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Diagnosis of Pathogenic Microorganisms Causing Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by the pathogenic microbial organisms. These microbes can multiply and can cause an infection, once they enter the body. Infectious diseases are transmissible, and may cause mild to life-threatening illnesses. It can be airborne, waterborne, foodborne, and soilborne. It can be spread through direct contact (human to human, animal to human). It has also been one of the leading causes of human deaths. Therefore, there is a need to have rapid diagnostic methods to prevent and control these diseases. This book titled “Diagnosis of Pathogenic Microorganisms Causing Infectious Diseases” will help the scientific community to understand the transmission dynamics of some infectious diseases of public health importance.

Diagnosis of Pathogenic Microorganisms Causing Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by the pathogenic microbial organisms. These microbes can multiply and can cause an infection, once they enter the body. Infectious diseases are transmissible, and may cause mild to life-threatening illnesses. It can be airborne, waterborne, foodborne, and soilborne. It can be spread through direct contact (human to human, animal to human). It has also been one of the leading causes of human deaths. Therefore, there is a need to have rapid diagnostic methods to prevent and control these diseases. This book titled “Diagnosis of Pathogenic Microorganisms Causing Infectious Diseases” will help the scientific community to understand the transmission dynamics of some infectious diseases of public health importance.

Diagnosis of salivary gland disorders

Historically, disorders of salivary glands tend to be 'underdiagnosed and overtreated'. In the vast body of literature on this subject, emphasis has usually been put on therapeutic modalities of various diseases of the salivary glands. Whereas therapy and pathology have been treated in numerous thorough studies, the (patho )physiology of the salivary glands has remained rather poorly understood. Even less attention has been given to the diagnostic methods. Until a few decades ago, diagnosis consisted mainly of a clinical examin­ ation which included the patient's history, inspection, and palpation. These methods remain crucial, but a variety of new diagnostic tools have appeared since then. Their clinical value is still subject to controversy; each method has its advocates and opponents. The indications for enrolling a patient at a given point in a series of diagnostic procedures are interpreted differently. One of the most striking examples is the use of sialography. This has become a classic diagnostic procedure. Although sialography is still a useful method, it has considerable disadvantages, limitations, and even contraindications. In the major teaching hospitals, residents still tend to consider sialography as a panacea for the majority of their diagnostic problems, whereas the infor­ mation provided is actually rather restricted. Other modern methods such as CT and MRI have taken over the role of sialography to a certain extent. This also applies to ultrasonography and scintigraphy. Moreover, microbiol­ ogy, sialometry, sialochemistry, cytology, and histopathology may give super­ ior information in certain cases.

Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #903)

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, both in developed industrial countries as well as in the developing world. Human immunodeficiency virus infections and the ensuing opportunistic infections are a major drain on the human and financial resources of many countries in the developing world and even with the availability of effective treatment the epidemic is not yet contained. Screening in developing worlds is difficult and there is a need for simple reliable cheap diagnostic methods that can be performed at the point of care, on the same day and by staff with limited training. Molecular biological methods are very attractive for the diagnosis of STI since a well defined range of pathogens is responsible for the infection. Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Methods and Protocols strives to cover the full range of molecular testing for STI. Chapters cover a variety of topics such as aspects of DNA extraction from small volume samples or difficult tissues, simple, nested or multiplex PCR, use of duplex primers or other modifications of primers and PCR conditions, sequence analysis for genotyping, denaturing gel analysis, microarrays using liquid beads or microspheres and silicon nanoparticle-enhanced microcantilever detection of DNA. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Methods and Protocols will be a valuable reference for the scientist looking to establish molecular methodologies for the diagnosis of STI tests in their own lab.

Diagnosis of Small Lung Biopsy: An Integrated Approach

The text provides the general pathologist, clinician and pulmonary pathologist with a framework on how to work up a case of either non neoplastic or neoplastic lung disease and provide clinically relevant information to all involved in patient care. The basic understanding of radiologic findings and what they mean or how they are related to clinical and pathologic findings is addressed in detail. The implications of descriptive and diagnostic terms as well as the criteria for diagnosis and limitations of small biopsies is explained. The new entities in lung pathology whether neoplastic or non neoplastic are defined and characterized. The special techniques of pulmonary cytopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular testing are outlined and specific algorithms for using them defined. Diagnosis of Small Lung Biopsy: An Integrated Approach will serve as a very useful resource for practicing pathologists, clinicians and those in training with interest in pulmonary pathology and pulmonary medicine.

Diagnosis: Philosophical and Medical Perspectives (Episteme #15)

1. GENERAL The term "diagnostics" refers to the general theory of diagnosis, not to the study of specific diagnoses but to their general framework. It borrows from different sciences and from different philosophies. Traditionally, the general framework of diagnostics was not distinguished from the framework of medicine. It was not taught in special courses in any systematic way; it was not accorded special attention: students absorbed it intuitively. There is almost no comprehensive study of diagnostics. The instruction in diagnosis provided in medical schools is exclusively specific. Clinical instruction includes (in addition to vital background information, such as anatomy and physiology) specific instruction in nosology, the theory and classification of diseases, and this includes information on diagnoses and prognoses of diverse diseases. What is the cause of the neglect of diagnostics, and of its integrated teaching? The main cause may be the prevalence of the view of diagnostics as part-and­ parcel of nosology. In this book nosology is taken as a given, autonomous field of study, which invites almost no comments; we shall freely borrow from it a few important general theses and a few examples. We attempt to integrate here three studies: ll of the way nosology is used in the diagnostic process; of the diagnostic process as a branch of applied ethics; ~ of the diagnostic process as a branch of social science and social technology.

Diagnosis Related Groups in Europe: Moving Towards Transparency, Efficiency And Quality In Hospitals (UK Higher Education OUP Humanities & Social Sciences Health & Social Welfare)

Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) systems were introduced in Europe to increase the transparency of services provided by hospitals and to incentivise greater efficiency in the use of resources invested in acute hospitals. In many countries, these systems were also designed to contribute to improving – or at least protecting – the quality of care. After more than a decade of experience with using DRGs in Europe, this book considers whether the extensive use of DRGs has contributed towards achieving these objectives.Written by authors with extensive experience of these systems, this book is a product of the EuroDRG project and constitutes an important resource for health policy-makers and researchers from Europe and beyond. The book is intended to contribute to the emergence of a ‘common language’ that will facilitate communication between researchers and policy-makers interested in improving the functioning and resourcing of the acute hospital sector. The book includes:A clearly structured introduction to the main ‘building blocks’ of DRG systemsAn overview of key issues related to DRGs including their impact on efficiency, quality, unintended effects and technological innovation in health care12 country chapters - Austria, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and SwedenClearly structured and detailed information about the most important DRG system characteristics in each of these countries Useful insights for countries and regions in Europe and beyond interested in introducing, extending and/ or optimising DRG systems within the hospital sector

Diagnosis Related Groups in Europe: Uses and Perspectives

When John Thompson and I first began talking about finding a way to measure and cost the output of hospitals in the 1960s. we really had no concept of the need for this kind of result. In fact. if we had listened to others in the health services research community. we would rrever have begun or persisted in the task. But it seemed important to us to begin to understand what up until then seemed unexplainable - the rather strange cost behavior of hospitals. We had the benefit of Professor Martin Feld­ stein's observation that case-mix was certainly an important factor. but we had literally no guidance on how to make some sense out of the very large number of illnesses that beset the human race. and the very large number of different processes that obtain in our hospitals as they attempt to cope with those illnesses. We were fortunate to find a small number of curious and capable graduate students to join us in this effort. for without them we would not have had a chance of success. While many contrib­ uted to the ultimate outcome. it is important to single out Ronald E. Mills. Richard F. Averill. Youngsoo Shin. and Jean L. Freeman for their efforts over many years. The diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) constitute a way of identifying the normal output of hospitals in a consistent and exhaustive manner.

Diagnosketch: A Visual Guide to Medical Diagnosis for the Non-Medical Audience

Diagnosketch is a one-of-a-kind visual book that helps explain medical diagnoses to a non-medical audience. It simplifies human anatomy and pathophysiology into memorable, patient-friendly, understandable images. It intentionally leaves out details that are not clinically relevant and over-emphasizes ones that are. Created and illustrated by an ER physician with 20 years of clinical experience, Diagnosketch covers bread and butter diagnoses seen in acute care settings: kidney stones, diverticulitis, back pain, gallstones, ovarian cysts, arthritis, and more. It contains diagnostic images, procedural images, and concept images that are useful at different stages of a patient encounter. Medical professionals use this guide, at the bedside, to better communicate with patients in various acute care settings, like Emergency Rooms and Urgent Care Clinics.

Diagnosketch: A Visual Guide to Medical Diagnosis for the Non-Medical Audience

Diagnosketch is a one-of-a-kind visual book that helps explain medical diagnoses to a non-medical audience. It simplifies human anatomy and pathophysiology into memorable, patient-friendly, understandable images. It intentionally leaves out details that are not clinically relevant and over-emphasizes ones that are. Created and illustrated by an ER physician with 20 years of clinical experience, Diagnosketch covers bread and butter diagnoses seen in acute care settings: kidney stones, diverticulitis, back pain, gallstones, ovarian cysts, arthritis, and more. It contains diagnostic images, procedural images, and concept images that are useful at different stages of a patient encounter. Medical professionals use this guide, at the bedside, to better communicate with patients in various acute care settings, like Emergency Rooms and Urgent Care Clinics.

Diagnostic and Interventional Bronchoscopy in Children (Respiratory Medicine)

Collaboratively authored by international experts and innovators, this book serves as a comprehensive introduction to flexible bronchoscopy in children, a guide to normal and abnormal bronchoscopy findings, and as the first pediatric bronchoscopy text to describe the array of innovative technologies now being utilized in advanced diagnostic and interventional bronchoscopy programs. Flexible bronchoscopy is a core clinical service provided by academic pediatric pulmonary medicine programs and a critical skill that trainees are expected to develop. The role of flexible bronchoscopy in the care of children with disorders of the respiratory tract has evolved rapidly over the past decade due to technological advances in diagnostic and therapeutic instruments. While many of these tools were designed for adult patients, pediatric pulmonologists have adapted them to meet the unique needs of children. The book is organized into three sections: the history and fundamentals of flexible bronchoscopy; the role of flexible bronchoscopy in evaluation of pediatric respiratory tract disorders; and advanced diagnostic and interventional bronchoscopy. Throughout, images and videos enhance the text and provide invaluable perspective. This is an ideal guide for practicing pediatric pulmonologists and trainees, and will also prove useful to pediatric anesthesiologists, intensivists, otolaryngologists and respiratory therapists.

Diagnostic and Interventional Catheterization in Congenital Heart Disease (Developments In Cardiovascular Medicine Ser. #Vol. 221)

Diagnostic and Interventional Catheterization in Congenital Heart Disease (Developments In Cardiovascular Medicine Ser. #Vol. 221)

Cardiac catheterization has long been a central diagnostic modality in the evaluation of children, adolescents, and adults with congenital heart disease, and in children with acquired heart disease. Over the past two decades, transcatheter interventions have become equally important in the treatment of pediatric and congenital heart disease. Some transcatheter therapies have become established as the standard of care for congenital cardiovascular anomalies previously managed surgically, others serve to supplement surgery in the integrated management of complex lesions, and still others are in their infancy, as pediatric interventional cardiology continues to advance in step with the broader field of pediatric cardiovascular medicine. Since the previous edition of this book, new technologies and techniques have been introduced to the field of pediatric interventional cardiology, much has been learned about established transcatheter therapies, and there has been a substantial increase in the volume of published data on outcomes of transcatheter procedures in congenital and pediatric heart disease. With increasing experience, the role of interventional catheterization has become solidified as an integral component of the comprehensive management of patients with essentially all forms of congenital heart disease. Cardiac catheterization has also become established as a distinct subspecialty within the discipline of pediatric cardiology, and at many centers has become the purview of cardiologists who have received specialized training in interventional catheterization and whose practice is focused on catheterization. This book is targeted to trainees and established interventional cardiologists alike, and is intended as a comprehensive reference for the clinical practice of diagnostic and interventional cardiology in pediatric and congenital heart disease. In the organization of this book, a combination of procedure-based and problem-based approaches has been employed. The structure of the book has been updated to make it more reader friendly, chapters have been added to address new techniques and problems in the field, and greater emphasis has been placed on evaluation of outcomes of transcatheter interventions in congenital heart disease. Section 1 covers the fundamentals of cardiac catheterization, with chapters devoted to pre-procedure patient evaluation, sedation and anesthesia, vascular access and related issues, catheterization equipment ands its use, hemodynamic evaluation, angiography, radiation and radiation safety, and echocardiography in the catheterization lab. Sections 2 through 4 include procedure-based chapters that are organized according to the technical type of intervention. Section 2 is devoted to transcatheter interventions for obstructive lesions, including valvar stenoses and vascular obstructions. Section 3 includes chapters that cover interventions to close various pathologic intracardiac communications and vascular anomalies. Section 4 includes chapters covering interventions performed to create or enlarge intracardiac communications, as well as other interventions. Section 5 focuses on the applications of catheterization and transcatheter interventions in the evaluation and management of specific patient populations. This problem-based or patient-based focus, which is substantially expanded from the previous edition of the book, reflects the expanding role of catheterization in the comprehensive management of pediatric and congenital heart disease, and addresses emerging applications of transcatheter interventions, including management of the patient receiving extracorporeal circulatory support, hybrid transcatheter-surgical interventions, and prenatal cardiac intervention. Section 6 includes two chapters that cover outcome assessment and regulatory issues pertinent to the pediatric cardiology in general and interventional cardiology in particular.

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

This exceptional book covers all aspects of diagnostic and interventional radiology within one volume, at a level appropriate for the specialist. From the basics through diagnosis to intervention: the reader will find a complete overview of all areas of radiology. The clear, uniform structure, with chapters organized according to organ system, facilitates the rapid retrieval of information. Features include:Presentation of the normal radiological anatomyClassification of the different imaging procedures according to their diagnostic relevanceImaging diagnosis with many reference imagesPrecise description of the interventional optionsThe inclusion of many instructive aids will be of particular value to novices in decision making:Important take home messages and summaries of key radiological findings smooth the path through the jungle of factsNumerous tables on differential diagnosis and typical findings in the most common diseases offer a rapid overview and orientationDiagnostic flow charts outline the sequence of diagnostic evaluationAll standard procedures within the field of interventional radiology are presented in a clinically relevant and readily understandable way, with an abundance of illustrations. This is a textbook, atlas, and reference in one: with more than 2500 images for comparison with the reader’s own findings. This comprehensive and totally up-to-date book provides a superb overview of everything that the radiology specialist of today needs to know.

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Gynecological and Obstetric Diseases

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Liver Transplantation (Medical Radiology)

This volume on liver transplantation is unique in the range of its coverage. Following introductory chapters on surgical and radiological anatomy, separate sections are devoted to organ donors and to adult and pediatric recipients. Surgical indications and techniques, the role of radiological modalities, and the treatment of complications are all fully discussed and illustrated.

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology of Arteriovenous Accesses for Hemodialysis

This is the first textbook entirely dedicated to the endovascular treatment of complications related to arteriovenous accesses for hemodialysis (native fistulas and prosthetic grafts). The book addresses the anatomy of upper limb arteries and veins as well as the clinical presentation of patients and the way to perform and read a fistulogram. Many details and illustrations are provided, clarifying the subtleties in catheterization and the dilation of stenoses. From a strategic point of view, it is explained for the first time that many stenoses must either be ignored or deliberately underdilated. A wealth of images helps to understand the different stages of access recovery from thrombosis. As the number of incident dialysis patients is increasing by 5% every year, this is a field of growing interest. In testament to this there are several annual or bi-annual meetings held by numerous national and international societies (vascularaccesssociety.com, sfav.org, vasamd.org, dialysiscontroversies.org, asdin.org).

Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound in Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery

This book presents a comprehensive, state-of the-art guide and review of ultrasound applications for children and infants with surgical problems. It is meant as a single source to provide information about sonographic application, interpretation and technique for a diversity of pediatric surgical care providers, making it a useful tool for the ultrasound novice as well as the more advanced ultrasonographer. Sections address initial obstacles faced by a physician starting with ultrasound such as the scanning techniques, underlying anatomy and normal sonographic findings. The initial chapter provides an introduction and basic overview about ultrasound theory and techniques. Subsequent chapters focus on specific body parts and systems and their disease processes as it pertains to pediatric and neonatal patients. The text also includes a chapter on abdominal trauma and its evaluation with the FAST (focused abdominal sonography for trauma) exam. Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound in Pediatric Surgery serves as a useful resource for a broad spectrum of pediatric care providers, including a growing number of ultrasound users, surgeons and pediatricians alike.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Melanoma (Current Clinical Pathology)

This book describes both the technologies used in the discovery of melanoma biomarkers and the clinical application of these biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of disease, determination of prognosis, treatment planning, monitoring of response to therapy, identification of novel therapeutic targets and drug development. A broad range of biomarkers (DNA/chromosomal, mRNA, microRNA, mitochondrial DNA, epigenetic and protein) is outlined. As therapies for melanoma become increasingly more target specific, the identification, validation and use of biomarkers will invariably play a greater role in the management of patients with this disease. Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Melanoma is an essential resource for oncologists, dermatologists, dermatopathologists, general pathologists with an interest in melanoma, and melanoma researchers.

Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse - E-Book

From the worldwide leader in equine surgery, Wayne McIlwraith, comes the new fourth edition of Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse. Completely revised and expanded, this comprehensive atlas covers all the need-to-know information within equine arthroscopy: instrumentation, general techniques, carpal joints, metacarpal and metatarsophalangeal joints, and tarsocrural joints. All the advances that have taken place in the field over the last decade are covered, particularly in the areas of postoperative management and rehabilitation. This trusted reference also provides an in-depth view of surgical procedures with new high-definition diagnostic and surgical arthroscopic images, as well as radiographs and composite illustrations. There is no better way to learn and master equine surgical procedures!Diagnostic images with side-by-side radiographs and illustrations offer multiple points of view and directional guidance on surgical procedures.Expert authorship features helpful insights and expertise from the worldwide leader and speaker on equine arthoscopy, Wayne McIlwraith. Specially commissioned artwork clearly illustrates local anatomy and key stages of surgical procedures.Coverage of choice, use, and maintenance of equipment provides a basic understanding of arthroscopic technique and reasoning behind various practices.Content dedicated to diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the horse provides authoritative, comprehensive information on this specialized subject.NEW! Updated high-definition images provide a crystal clear view of surgical procedures from multiple views.NEW! Companion website features 48 high-resolution digital videos that link back to the textbook for a vivid demonstration of surgical techniques. NEW! Expanded content ensures you are up to date on the latest developments in the field — particularly in the areas of tenoscopy, bursoscopy, and arthroscopic methods for cartilage repair.NEW! Chapter on postoperative management, adjunctive therapies, and rehabilitation procedures keeps you abreast of best practices when it comes to taking care of the horse post-operation.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Hematologic Malignancies (Cancer Treatment and Research #99)

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Pediatric Oncology (Cancer Treatment and Research #92)

The purpose of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Pediatric Oncology for the Cancer Treatment and Research Series is to provide an up-to-date summary of how recent advances in cancer research are being applied to the care of children with solid tumors. The interface of cancer research with clinical practice in pediatric oncology has never been more intimate than today. While researchers are identifying oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and are studying their specific functions, clinicians are using knowledge of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes for diagnosing cancer in children, for therapeutic decision-making purposes, and for prognostic purposes. The first three chapters in this book describe models for understanding the causes of childhood cancer that were perhaps initially identified by clinicians and that are now being studied and understood by researchers. These chapters will describe research evidence that supports roles for the involvement of normal developmental regulatory genes in childhood oncogenesis, of abnormal immune regulation in childhood oncogenesis, and of heredity in childhood oncogenesis. The next eight chapters are devoted to descriptions of the appli­ cation of new research developments to clinical practice with reference to the most common forms of solid tumors of childhood outside the central nervous system. The final chapter will describe late effects of childhood cancer and its therapy and the impact research is having on understanding and perhaps preventing these late effects.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Antibodies (Methods in Molecular Medicine #40)

Soon after the first description of monoclonal antibodies in 1976, there was enormous interest in the clinical application of antibodies, especially in the context of cancer. Antibodies appeared to offer the “magic bullet” that would allow the specific destruction of neoplastic cells. H- ever, many years’ effort resulted in very few cases of successful immu- therapy with antibodies. As a result there was a major backlash against antibody therapy, and the field lost a considerable amount of popularity. Fashion, in science as well as in other things, tends to be cyclical. Antibody-based therapy is once again attracting scientists and clinicians. There are several reasons for the renewed optimism; certainly the expe- ence of the last two decades has provided a wealth of information about problems associated with antibody therapy, and possible solutions to these problems. Recombinant antibody engineering has rejuvenated the field, allowing both the modification of antibodies to improve their in vivo pr- erties and the isolation of novel antibody molecules by such techniques as phage display. The results of recent clinical trials have demonstrated unequivocally the benefit of antibody therapy in a number of settings, and, finally, more careful consideration has been taken of the types of disease best treated using this approach.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology: A Case-Based Guide to Good Practice

This book presents a wide-ranging series of illustrative clinical cases that cover the main pathologies and areas of interest in diagnostic and therapeutic neuroradiology. The aim is to enable the reader to learn important lessons from real cases that exemplify the caseload and capabilities of a large, modern neuroradiology department. The cases are presented in a quiz format. For each one, the first page documents clinical and imaging findings, followed by questions concerning these findings, differential diagnosis, and other aspects. On the second page, the answers are provided, with concise explanation and discussion. Attention is also drawn to the relevant available literature. Most of the cases derive from the Department of Neuroradiology at the University Hospital Center of Porto (Portugal), which is staffed by a large multidisciplinary team providing cutting-edge services. In addition, some cases from other centers have been included to ensure wider representation of experience. The book will be of particular value for residents and fellows in neuroradiology, radiology, neurology, and neurosurgery.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine for Neuroendocrine Tumors (Contemporary Endocrinology)

Based on the most novel approaches and cutting-edge clinical and scientific information regarding radionuclide imaging and therapies for neuroendocrine tumors, this clinical guidebook represents a unique collaborative effort between endocrinologists, nuclear physicians, oncologists, surgeons, physicists, radio-pharmacists and geneticists. It begins with the embryology, classification and molecular genetics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoids, chromaffin cell tumors, and MEN1- and MEN2-related tumors. Following a chapter on radiopharmaceuticals in neuroendocrine imaging, it turns to the physics and technology of current and cutting-edge radiology, including SPECT/CT and PET/CT and PET/MR. Discussing of radionuclide imaging covers the tumors mentioned above, as well as pulmonary and thymic neuroendocrine tumors and medullary thyroid carcinoma. A presentation of radionuclide therapies follows, including 131I-MIBG therapy, somatostatin receptor-based therapy, and alpha radionuclide therapy, as well as the role of nanoparticles.Comprehensive and up-to-date, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine for Neuroendocrine Tumors will assist and guide physicians who encounter patients with these conditions, either from a diagnostic or therapeutic standpoint, and particularly emphasizes the current and emerging medical devices and imaging and therapeutic options.