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Cell Polarity and Subcellular RNA Localization (Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation #34)
by DietmarRichterSelective cytoplasmic organelle and protein targeting has long been thought to constitute the sole determinant of cell polarity and complexity. This view has been changed, however, by the discovery of differential subcellular RNA distribution patterns. Over the past decade it has become clear that selective mRNA sorting and translation contributes to an accumulation of cognate proteins at discrete cellular sites. In this book, various systems are discussed (e.g. Xenopus oocytes, mammalian brain, invertebrate nervous system) in terms of RNA trafficking, RNA-targeting sequences (cis-elements) and RNA-transporting proteins (trans-factors), activity-dependent translational regulation and the significance of the cytoskeleton for neuronal function and plasticity. It also discusses nucleocytoplasmic export of mRNA and viral RNA as another example of subcellular RNA kinesis.
Cell Proliferation and Cytogenesis in the Mouse Hippocampus (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology #122)
by Kyrill Yu. ReznikovIn the present work, processes of cell proliferation, cell death, neurogenesis, and gliogenesis in the mouse hippocampus were studied. The mapping of distribution of hippocampal mitoses and counting of their number allowed a more precise definition of the data concerning the disposition and age reduction of proliferative sites in Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus in the mouse. As a result, the following generalized scheme of development and age reduction of the germinal zones in the mouse hippocampus has been suggested. 1. Ammon's horn a) The ventricular zone, from the beginning of formation of the hippocampus (Ell) until E20 b) The suprafimbrial zone, from El6 until P7 2. Dentate gyrus a) The prime germinal zone ("the anlage of the dentate gyrus" of Stanfield and CowanI979b), from E15 until P3 b) The proliferative zone of the hilus, from P3 until Pl4 c) The subgranular zone, from P3 until adult age The adduced scheme needs some comments: 1. In the hippocampus (as well as in other formations of the developing brain), primary precursors of all types of cells of neuroectodermal origin are represented by cells of the ventricular zone. They give rise to cells of secondary germinal zones in the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn and are direct precursors of the majority (if not of all) neuronal cells in Ammon's horn, the earliest originating generations of neurons in the dentate gyrus, hippocampal radial glial cells, and, evidently, of a considerable part of astroblasts and oligodendroblasts in Ammon's horn.
Cell Receptors: Morphological Characterization and Pathological Aspects (Current Topics in Pathology #83)
by U. Beisiegel F. Buck G. V. Childs I. Damjanov M. Dietel H. Griesser R. D. Hesch H. Höfler E. V. Jensen W. Jonat H. Jüppner P. Karlson H. Kreipe J. Lloyd G. Mengod W. Meyerhof S. D. Morley A. Niendorf J. M. Palacios M. R. Parwaresch A. Probst H. J. Radzun D. Richter G. Seitz H. E. Stegner R. Tibolt M. Vierbuchen N. WernertAn up-to-date review of the morphology and pathological aspects of cell receptors, important because new therapies for various pathological conditions (genetic diseases, endocrine disorders, cancer, etc.) could be based on receptor interference.
Cell Regulation by Intracellular Signals (Nato Science Series A: #44)
by Stephane SwillensIn 1980, the IVth International Cyclic Nucleotide Conference was held in Brussels. As this meeting attracted many investigators involved in cyclic nucleotides and calcium role in intracellular regulation, it was thought that this opportunity could be used to organize, prior to the Congress, an in-depth introductory course on the subject. This was carried out as a NATO Advanced Study Institute. The participants included Ph. D. students and M. D. s engaged in a research training, but also fully trained and well known researchers who wanted a refresher course on the whole subject. During the course, most of the participants and lecturers asked to be provided with a text summarizing the basic lectures of the course. This book was therefore conceived as a basic textbook on the regulation and action of intracellular signal molecules, concentrating mainly on cyclic nucleotides and calcium. It was deliberately kept at a basic level. We would therefore be happy if it could be used as an introduction for interested M. D. s or Ph. D. s working in other fields or entering this field and as a general refresher for researchers interested in the subject. For this reason, very general schemes have been asked of the authors, along with reading lists of available reviews rather than extensive bibliographies. The editors should like to thank the NATO Scientific Affairs Committee for having supported the course and Mrs. Gh. Wilmes who prepared the manuscripts. S. SWILLENS J. E.
Cell Reprogramming for Immunotherapy: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2097)
by Samuel G. Katz Peter M. RabinovichThis volume details key protocols for developing strategies in immunotherapy. Chapters guide the readers through protocols related to various DNA, RNA and protein methods to reprogram the immune system, immune cells, analyzing the effect of the reprogrammed cells, and key methods to consider and analyze patients enrolled in clinical trials with novel immunotherapy regimens. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Cell Reprogramming for Immunotherapy: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.
Cell Signal Transduction, Second Messengers, and Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease
by A. M. Municio M. T. Miras-PortugalIt is the great glory as it is also the great threat of science that everything which is in principle possible can be done if the intention to do it is sufficiently resolute. Peter Medawar, "The Threat and the Glory" An international symposium on "Cell Signal Transduction, Second Messengers, and Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease" was held at EI Escorial (Spain) from July 5-9, 1993 as a summer course of the Complutense University in Madrid. The lectures were delivered by renowned scientists from Europe, America, and Asia and attended by a large number of young scientists and graduate students from many countries. During evolution multicellular organisms have developed the most sophisticated and heterogeneous signals to maintain in harmony their multiple functions. The latest and most controversial aspects and developments in signal transduction were the main focus of this course. The communication among participants was extremely fluid, alive, and warm. This allowed the understanding of the key steps in cellular communication, from their original and historical sources to the main present hypothesis in the borderline of the latest scientific discoveries in this field. Without any doubt, the special atmosphere of the place, the monuments and the old granite stones, the "patio" with the fountain and the rose garden were responsible for the cordial meeting. This book comprises the manuscripts of the participants and we hope it will contribute to our knowledge of cellular signal transduction and be of value to a wider scientific community.
Cell Signaling in Vascular Inflammation
by Jahar BhattacharyaA comprehensive survey by leading basic and clinical researchers of the signal transduction mechanisms responsible for lung inflammation, including vascular hyperpermeability, white cell accumulation, and vascular remodeling. The authors cut across disciplines to bring together a broad-based presentation of inflammatory challenge, both in the initial phases of the inflammatory response, as well as in the more prolonged phase of genomic involvement. The book illuminates not only the processes of lung inflammation, but also the potential for developing new therapeutic strategies to combat inflammatory lung disease.
Cell Signaling & Molecular Targets in Cancer
by Malay Chatterjee and Khosrow KashfiThis book provides an overview of critical components of cell signaling machinery and its role in epithelial morphogenesis, proliferation, invasions and angiogenesis in human cancer and discusses novel types of protein kinase pathways.
Cell Signaling Reactions: Single-Molecular Kinetic Analysis
by Yasushi Sako and Masahiro UedaThis book encompasses the exciting developments and challenges in the fast-moving and rapidly expanding research field of single-molecule kinetic analysis of cell signaling that promises to be one of the most significant and exciting areas of biological research for the foreseeable future. Cell signaling is carried out by complicated reaction networks of macromolecules, and single-molecule analyses has already demonstrated its power to unravel complex reaction dynamics in purified systems. To date, most of the published research in the field of single-molecule processes in cells, focus on the dynamic properties (translational movements of the centre of mass) of biological molecules. However, we hope that this book presents as many kinetic analyses of cell signaling as possible. Although single-molecule kinetic analysis of cellular systems is a relatively young field when compared with the analysis of single-molecule movements in cells, this type of analysis is highly important because it directly relates to the molecular functions that control cellular behavior and in the future, single-molecule kinetic analysis will be largely directed towards cellular systems. Thus, we hope that this book will be of interest to all those working in the fields of molecular and cell biology, as well as biophysics and biochemistry.
Cell Signalling in Prokaryotes and Lower Metazoa
by I. FairweatherCell signalling lies at the heart of many biological processes and currently is the focus of intense research interest. In multicellular organisms, it is central to how different types of cell communicate with each other and how they detect and respond to extracellular signals. Intercellular communication is vital to single-celled organisms as well, allowing them to respond to environmental cues and signals. To date, much of the understanding of signalling mechanisms has come from research on specific cell types (eg mouse lymphocyte and cardiomyocyte) or on organisms in which communication systems such as nervous and endocrine systems are well established. This volume therefore aims to 'fill the gap' by concentrating on 'simple organisms' where the elements of those signalling systems first evolved. Many of the groups covered contain important pathogens or parasites, and the potential for manipulating signalling pathways for therapeutic intervention will be highlighted.
Cell Stress Proteins (Protein Reviews #7)
by Stuart K. CalderwoodThis book surveys the current knowledge concerning the expression and function of stress proteins in different organisms, ranging from prokaryotes to humans. It provides an overview of the diversity and complex evolutionary history of cell stress proteins and describes their function and expression in different eukaryote models. The book will appeal to researchers and scientists in biochemistry, cell biology, microbiology, immunology, and genetics.
Cell Substrates: Their Use in the Production of Vaccines and Other Biologicals (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #118)
by J. C. PetriccianiThis volume stems from a symposium sponsored by the W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Lake Placid New York. The Second Annual W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center Symposium: Cell Substrates and Their Use in the Production of Vaccines and Other Biologicals was held October 23-26, 1978. The Center is an operational unit of the Tissue Culture Association and offers, in collaboration with the Association's Education Committee, a wide range of educational and research activities. During the past 20 years there have been numerous national and international conferences on the topic of cell cultures used to produce biological products. Those largely dealt with the technology and associated issues that were current at the time of the meetings. For example, as human diploid cells were developed and proposed for use in vaccine production, a number of meetings were held to examine the pros and cons of human diploid cells. A large amount of data was provided at those conferences which formed the basis for the eventual acceptance of that cell system. Each meeting added to the general base of knowledge in the area of cell cultures and their application to the current and novel set of problems encountered. In general, the participants reaffirmed the basic premises that were formulated in the early days of polio virus vaccine production regarding the criteria for acceptability of cells when used in the manufacture of biologics intended for humans.
Cell Surface Receptors: A Short Course on Theory and Methods
by Lee E. LimbirdCell Surface Receptors: A Short Course on Theory and Methods, Second Edition is a primer for the study of cell surface receptors. The simplified discussion of methods and their underlying principles removes the usual intimidation caused by the specialized vocabulary or sophisticated mathematics that characterize many of the primary papers in this field. In this way, the basic concepts become emphasized. This volume is a starting point: a textbook as well as a manual to which the investigator can return for a refresher course, when needed.
Cell Surface Receptors: A Short Course on Theory and Methods
by Lee E. LimbirdThe purpose of this book is to serve as a primer for the study of cell surface receptors. The simplified discussion of methods and their underlying prin ciples is intended to remove the usual intimidation caused by the specialized vocabulary or sophisticated mathematics that characterize many of the primary papers in this field. In this way, it is hoped that the basic concepts can be emphasized. This book is meant to be a starting point: a textbook as well as a manual to which the investigator can return for a refresher course, when needed. I feit compelled to write this book for several reasons. The primary philosophical reason was to provide, in one volume, an overall perspective on the study ofcell surface receptors that describes their characterization from pharmacological studies in a whole organ or tissue bath (chapter 2) to studies of radioligand binding in isolated membrane and detergent-solubilized pre parations (chapters 3-5) and, back again, to studies in intact cells or tissues using morphological and biochemical techniques (chapter 6). It is my opinion that the ultimate understanding of the molecular basis for hormone or drug receptor interactions, and the physiological consequences of these inter actions, will require an assessment of cell surface receptor function at all of these experimental levels. In many cases an investigator may not choose to of investigation considered here.
Cell Surface Receptors: A Short Course on Theory and Methods
by Lee E. LimbirdCell Surface Receptors: A Short Course on Theory and Methods, 3rd Edition, links theoretical insights into drug-receptor interactions described in mathematical models with the experimental strategies to characterize the biological receptor of interest. The study of receptors has changed considerably over the period of the publication of the three editions of this book. The cloning of several genomes makes it unlikely that preparations of receptors now or in the future will arise from their purification as trace proteins from native tissues, but rather from a myriad of molecular approaches. Nonetheless, understanding the molecular mechanisms and ultimately the in vivo biology of these receptors means that investigators will engage in molecular, cellular and ultimate in vivo strategies. It should be of value to investigators who want to identify, characterize and understand the biology of a receptor of interest.
Cell Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions (Molecular and Translational Medicine)
by Dwaine F. Emerich Gorka OriveThis volume provides a comprehensive, state-of-the art review of the field of cell therapy. The volume begins with an overview of the breadth of the field and then turns to overviews of imaging technologies that can aid in both safety and efficacy evaluations. The book then turns to numerous contributions detailing the rapidly growing field of stem cell therapies. These sections cover our understanding of the natural roles of stem cells in biology and human disease and then touches on several of the more prominent areas where stem cells are moving rapidly into clinical evaluation including neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophy, cardiac repair, and diabetes. The volume concludes with contributions from experts in oncology, ophthalmology, stem cells, 3-D printing, and biomaterials where the convergence of expertise is leading to unprecedented insights into how to minutely control the in vivo fate and function of transplanted and/or endogeneously mobilized cells. Finally, the book provides insights into the pivotal relationship between academic and industrial partnerships. This volume is designed to touch on the major areas where the field will make its greatest and most immediate clinical impacts. This text will provide a useful resource for physicians and researchers interested in the rapidly changing filed of cell therapy.
Cell Therapy: cGMP Facilities and Manufacturing
by Adrian P. GeeThis new edition presents a fully-updated and expanded look at current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) for cell therapy products. It provides a complete discussion of facility design and operation including details specific to cord blood banking, cell processing, vector production and qualification of a new facility. Several chapters cover facility infrastructure including cleaning and maintenance, vendor qualification, writing a Standard Operating Procedure, staff training, and process validation. The detailed and invaluable product information covers topics like labelling, release and administration, transportation and shipment, et al. Further chapters cover relevant topics like writing and maintaining investigational new drug applications, support opportunities in North America and the European Union, commercial cell processing and quality testing services, and financial considerations for academic GMP facilities. A chapter on future directions rounds out Cell Therapy: cGMP Facilities and Manufacturing making it essential reading for any cell therapy professional involved in the development, use, or management of this type of facility.
Cell Therapy (Keio University International Symposia for Life Sciences and Medicine #5)
by YutakaHattori YutakaKawakami ShigeoKoyasu Jun-IchiHata YasuoIkedaModern cell biology has brought improvements in therapy for advanced malignant diseases through immunomodulation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and other advanced techniques. Collected here are selected papers from the Fifth International Symposium of Keio University for Life Sciences and Medicine on Cell Therapy.All chapters include innovative basic research for clinical application: immunotherapy, cancer vaccination, molecular biology of hematopoietic stem cells, stem cell processing, and gene therapy.The book is divided into three parts: Immunotherapy for malignant diseases; Hematopoietic stem cell biology and clinical application; and International collaboration in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Included in the third part is information on bone marrow registries from around the world.The book thus presents up-to-date information on biological and clinical aspects of treatment, with insight into the future of cell therapy.
Cell Therapy Against Cerebral Stroke: Comprehensive Reviews for Translational Researches and Clinical Trials
by Kiyohiro Houkin Koji Abe Satoshi KurodaThis book presents comprehensive reviews for both translational research and clinical trials on cell therapy for stroke.Cerebral stroke is still a leading cause of death and disability. However, despite intensive research, few treatment options are available. The therapeutic potential of cell transplantation has been studied for various pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) including traumatic brain injury, traumatic spinal cord injury, degenerative disease, demyelinating disease and ischemic stroke, as the injured neural tissue in the CNS has only a limited regenerative capacity.Recently, a growing body of evidence in this field suggests that cell transplantation holds great potential as a form of stroke therapy.The authors, who are experts in the field of neurosurgery, review and discuss optimal cell sources and various issues involved in translational research; further, they outline ongoing clinical trials in Japan.
Cell Therapy for Brain Injury
by David C. HessCell Therapy for Brain Injury is a thorough examination of using state-of-the-art cell therapy in the treatment of strokes and other traumatic brain injuries. This invaluable book covers this niche topic in depth from basic stem cell biology and principles of cell therapy through proposed mechanisms of action of cell therapy in stroke, pre-clinical data in stroke models, ongoing clinical trials, imaging and tracking of cells with MRI, neural stem cells in stroke and the "big pharma" perspective of cell therapy. Each chapter is written by well-known leaders in each field, thus providing a wealth of expertise. The breadth of this book makes it essential reading for neuroscientists, stem cell biologists, researchers or clinical trialists at pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies. It also serves as a thorough introduction for graduate students or post-doctoral fellows who hope to work in these fields.
Cell Therapy for Perinatal Brain Injury
by Haruo Shintaku Akira Oka Makoto NabetaniThis book provides a wealth of insights, advances and new perspectives on cell therapy for different types of neonatal ischemic disease, such as Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE), Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) and neonatal infarction. These diseases pose serious challenges for neonatologists and neurologists, because the severe sequelae lead to decreasing QOL for patients and their families. Accordingly, new treatments for neonatal ischemic diseases are needed all over the world. The book develops new effective therapies combined with hypothermia therapy, an established treatment for HIE. After reviewing past approaches, it presents cutting-edge topics in cell therapy, one of the most promising candidates for treating neonatal ischemic disease. Cell Therapy for Neonatal Ischemic Disease will offer readers a better understanding of the current state of the art in this field from bench to bedside, and inspire researchers and physicians to further explore this evolving therapy.
Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Brain Repair (Contemporary Neuroscience)
by Cyndy D. Davis Paul R. SanbergAs our world continues to evolve, the field of regenerative medicine f- lows suit. Although many modern day therapies focus on synthetic and na- ral medicinal treatments for brain repair, many of these treatments and prescriptions lack adequate results or only have the ability to slow the p- gression of neurological disease or injury. Cell therapy, however, remains the most compelling treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, and injuries, including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke, which is expanded upon in more detail in Chapter 1 by Snyder and colleagues. Cell therapy is also unique in that it is the only therapeutic strategy that strives to replace lost, damaged, or dysfunctional cells with healthy ones. This repair and replacement may be due to an administration of exogenous cells itself or the activation of the body’s own endogenous reparative cells by a trophic, immune, or inflammatory response to cell transplantation. However, the precise mechanism of how cell therapy works remains elusive and is c- tinuing to be investigated in terms of molecular and cellular responses, in particular. Moreover, Chapter 11 by Emerich and associates, discusses some of the possibilities of cell immunoisolation and the potential for treating central nervous system diseases.
Cell to Cell Signals in Mammalian Development (Nato ASI Subseries H: #26)
by S. W. De Laat J. G. Bluemink C. L. MummeryDevelopmental biology deals with the regulatory principles underlying the generation of a new organism. The up-to-date knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that guide mammalian development from a single cell through a complex and integrated process of cell multiplication, differentiation and organisation of cells into tissues and organs is presented in this volume. Aspects of the molecular nature and developmental significance of cell-to-cell signals focus on: - hoxgenes, their products and potential role in mammalian morphogenesis; - growth factors, their receptors and signal transduction, and their role in guiding cell multiplication, differentiation and transformation; and - cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, as short-range cell-to-cell signals in mammalian development.
Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders: Toward Reconstruction of the Human Central Nervous System (Contemporary Neuroscience)
by Thomas B. Freeman Hakan WidnerDistinguished medical researchers from around the world review novel neural reconstructive techniques that appear to be beneficial for Parkinson's disease and hold promise for treating Huntington's disease, pain, demyelinating diseases, and stroke. The contributors focus on those diseases for which clinical trials are either ongoing or likely to occur in the near future. Among the topics reviewed are results and rationale for some of the leading transplant programs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, the use of PET scanning for patient evaluation, autopsy studies of transplant recipients, transplant immunology, fetal tissue transplantation for Huntington's disease, cellular transplantation for the treatment of pain and stroke, and transplantation of myelinating cells. A full discussion of the important ethical issues surrounding the use of fetal tissue for transplantation purposes is also included.
Cell Types and Connectivity Patterns in Mosaic Retinas (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology #55/3)
by Hans-Joachim WagnerIn many parts of vertebrate and invertebrate central nervous systems, groups of nerve or receptor cells can be found that are arranged and connected according to a precise, functionally defined pattern (Braitenberg, 1973; Santini, 1975; Strausfeld, 1976; Chan-Palay, 1977). In these cases, groups of cell bodies or synapses appear as basically similar configurations, which, however, are different in detail from each other. Such abstract patterns of connectivity are of a statistical nature and do not allow, in a given example, for the prediction of the localization or connections of a particular cell. "Wiring diagrams", therefore, can be obtained only from a multitude of individual observations. In contrast, in several sensory organs, concrete patterns occur that con sist of a regular, mosaic-like, and geometric arrangement of similar cell types. The constancy of such a mosaic allows predictions about certain units of the pattern on the basis of only a few exemplary observations. Typical examples are found in the visual system: In the compound eye of insects, each ommatidium contains a definite number of visual cells that are grouped around the optical axis in a hexogonal array (Kirsch feld, 1967); in the vertebrate retina, mosaics of geometrically arranged cones are found most frequently in lower vertebrates; they are common among teleosts. A number of studies have dealt with their phylogenetic significance and their functional role as adaptation to specific environments or modes of feeding.