancreatic amylase This graph shows the effect different pH values have on pancreatic amylase enzyme activity. The Y-axis on the left of the page is the relative activity of the enzyme pancreatic amylase and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is the pH value. The data line goes from near the origin up and right in a diagonal line to a rounded peak in the top centre of the graph. It then falls sharply back to the X-axis.
The effect of temperature on enzyme action (large print)
by RnibThis page shows a curved line graph. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. The Y-axis on the left of the page is rate of reaction and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is temperature. The data line goes from just up from the origin, up and right. Near the top it peaks in a curve where the reaction is working as fast as possible and then drops sharply back to the X-axis. The graph shows optimum temperature for enzyme reaction.
The effect of temperature on enzyme action (UEB contracted)
by RnibThis page shows a curved line graph. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. The Y-axis on the left of the page is rate of reaction and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is temperature. The data line goes from just up from the origin, up and right. Near the top it peaks in a curve where the reaction is working as fast as possible and then drops sharply back to the X-axis. The graph shows optimum temperature for enzyme reaction.
The effect of temperature on enzyme action (UEB uncontracted)
by RnibThis page shows a curved line graph. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left, when the image is the correct way up. The Y-axis on the left of the page is rate of reaction and the X-axis going across the bottom of the page is temperature. The data line goes from just up from the origin, up and right. Near the top it peaks in a curve where the reaction is working as fast as possible and then drops sharply back to the X-axis. The graph shows optimum temperature for enzyme reaction.
Effect Sizes for Research: Univariate and Multivariate Applications, Second Edition
by Robert J. Grissom John J. KimNoted for its comprehensive coverage, this greatly expanded new edition now covers the use of univariate and multivariate effect sizes. Many measures and estimators are reviewed along with their application, interpretation, and limitations. Noted for its practical approach, the book features numerous examples using real data for a variety of variables and designs, to help readers apply the material to their own data. Tips on the use of SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus are provided. The book's broad disciplinary appeal results from its inclusion of a variety of examples from psychology, medicine, education, and other social sciences. Special attention is paid to confidence intervals, the statistical assumptions of the methods, and robust estimators of effect sizes. The extensive reference section is appreciated by all. With more than 40% new material, highlights of the new editon include: three new multivariate chapters covering effect sizes for analysis of covariance, multiple regression/correlation, and multivariate analysis of variance more learning tools in each chapter including introductions, summaries, "Tips and Pitfalls" and more conceptual and computational questions more coverage of univariate effect sizes, confidence intervals, and effect sizes for repeated measures to reflect their increased use in research more software references for calculating effect sizes and their confidence intervals including SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus the data used in the book are now provided on the web along with new data and suggested calculations with IBM SPSS syntax for computational practice. Effect Sizes for Research covers standardized and unstandardized differences between means, correlational measures, strength of association, and parametric and nonparametric measures for between- and within-groups data. Intended as a resource for professionals, researchers, and advanced students in a variety of fields, this book is also an excellent supplement for advanced statistics courses in psychology, education, the social sciences, business, and medicine. A prerequisite of introductory statistics through factorial analysis of variance and chi-square is recommended.
Effect Sizes for Research: Univariate and Multivariate Applications, Second Edition
by Robert J. Grissom John J. KimNoted for its comprehensive coverage, this greatly expanded new edition now covers the use of univariate and multivariate effect sizes. Many measures and estimators are reviewed along with their application, interpretation, and limitations. Noted for its practical approach, the book features numerous examples using real data for a variety of variables and designs, to help readers apply the material to their own data. Tips on the use of SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus are provided. The book's broad disciplinary appeal results from its inclusion of a variety of examples from psychology, medicine, education, and other social sciences. Special attention is paid to confidence intervals, the statistical assumptions of the methods, and robust estimators of effect sizes. The extensive reference section is appreciated by all. With more than 40% new material, highlights of the new editon include: three new multivariate chapters covering effect sizes for analysis of covariance, multiple regression/correlation, and multivariate analysis of variance more learning tools in each chapter including introductions, summaries, "Tips and Pitfalls" and more conceptual and computational questions more coverage of univariate effect sizes, confidence intervals, and effect sizes for repeated measures to reflect their increased use in research more software references for calculating effect sizes and their confidence intervals including SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus the data used in the book are now provided on the web along with new data and suggested calculations with IBM SPSS syntax for computational practice. Effect Sizes for Research covers standardized and unstandardized differences between means, correlational measures, strength of association, and parametric and nonparametric measures for between- and within-groups data. Intended as a resource for professionals, researchers, and advanced students in a variety of fields, this book is also an excellent supplement for advanced statistics courses in psychology, education, the social sciences, business, and medicine. A prerequisite of introductory statistics through factorial analysis of variance and chi-square is recommended.
Effective and Equitable Teacher Practice in Mathematics and Science Education: A Nordic Perspective Across Time and Groups of Students (IEA Research for Education #14)
by Nani Teig Trude Nilsen Kajsa Yang HansenThis open access book presents original research on effective and equitable teacher practice in mathematics and science education across Nordic countries. It focuses on three key aspects of teacher practice: what teachers teach, how teachers teach, and how teachers assess their students.To provide a comprehensive understanding of teacher practice, data from the IEA’s Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) from 2011 to 2019 was analyzed. TIMSS provides large-scale and representative data, allowing an in-depth investigation of the relations between teachers, their practices, and student outcomes. The findings highlight the changes in teacher practice over time and the extent to which such changes explain the differences in student outcomes. This research also contributes to understanding how the relationships between teacher practice and student outcomes vary across different student groups (i.e., gender, socioeconomic status, and language background). The empirical evidence presented not only adds a significant layer to the academic discourse but also offers practical implications. These insights are crucial in facilitating educational policymaking and classroom practices aimed at improving student outcomes and closing gaps in educational inequality.
Effective Computational Geometry for Curves and Surfaces (Mathematics and Visualization)
by Jean-Daniel Boissonnat Monique TeillaudThis book covers combinatorial data structures and algorithms, algebraic issues in geometric computing, approximation of curves and surfaces, and computational topology. Each chapter fully details and provides a tutorial introduction to important concepts and results. The focus is on methods which are both well founded mathematically and efficient in practice. Coverage includes references to open source software and discussion of potential applications of the presented techniques.
Effective CRM using Predictive Analytics
by Antonios ChorianopoulosA step-by-step guide to data mining applications in CRM. Following a handbook approach, this book bridges the gap between analytics and their use in everyday marketing, providing guidance on solving real business problems using data mining techniques. The book is organized into three parts. Part one provides a methodological roadmap, covering both the business and the technical aspects. The data mining process is presented in detail along with specific guidelines for the development of optimized acquisition, cross/ deep/ up selling and retention campaigns, as well as effective customer segmentation schemes. In part two, some of the most useful data mining algorithms are explained in a simple and comprehensive way for business users with no technical expertise. Part three is packed with real world case studies which employ the use of three leading data mining tools: IBM SPSS Modeler, RapidMiner and Data Mining for Excel. Case studies from industries including banking, retail and telecommunications are presented in detail so as to serve as templates for developing similar applications. Key Features: Includes numerous real-world case studies which are presented step by step, demystifying the usage of data mining models and clarifying all the methodological issues. Topics are presented with the use of three leading data mining tools: IBM SPSS Modeler, RapidMiner and Data Mining for Excel. Accompanied by a website featuring material from each case study, including datasets and relevant code. Combining data mining and business knowledge, this practical book provides all the necessary information for designing, setting up, executing and deploying data mining techniques in CRM. Effective CRM using Predictive Analytics will benefit data mining practitioners and consultants, data analysts, statisticians, and CRM officers. The book will also be useful to academics and students interested in applied data mining.
Effective CRM using Predictive Analytics
by Antonios ChorianopoulosA step-by-step guide to data mining applications in CRM. Following a handbook approach, this book bridges the gap between analytics and their use in everyday marketing, providing guidance on solving real business problems using data mining techniques. The book is organized into three parts. Part one provides a methodological roadmap, covering both the business and the technical aspects. The data mining process is presented in detail along with specific guidelines for the development of optimized acquisition, cross/ deep/ up selling and retention campaigns, as well as effective customer segmentation schemes. In part two, some of the most useful data mining algorithms are explained in a simple and comprehensive way for business users with no technical expertise. Part three is packed with real world case studies which employ the use of three leading data mining tools: IBM SPSS Modeler, RapidMiner and Data Mining for Excel. Case studies from industries including banking, retail and telecommunications are presented in detail so as to serve as templates for developing similar applications. Key Features: Includes numerous real-world case studies which are presented step by step, demystifying the usage of data mining models and clarifying all the methodological issues. Topics are presented with the use of three leading data mining tools: IBM SPSS Modeler, RapidMiner and Data Mining for Excel. Accompanied by a website featuring material from each case study, including datasets and relevant code. Combining data mining and business knowledge, this practical book provides all the necessary information for designing, setting up, executing and deploying data mining techniques in CRM. Effective CRM using Predictive Analytics will benefit data mining practitioners and consultants, data analysts, statisticians, and CRM officers. The book will also be useful to academics and students interested in applied data mining.
Effective Data Storytelling: How to Drive Change with Data, Narrative and Visuals
by Brent DykesMaster the art and science of data storytelling—with frameworks and techniques to help you craft compelling stories with data. The ability to effectively communicate with data is no longer a luxury in today’s economy; it is a necessity. Transforming data into visual communication is only one part of the picture. It is equally important to engage your audience with a narrative—to tell a story with the numbers. Effective Data Storytelling will teach you the essential skills necessary to communicate your insights through persuasive and memorable data stories. Narratives are more powerful than raw statistics, more enduring than pretty charts. When done correctly, data stories can influence decisions and drive change. Most other books focus only on data visualization while neglecting the powerful narrative and psychological aspects of telling stories with data. Author Brent Dykes shows you how to take the three central elements of data storytelling—data, narrative, and visuals—and combine them for maximum effectiveness. Taking a comprehensive look at all the elements of data storytelling, this unique book will enable you to: Transform your insights and data visualizations into appealing, impactful data stories Learn the fundamental elements of a data story and key audience drivers Understand the differences between how the brain processes facts and narrative Structure your findings as a data narrative, using a four-step storyboarding process Incorporate the seven essential principles of better visual storytelling into your work Avoid common data storytelling mistakes by learning from historical and modern examples Effective Data Storytelling: How to Drive Change with Data, Narrative and Visuals is a must-have resource for anyone who communicates regularly with data, including business professionals, analysts, marketers, salespeople, financial managers, and educators.
Effective Data Storytelling: How to Drive Change with Data, Narrative and Visuals
by Brent DykesMaster the art and science of data storytelling—with frameworks and techniques to help you craft compelling stories with data. The ability to effectively communicate with data is no longer a luxury in today’s economy; it is a necessity. Transforming data into visual communication is only one part of the picture. It is equally important to engage your audience with a narrative—to tell a story with the numbers. Effective Data Storytelling will teach you the essential skills necessary to communicate your insights through persuasive and memorable data stories. Narratives are more powerful than raw statistics, more enduring than pretty charts. When done correctly, data stories can influence decisions and drive change. Most other books focus only on data visualization while neglecting the powerful narrative and psychological aspects of telling stories with data. Author Brent Dykes shows you how to take the three central elements of data storytelling—data, narrative, and visuals—and combine them for maximum effectiveness. Taking a comprehensive look at all the elements of data storytelling, this unique book will enable you to: Transform your insights and data visualizations into appealing, impactful data stories Learn the fundamental elements of a data story and key audience drivers Understand the differences between how the brain processes facts and narrative Structure your findings as a data narrative, using a four-step storyboarding process Incorporate the seven essential principles of better visual storytelling into your work Avoid common data storytelling mistakes by learning from historical and modern examples Effective Data Storytelling: How to Drive Change with Data, Narrative and Visuals is a must-have resource for anyone who communicates regularly with data, including business professionals, analysts, marketers, salespeople, financial managers, and educators.
Effective Evolution Equations from Quantum Dynamics (SpringerBriefs in Mathematical Physics #7)
by Niels Benedikter Marcello Porta Benjamin SchleinThese notes investigate the time evolution of quantum systems, and in particular the rigorous derivation of effective equations approximating the many-body Schrödinger dynamics in certain physically interesting regimes. The focus is primarily on the derivation of time-dependent effective theories (non-equilibrium question) approximating many-body quantum dynamics. The book is divided into seven sections, the first of which briefly reviews the main properties of many-body quantum systems and their time evolution. Section 2 introduces the mean-field regime for bosonic systems and explains how the many-body dynamics can be approximated in this limit using the Hartree equation. Section 3 presents a method, based on the use of coherent states, for rigorously proving the convergence towards the Hartree dynamics, while the fluctuations around the Hartree equation are considered in Section 4. Section 5 focuses on a discussion of a more subtle regime, in which the many-body evolution can be approximated by means of the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Section 6 addresses fermionic systems (characterized by antisymmetric wave functions); here, the fermionic mean-field regime is naturally linked with a semiclassical regime, and it is proven that the evolution of approximate Slater determinants can be approximated using the nonlinear Hartree-Fock equation. In closing, Section 7 reexamines the same fermionic mean-field regime, but with a focus on mixed quasi-free initial data approximating thermal states at positive temperature.
Effective Experimentation: For Scientists and Technologists
by Richard Boddy Gordon SmithEffective Experimentation is a practical book on how to design and analyse experiments. Each of the methods are introduced and illustrated through real world scenario drawn from industry or research. Formulae are kept to a minimum to enable the reader to concentrate on how to apply and understand the different methods presented. The book has been developed from courses run by Statistics for Industry Limited during which time more than 10,000 scientists and technologists have gained the knowledge and confidence to plan experiments successfully and to analyse their data. Each chapter starts with an example of a design obtained from the authors’ experience. Statistical methods for analysing data are introduced, followed, where appropriate, by a discussion of the assumptions of the method and effectiveness and limitations of the design. The examples have been chosen from many industries including chemicals, oils, building materials, textiles, food, drink, lighting, water, pharmaceuticals, electronics, paint, toiletries and petfoods. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and industrial statisticians involved in designing experiments. Postgraduates studying statistics, engineering and mathematics will also find this book of interest.
Effective Experimentation: For Scientists and Technologists
by Richard Boddy Gordon SmithEffective Experimentation is a practical book on how to design and analyse experiments. Each of the methods are introduced and illustrated through real world scenario drawn from industry or research. Formulae are kept to a minimum to enable the reader to concentrate on how to apply and understand the different methods presented. The book has been developed from courses run by Statistics for Industry Limited during which time more than 10,000 scientists and technologists have gained the knowledge and confidence to plan experiments successfully and to analyse their data. Each chapter starts with an example of a design obtained from the authors’ experience. Statistical methods for analysing data are introduced, followed, where appropriate, by a discussion of the assumptions of the method and effectiveness and limitations of the design. The examples have been chosen from many industries including chemicals, oils, building materials, textiles, food, drink, lighting, water, pharmaceuticals, electronics, paint, toiletries and petfoods. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and industrial statisticians involved in designing experiments. Postgraduates studying statistics, engineering and mathematics will also find this book of interest.
Effective Field Theory for Spontaneously Broken Symmetry (Lecture Notes in Physics #1023)
by Tomáš BraunerThis open access book is about spontaneous symmetry breaking, which is a classic area of theoretical physics that lies at the core of many fascinating phenomena such as ferromagnetism, superfluidity, superconductivity, or the Higgs mechanism. The book brings an up-to-date overview of spontaneous symmetry breaking and of modern effective field theory description thereof. The topics covered include the classification of Nambu–Goldstone bosons, nonlinear realization of internal and spacetime symmetries and the construction of the corresponding effective actions, and selected applications. With in-depth exposition of conceptual foundations and numerous illustrative examples, the book is accessible to anybody having taken a basic course on quantum field theory. It serves as a self-contained text for graduate students and junior researchers in diverse areas of physics, but also as a useful reference for experts.
Effective Kan Fibrations in Simplicial Sets (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2321)
by Benno van den Berg Eric FaberThis book introduces the notion of an effective Kan fibration, a new mathematical structure which can be used to study simplicial homotopy theory. The main motivation is to make simplicial homotopy theory suitable for homotopy type theory. Effective Kan fibrations are maps of simplicial sets equipped with a structured collection of chosen lifts that satisfy certain non-trivial properties. Here it is revealed that fundamental properties of ordinary Kan fibrations can be extended to explicit constructions on effective Kan fibrations. In particular, a constructive (explicit) proof is given that effective Kan fibrations are stable under push forward, or fibred exponentials. Further, it is shown that effective Kan fibrations are local, or completely determined by their fibres above representables, and the maps which can be equipped with the structure of an effective Kan fibration are precisely the ordinary Kan fibrations. Hence implicitly, both notions still describe the same homotopy theory. These new results solve an open problem in homotopy type theory and provide the first step toward giving a constructive account of Voevodsky’s model of univalent type theory in simplicial sets.
Effective Lagrangians for the Standard Model (Theoretical and Mathematical Physics)
by Antonio Dobado Angel Gomez-Nicola Antonio L. Maroto Jose R. PelaezThis book is devoted to some recently developed techniques in quantum field theory (QFT), as well as to their main applications to different areas of parti cle physics. All together they are known as the effective or phenomenological Lagrangian formalism. Motivated by the enormous amount of work carried out in this field during the last years, our purpose when writing this book has been to give a modern and pedagogical exposition of the most relevant as pects of the topic. We hope that our efforts will be useful, both for graduated students in the search for a solid theoretical background in modern phe nomenology and for more experimented particle physicists willing to learn about this field or to start working on it. Even though we have tried to keep the book as self-contained as possible, it has been written assuming that the reader is familiar, at least, with the most basic concepts and techniques of QFT, gauge theories, the standard model (SM) and differential geometry, at the level of graduate studies. It is therefore possible that senior high-energy physicists may find the book too detailed and so they could probably omit several sections. The book is divided into two main parts and the appendices. In the first part we introduce the fundamentals of the effective Lagrangian formalism and other basic topics such as Ward identities, non-linear sigma models (NLSM), spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), anomalies, the SM symmetries, etc.
Effective Methods for Integrated Process Planning and Scheduling (Engineering Applications of Computational Methods #2)
by Xinyu Li Liang GaoThis book summarizes a series of research work on integrated process planning and scheduling (IPPS) done by the authors, focusing on discussing the properties, novel solution methods and applications of process planning, scheduling and IPPS problems under different machining environments. It is a valuable reference resource for teachers, students and researchers working in the fields of engineering, management science and other related disciplines.