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Causal Nets, Interventionism, and Mechanisms: Philosophical Foundations and Applications (Synthese Library #381)
by Alexander GebharterThis monograph looks at causal nets from a philosophical point of view. The author shows that one can build a general philosophical theory of causation on the basis of the causal nets framework that can be fruitfully used to shed new light on philosophical issues. Coverage includes both a theoretical as well as application-oriented approach to the subject.The author first counters David Hume’s challenge about whether causation is something ontologically real. The idea behind this is that good metaphysical concepts should behave analogously to good theoretical concepts in scientific theories. In the process, the author offers support for the theory of causal nets as indeed being a correct theory of causation.Next, the book offers an application-oriented approach to the subject. The author shows that causal nets can investigate philosophical issues related to causation. He does this by means of two exemplary applications. The first consists of an evaluation of Jim Woodward’s interventionist theory of causation. The second offers a contribution to the new mechanist debate.Introductory chapters outline all the formal basics required. This helps make the book useful for those who are not familiar with causal nets, but interested in causation or in tools for the investigation of philosophical issues related to causation.
Causality: Statistical Perspectives and Applications (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics)
by Carlo Berzuini Philip Dawid Luisa BernardinellA state of the art volume on statistical causality Causality: Statistical Perspectives and Applications presents a wide-ranging collection of seminal contributions by renowned experts in the field, providing a thorough treatment of all aspects of statistical causality. It covers the various formalisms in current use, methods for applying them to specific problems, and the special requirements of a range of examples from medicine, biology and economics to political science. This book: Provides a clear account and comparison of formal languages, concepts and models for statistical causality. Addresses examples from medicine, biology, economics and political science to aid the reader's understanding. Is authored by leading experts in their field. Is written in an accessible style. Postgraduates, professional statisticians and researchers in academia and industry will benefit from this book.
Causality: Statistical Perspectives and Applications (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics #701)
by Carlo Berzuini Philip Dawid Luisa BernardinelliA state of the art volume on statistical causality Causality: Statistical Perspectives and Applications presents a wide-ranging collection of seminal contributions by renowned experts in the field, providing a thorough treatment of all aspects of statistical causality. It covers the various formalisms in current use, methods for applying them to specific problems, and the special requirements of a range of examples from medicine, biology and economics to political science. This book: Provides a clear account and comparison of formal languages, concepts and models for statistical causality. Addresses examples from medicine, biology, economics and political science to aid the reader's understanding. Is authored by leading experts in their field. Is written in an accessible style. Postgraduates, professional statisticians and researchers in academia and industry will benefit from this book.
Causality: Philosophical Theory meets Scientific Practice
by Phyllis Illari Federica RussoHead hits cause brain damage - but not always. Should we ban sport to protect athletes? Exposure to electromagnetic fields is strongly associated with cancer development - does that mean exposure causes cancer? Should we encourage old fashioned communication instead of mobile phones to reduce cancer rates? According to popular wisdom, the Mediterranean diet keeps you healthy. Is this belief scientifically sound? Should public health bodies encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables? Severe financial constraints on research and public policy, media pressure, and public anxiety make such questions of immense current concern not just to philosophers but to scientists, governments, public bodies, and the general public. In the last decade there has been an explosion of theorizing about causality in philosophy, and also in the sciences. This literature is both fascinating and important, but it is involved and highly technical. This makes it inaccessible to many who would like to use it, philosophers and scientists alike. This book is an introduction to philosophy of causality - one that is highly accessible: to scientists unacquainted with philosophy, to philosophers unacquainted with science, and to anyone else lost in the labyrinth of philosophical theories of causality. It presents key philosophical accounts, concepts and methods, using examples from the sciences to show how to apply philosophical debates to scientific problems.
Causality: Philosophical Theory meets Scientific Practice
by Phyllis Illari Federica RussoHead hits cause brain damage - but not always. Should we ban sport to protect athletes? Exposure to electromagnetic fields is strongly associated with cancer development - does that mean exposure causes cancer? Should we encourage old fashioned communication instead of mobile phones to reduce cancer rates? According to popular wisdom, the Mediterranean diet keeps you healthy. Is this belief scientifically sound? Should public health bodies encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables? Severe financial constraints on research and public policy, media pressure, and public anxiety make such questions of immense current concern not just to philosophers but to scientists, governments, public bodies, and the general public. In the last decade there has been an explosion of theorizing about causality in philosophy, and also in the sciences. This literature is both fascinating and important, but it is involved and highly technical. This makes it inaccessible to many who would like to use it, philosophers and scientists alike. This book is an introduction to philosophy of causality - one that is highly accessible: to scientists unacquainted with philosophy, to philosophers unacquainted with science, and to anyone else lost in the labyrinth of philosophical theories of causality. It presents key philosophical accounts, concepts and methods, using examples from the sciences to show how to apply philosophical debates to scientific problems.
Causality and Causal Modelling in the Social Sciences: Measuring Variations (Methodos Series #5)
by Federica RussoThis investigation into causal modelling presents the rationale of causality, i.e. the notion that guides causal reasoning in causal modelling. It is argued that causal models are regimented by a rationale of variation, nor of regularity neither invariance, thus breaking down the dominant Human paradigm. The notion of variation is shown to be embedded in the scheme of reasoning behind various causal models. It is also shown to be latent – yet fundamental – in many philosophical accounts. Moreover, it has significant consequences for methodological issues: the warranty of the causal interpretation of causal models, the levels of causation, the characterisation of mechanisms, and the interpretation of probability. This book offers a novel philosophical and methodological approach to causal reasoning in causal modelling and provides the reader with the tools to be up to date about various issues causality rises in social science.
Causality and Locality in Modern Physics: Proceedings of a Symposium in honour of Jean-Pierre Vigier (Fundamental Theories of Physics #97)
by G. Hunter Stanley Jeffers J. P. VigierThe Symposium entitled: Causality and Locality in Modern Physics and As tronomy: Open Questions and Possible Solutions was held at York University, Toronto, during the last week of August 1997. It was a sequel to a similar sym posium entitled: The Present Status of the Quantum Theory of Light held at the same venue in August 1995. These symposia came about as a result of discussions between Professor Stanley Jeffers and colleagues on the International Organizing Committee. Professor Jeffers was the executive local organizer of the symposia. The 1997 symposium attracted over 120 participants representing 26 different countries and academic institutions. The broad theme of both symposia was the enigma of modern physics: the non-local, and possibly superluminal interactions implied by quantum mechanics, the structure of fundamental particles including the photon, the reconciliation of quantum mechanics with the theory of relativity, and the nature of gravity and inertia. Jean-Pierre Vigier was the guest of honour at both symposia. He was a lively contributor to the discussions of the presentations. The presentations were made as 30-minute lectures, or during an evening poster session. Some participants did not submit a written account of their presentation at the symposium, and not all of the articles submitted for the Proceedings could be included because of the publisher's page limit. The titles and authors of the papers that had to be excluded are listed in an appendix.
Causality for Artificial Intelligence: From a Philosophical Perspective
by Jordi VallverdúHow can we teach machine learning to identify causal patterns in data? This book explores the very notion of “causality”, identifying from a naturalistic and evolutionary perspective how living systems deal with causal relationships. At the same time, using this knowledge to identify the best ways to apply such biological models in machine learning scenarios. One of the more fundamental challenges for AI experts is to design machines that can understand the world, identifying the basic rules that govern reality. Statistics are powerful and fundamental for this process, but they are only one of the necessary tools. Counterfactual thinking is the other part of the necessary process that will help machines to become intelligent. This book explains the paths that can lead to algorithmic causality. It is essential reading for those who are not afraid of thinking at the interface of various academic disciplines or fields (AI, machine learning, philosophy, neuroscience, anthropology, psychology, computer sciences), and who are interested in the analysis of causal thinking and the ways in which cognitive systems (natural or artificial) can act in order to understand their environment. Professor Vallverdú is currently working on biomimetic cognitive architectures and multicognitive systems. His research has explored two main areas: epistemology and cognition. Since his early Ph.D. research on epistemic controversies, he has analyzed several aspects of computational epistemology. His latest research has focused on the causal challenges of machine learning techniques, particularly deep learning. One of his most promising advances is statistics meets causal graph reasoning (via Directed Acyclic Graphs), which still has several conceptual paths that need to be explored and identified. Counterfactual reasoning is a fundamental part of these open debates, which are under the analysis of Prof. Vallverdú. His current research is supported as part of the following projects: GEHUCT and ICREA Acadèmia.
Causality in a Social World: Moderation, Mediation and Spill-over (Wiley Series In Computational And Quantitative Social Science Ser.)
by Guanglei HongCausality in a Social World introduces innovative new statistical research and strategies for investigating moderated intervention effects, mediated intervention effects, and spill-over effects using experimental or quasi-experimental data. The book uses potential outcomes to define causal effects, explains and evaluates identification assumptions using application examples, and compares innovative statistical strategies with conventional analysis methods. Whilst highlighting the crucial role of good research design and the evaluation of assumptions required for identifying causal effects in the context of each application, the author demonstrates that improved statistical procedures will greatly enhance the empirical study of causal relationship theory. Applications focus on interventions designed to improve outcomes for participants who are embedded in social settings, including families, classrooms, schools, neighbourhoods, and workplaces.
Causality in a Social World: Moderation, Mediation and Spill-over
by Guanglei HongCausality in a Social World introduces innovative new statistical research and strategies for investigating moderated intervention effects, mediated intervention effects, and spill-over effects using experimental or quasi-experimental data. The book uses potential outcomes to define causal effects, explains and evaluates identification assumptions using application examples, and compares innovative statistical strategies with conventional analysis methods. Whilst highlighting the crucial role of good research design and the evaluation of assumptions required for identifying causal effects in the context of each application, the author demonstrates that improved statistical procedures will greatly enhance the empirical study of causal relationship theory. Applications focus on interventions designed to improve outcomes for participants who are embedded in social settings, including families, classrooms, schools, neighbourhoods, and workplaces.
Causality in Policy Studies: a Pluralist Toolbox (Texts in Quantitative Political Analysis)
by Alessia Damonte Fedra NegriThis volume provides a methodological toolbox for conducting policy research. Recognizing that policy research spans various academic disciplines, each of which takes a different view on causality, the volume introduces a methodologically pluralistic approach to policy studies. Each chapter clarifies the research question that each technique can answer, the research design and data treatment that each technique requires for its results to be sound, the validity domain of its results, and the actual deployment of the technique through a replicable example. Techniques covered include quasi-experimental designs, approaches to account for selection bias and observed imbalances, directed acyclic graphs and structural equation models, Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Bayesian case study and process tracing, and Agent-Based Modelling. By working through the volume, readers will understand how to learn from different techniques, apply them consciously, and triangulate them to make better sense of findings. This volume is intended for advanced academic courses, as well as scholars and practitioners in policy-related fields, such as political science, economics, sociology, and public administration. This is an open access book.
Causality, Meaningful Complexity and Embodied Cognition (Theory and Decision Library A: #46)
by A. CarsettiArturo Carsetti According to molecular Biology, true invariance (life) can exist only within the framework of ongoing autonomous morphogenesis and vice versa. With respect to this secret dialectics, life and cognition appear as indissolubly interlinked. In this sense, for instance, the inner articulation of conceptual spaces appears to be linked to an inner functional development based on a continuous activity of selection and “anchorage” realised on semantic grounds. It is the work of “invention” and g- eration (in invariance), linked with the “rooting” of meaning, which determines the evolution, the leaps and punctuated equilibria, the conditions related to the unfo- ing of new modalities of invariance, an invariance which is never simple repetition and which springs on each occasion through deep-level processes of renewal and recovery. The selection perpetrated by meaning reveals its autonomy aboveall in its underpinning, in an objective way, the ongoing choice of these new modalities. As such it is not, then, concerned only with the game of “possibles”, offering itself as a simple channel for pure chance, but with providing a channel for the articulation of the “ le” in the humus of a semantic (and embodied) net in order to prepare the necessary conditionsfor a continuousrenewal and recoveryof original creativity. In effect, it is this autonomy in inventing new possible modules of incompressibility whichdeterminestheactualemergenceofnew(andtrue)creativity,whichalsotakes place through the “narration” of the effected construction.
Causation, Prediction, and Search (Lecture Notes in Statistics #81)
by Peter Spirtes Clark Glymour Richard ScheinesThis book is intended for anyone, regardless of discipline, who is interested in the use of statistical methods to help obtain scientific explanations or to predict the outcomes of actions, experiments or policies. Much of G. Udny Yule's work illustrates a vision of statistics whose goal is to investigate when and how causal influences may be reliably inferred, and their comparative strengths estimated, from statistical samples. Yule's enterprise has been largely replaced by Ronald Fisher's conception, in which there is a fundamental cleavage between experimental and non experimental inquiry, and statistics is largely unable to aid in causal inference without randomized experimental trials. Every now and then members of the statistical community express misgivings about this turn of events, and, in our view, rightly so. Our work represents a return to something like Yule's conception of the enterprise of theoretical statistics and its potential practical benefits. If intellectual history in the 20th century had gone otherwise, there might have been a discipline to which our work belongs. As it happens, there is not. We develop material that belongs to statistics, to computer science, and to philosophy; the combination may not be entirely satisfactory for specialists in any of these subjects. We hope it is nonetheless satisfactory for its purpose.
The Causes and Consequences of Income Tax Noncompliance
by Jeffrey A. DubinTaxpayer compliance is a voluntary activity, and the degree to which the tax system works is affected by taxpayers’ knowledge that it is their moral and legal responsibility to pay their taxes. Taxpayers also recognize that they face a lottery in which not all taxpayer noncompliance will ever be detected. In the United States most individuals comply with the tax law, yet the tax gap has grown significantly over time for individual taxpayers. The US Internal Revenue Service attempts to ensure that the minority of taxpayers who are noncompliant pay their fair share with a variety of enforcement tools and penalties. The Causes and Consequences of Income Tax Noncompliance provides a comprehensive summary of the empirical evidence concerning taxpayer noncompliance and presents innovative research with new results on the role of IRS audit and enforcements activities on compliance with federal and state income tax collection. Other issues examined include to what degree taxpayers respond to the threat of civil and criminal enforcement and the important role of the media on taxpayer compliance. This book offers researchers, students, and tax administrators insight into the allocation of taxpayer compliance enforcement and service resources, and suggests policies that will prevent further increases in the tax gap. The book’s aggregate data analysis methods have practical applications not only to taxpayer compliance but also to other forms of economic behavior, such as welfare fraud.
Causes, Correlates and Consequences of Death Among Older Adults: Some Methodological Approaches and Substantive Analyses
by Jere R. Behrman Robin C. Sickles Paul TaubmanAll humans eventually die, but life expectancies differ over time and among different demographic groups. Teasing out the various causes and correlates of death is a challenge, and it is one we take on in this book. A look at the data on mortality is both interesting and suggestive of some possible relationships. In 1900 life expectancies at birth were 46. 3 and 48. 3 years for men and women respectively, a gender differential of a bit less than 5 percent. Life expectancies for whites then were about 0. 3 years longer than that of the whole population, but life expectancies for blacks were only about 33 years for men and women. At age 65, the remaining life expectancies were about 12 and 11 years for whites and blacks respectively. Fifty years later, life expectancies at birth had grown to 66 and 71 years for males and females respectively. The percentage differential between the sexes was now almost up to 10 percent. The life expectancies of whites were about one year longer than that for the entire population. The big change was for blacks, whose life expectancy had grown to over 60 years with black females living about 5 percent longer than their male counterparts. At age 65 the remaining expected life had increased about two years with much larger percentage gains for blacks.
Caustics, Catastrophes and Wave Fields (Springer Series on Wave Phenomena #15)
by Yu.A. Kravtsov Yu.I. OrlovCaustics, Catastrophes and Wave Fields in a sense continues the treatment of the earlier volume 6 "Geometrical Optics of Inhomogeneous Media" by analysing caustics and their fields on the basis of modern catastrophe theory. The present volume covers local and uniform caustic asymptotic expansions: The Lewis-Kravtsov method of standard functions, Maslov's method of canonical operators , Orlov's method of interference integrals, as well as their modifications for penumbra, space-time, random and other types of caustics. All the methods are amply illustrated by worked problems concerning relevant wave-field applications.
CBAC Mathemateg ar gyfer U2 - Pur (PDF)
by Stephen DoyleWritten by bestselling author Stephen Doyle, the new WJEC Mathematics for A2 Level - Pure Student Book will support and motivate students through the course and help them thoroughly prepare for their exams.
CBAC Mathemateg ar gyfer UG Cymhwysol (PDF)
by Stephen DoyleWritten by bestselling author Stephen Doyle, the new WJEC Mathematics for AS Level - Applied Student Book will support and motivate students through the course and help them thoroughly prepare for their exams.
CBAC Mathemateg ar gyfer UG Profion Ymarfer Pur a Chymhwysol (PDF)
by Stephen DoyleWritten by highly experienced author Stephen Doyle, the Practice Tests book is designed to be used alongside the WJEC Mathematics for AS Level Pure and Applied textbooks.
CCEA GCSE Mathematics Foundation (2nd Edition) (PDF)
by Neill Hamilton Rosie McCreaBuild all the necessary skills to progress your students' learning and develop their problem-solving skills with this fully updated edition of the market-leading Student's Book for CCEA GCSE Mathematics. - Supports you and your students through the new specifications with content mapped to the new module options with material for each module (M1/M5, M2/M6 F or M3/M7 and M4/M8 H) clearly indicated throughout. - Prepares students for assessment with plenty of practice questions divided into calculator and non-calculator, plus links to further relevant and appropriate exam questions.- Develops understanding with Learning Objectives and required knowledge set out at the start of each chapter.- Tests understanding with end of chapter exercises and problem-solving questions throughout. - Enhances learning with detailed worked examples and solutions.
CCEA GCSE Mathematics Foundation Practice Book (2nd Edition) (PDF)
by Linda Liggett Robin LiggettExam Board: CCEALevel: GCSESubject: MathematicsFirst Teaching: September 2017First Exam: Summer 2019Provide structured support and extra practice with hundreds of practice questions that focus on problem-solving, building the exam skills needed to succeed in the new GCSE specifications. - Enhance learning and build exam skills with extra practice designed to support the student books- Help develop students' skills and prepare them effectively for their exam with questions that cover all units of the new syllabus- Build problem-solving and mathematical reasoning skills with a range of practice questions
CCEA GCSE Mathematics Higher (2nd Edition) (PDF)
by Neill Hamilton Anne ConnollyBuild all the necessary skills to progress your students' learning and develop their problem-solving skills with this fully updated edition of the market-leading Student's Book for CCEA GCSE Mathematics. - Supports you and your students through the new specifications with content mapped to the new module options with material for each module (M1/M5, M2/M6 F or M3/M7 and M4/M8 H) clearly indicated throughout. - Prepares students for assessment with plenty of practice questions divided into calculator and non-calculator, plus links to further relevant and appropriate exam questions.- Develops understanding with Learning Objectives and required knowledge set out at the start of each chapter.- Tests understanding with end of chapter exercises and problem-solving questions throughout. - Enhances learning with detailed worked examples and solutions.
CCEA GCSE Mathematics Higher Practice Book (2nd Edition) (PDF)
by Anne Connolly Linda Liggett Robin LiggettExam Board: CCEALevel: GCSESubject: MathematicsFirst Teaching: September 2017First Exam: June 2019Provide structured support and extra practice with hundreds of practice questions that focus on problem-solving, building the exam skills needed to succeed in the new GCSE specifications. - Enhance learning and build exam skills with extra practice designed to support the student books- Help develop students' skills and prepare them effectively for their exam with questions that cover all units of the new syllabus- Build problem-solving and mathematical reasoning skills with a range of practice questions
CCEA GCSE Maths Exam Practice Workbook: Foundation
by CgpBursting with exam-style practice, this write-in CGP Workbook is the ideal way to prepare for the Foundation Tier CCEA GCSE Maths exams (units M1, M2, M5 and M6). The material is stamped to help students prepare for the unit exam they're sitting, plus we've scattered helpful exam practice tips throughout the book. There are worked answers at the back of the book, and some of the trickier questions have guided working so students know how to tackle them. For CCEA GCSE Maths Foundation Tier study notes, don't miss CGP's matching Revision Guide (9781789085631).
CCEA GCSE Maths Revision Guide: Foundation (with Online Edition)
by Cgp BooksThere's no better way to learn the Foundation Tier CCEA GCSE Maths course than with this brilliant CGP Revision Guide. It's bursting with student-friendly study notes (covering units M1, M2, M5 and M6) and helpful worked examples. Students can put their knowledge to the test with exam-practice questions on every page - including short answers at the back of the book, and full step-by-step answers via the free Online Edition. When the book arrives, just use the unique code printed inside the cover to gain full access on a PC, Mac or tablet. To make sure they're fully prepared for exam day don't miss CGP's CCEA GCSE Maths Foundation Tier Exam Practice Workbook (9781789085655).