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Effective Public Health Policy in Organ Donation: Lessons from a Universal Public Health System in Brazil (SpringerBriefs in Public Health)
by Fábio Silveira Arlene Terezinha BadochThis book shows how a successful public health policy designed to foster the culture of brain death diagnosis and improve the interaction between Organ Procurement Organizations and Intra-Hospital Organ and Tissue Donation Committees for Transplants led the Brazilian state of Paraná to reach one of the highest rates of effective organ donors per million population in the world. Brazil has the largest public transplant system in the world, and each of the country’s 26 states is responsible for organizing its own transplant system. The state of Paraná, with 11 million inhabitants, has stood out in this regard in the last decade. It reached 47.7 effective donors per million population (pmp), performing better than countries such as the United States (33.3/pmp), Canada (21.9/pmp), Portugal (33.6/pmp) and Croatia (41.2/pmp). The remodeling of Paraná’s transplant system, between 2011 and 2020, was based on the recognized Spanish model, but has some unique characteristics. This book seeks to describe all the steps of this remodeling, describing its characteristics and explaining how the new system was built. By presenting an in-depth analysis of a local successful case, Effective Public Health Policy in Organ Donation: Lessons from a Universal Public Health System in Brazil seeks to provide useful information to policy makers, health professionals and students from different fields within the health sciences interested in understanding how public health policies can improve organ donation rates, especially in developing countries.
Effective Purchasing for Health Gain (UK Higher Education OUP Humanities & Social Sciences Health & Social Welfare)
by Josep Figueras Ray Robinson Elke JakubowskiPurchasing is championed as key to improving health systems performance. However, despite the central role the purchasing function plays in many health system reforms, there is very little evidence about its development or its real impact on societal objectives. This book addresses this gap and provides:·A comprehensive account of the theory and practice of purchasing for health services across Europe·An up-to-date analysis of the evidence on different approaches to purchasing·Support for policy-makers and practitioners as they formulate purchasing strategies so that they can increase effectiveness and improve performance in their own national context·An assessment of the intersecting roles of citizens, the government and the providers Written by leading health policy analysts, this book is essential reading for health policy makers, planners and managers as well as researchers and students in the field of health studies.Contributors: Toni Ashton, Philip Berman, Michael Borowitz, Helmut Brand, Reinhard Busse, Andrea Donatini, Martin Dlouhy, Antonio Duran, Tamás Evetovits, André P. van den Exter, Josep Figueras, Nick Freemantle, Julian Forder, Péter Gaál, Chris Ham, Brian Hardy, Petr Hava, David Hunter, Danguole Jankauskiene, Maris Jesse, Ninel Kadyrova, Joe Kutzin, John Langenbrunner, Donald W. Light, Hans Maarse, Nicholas Mays, Martin McKee, Eva Orosz, John Øvretveit, Dominique Polton, Alexander S. Preker, Thomas A. Rathwell, Sabine Richard, Ray Robinson, Andrei Rys, Constantino Sakellarides, Sergey Shishkin, Peter C. Smith, Markus Schneider, Francesco Taroni, Marcial Velasco-Garrido, Miriam Wiley
Effective Risk Communication: A Message-Centered Approach (Food Microbiology and Food Safety)
by Robert Littlefield Robert R. Ulmer Matthew W. Seeger Timothy L. SellnowCoordination of risk assessments and risk communication strategies requires information sharing and establishing networks of working relationships between groups and agencies. Establishing these relationships necessitates overcoming - stitutional, cultural, and political boundaries. Signi?cant barriers exist between r- ulatory agencies and industry groups. Traditionally, these groups have mistrusted one another, and cooperation and collaboration, including sharing information, c- respondingly has been limited. The adoption of radio frequency identi?cation te- nology for tracking livestock, for example, has been met with signi?cant resistance due in part to mistrust between regulatory agencies and producers (Veil, 2006). In the food industry, the need for coordination has been enhanced by industry in- gration and globalization of both markets and production. In the case of GM foods discussed earlier, disagreements between U. S. , European Union, and Canadian r- ulatory agencies fueled the debate over the safety of GM crops. Overcoming institutional and cultural barriers, and mistrust is necessary to create consistency in risk messages. Open communication and information sharing can help clarify where risk perceptions diverge and identify points of convergence. The outcome may not be universal agreement about risks, but convergence around the general parameters of risk. Summary These best practice strategies of risk communication are not designed to function as distinct steps or isolated approaches. Rather than being mutually exclusive, they serve to complement one another and create a coherent approach to confronting risk communication problems.
Effective Strategies for Change (HIMSS Book Series)
by Claire McCarthy Dave Garets Doug EastmanEffective Strategies for Change is a newly revised edition of HIMSS' bestseller Change Management Strategies for an Effective EMR Implementation. Published in 2009, Change Management Strategies prepared readers to lead or participate successfully in change management/technology adoption efforts to achieve meaningful use of EMRs. The authors provided successful strategies to plan and implement change-based on their decades of combined experience managing the people side of implementation.This revised edition explores how healthcare has changed since the first edition was published. It equips readers with the tools to create an environment for success in their organizations that not only ensures EMR, ICD-10 or clinical integration efforts are successful, but that organizations can build change capacity and flexibility in the process. The authors provide concepts and methodologies applicable to both large and small healthcare organizations, as well as lessons learned from healthcare stakeholders who utilized tactics from the first edition in their organizations' EMR implementations.
Effective Strategies for Change (HIMSS Book Series)
by Claire McCarthy Dave Garets Doug EastmanEffective Strategies for Change is a newly revised edition of HIMSS' bestseller Change Management Strategies for an Effective EMR Implementation. Published in 2009, Change Management Strategies prepared readers to lead or participate successfully in change management/technology adoption efforts to achieve meaningful use of EMRs. The authors provided successful strategies to plan and implement change-based on their decades of combined experience managing the people side of implementation.This revised edition explores how healthcare has changed since the first edition was published. It equips readers with the tools to create an environment for success in their organizations that not only ensures EMR, ICD-10 or clinical integration efforts are successful, but that organizations can build change capacity and flexibility in the process. The authors provide concepts and methodologies applicable to both large and small healthcare organizations, as well as lessons learned from healthcare stakeholders who utilized tactics from the first edition in their organizations' EMR implementations.
Effective Teaching: Instructional Methods and Strategies for Occupational Therapy Education
by Whitney HendersonGrounded in research and experience, Effective Teaching: Instructional Methods and Strategies for Occupational Therapy Education offers practical examples of various types of instructional methods and theoretical models for educators in occupational therapy and other allied health professions to use in evidence-based teaching. Dr. Whitney Henderson includes the latest trends and methods used in education to facilitate student-centered learning. With an easy-to-understand overview of each technique presented, allied health educators can follow step-by-step details to implement various evidence-based instructional methods. Each chapter of Effective Teaching contains: Description of the instructional method Evidence supporting use of the method Discussion of a learning theory and how the method relates to this theory Discussion of how to use the method to develop clinical reasoning Advantages and disadvantages of the method Examples of classroom use Application of the method to a professional situation With excellent explanations of theoretical foundations, ‘how-to’ methods and models, and strategies for educators to employ, Effective Teaching: Instructional Methods and Strategies for Occupational Therapy Education is a one-stop shop for implementing unique and useful instructional methods in educational courses.
Effective Teaching: Instructional Methods and Strategies for Occupational Therapy Education
by Whitney HendersonGrounded in research and experience, Effective Teaching: Instructional Methods and Strategies for Occupational Therapy Education offers practical examples of various types of instructional methods and theoretical models for educators in occupational therapy and other allied health professions to use in evidence-based teaching. Dr. Whitney Henderson includes the latest trends and methods used in education to facilitate student-centered learning. With an easy-to-understand overview of each technique presented, allied health educators can follow step-by-step details to implement various evidence-based instructional methods. Each chapter of Effective Teaching contains: Description of the instructional method Evidence supporting use of the method Discussion of a learning theory and how the method relates to this theory Discussion of how to use the method to develop clinical reasoning Advantages and disadvantages of the method Examples of classroom use Application of the method to a professional situation With excellent explanations of theoretical foundations, ‘how-to’ methods and models, and strategies for educators to employ, Effective Teaching: Instructional Methods and Strategies for Occupational Therapy Education is a one-stop shop for implementing unique and useful instructional methods in educational courses.
Effective Technology Integration for Disabled Children: The Family Perspective
by Malka MargalitEffective Technology: Integration for Disabled Children: The Family Perspective explores microcomputer-based special education intervention programs aimed at advancing mildly handicapped children and empowering their parents. The book applies the stress, resources and coping model to families with disabled children, examining specific components of the pro§ posed model through family surveys and studies, and presenting future directions for research and experimentation. The book also offers an overview of the research related to effective integration of computers into the special education system, with particular attention to a cognitive approach to skill development through various software programs. Effective Technol§ ogy: Integration For Disabled Children is intended for researchers and practitioners in a wide range of fields interested in family research and parent-empowering interventions as well as for those involved in technology integration within special education contexts.
Effective Training of Arthroscopic Skills
by Mustafa Karahan Gino M.M.J. Kerkhoffs Pietro Randelli Gabriëlle J.M. TuijthofThis book explains how training in arthroscopic skills is best carried out in order to keep up to date with advances in arthroscopy, meet the ever-increasing demand for high-quality care, and respond to changes in available training time. State of the art developments regarding tools, performance monitoring, and learning strategies are presented, and practical guidelines provided for direct implementation in daily clinical practice. The coverage of simulation-based training ranges from the use of wet labs and box trainers through to sophisticated virtual reality simulators. Subsequent sections on objective performance tracking of training outside and in the operating room cover a variety of key aspects, including performance measures, evidence-based thresholds, preclinical training strategies, and the role of global rating scales, for objective monitoring. Readers will find the book invaluable in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of arthroscopic training.
Effective Treatments for Pain in the Older Patient
by Grace A. Cordts Paul J. ChristoThis clinically focused book provides the essential modalities for managing pain in older patients. Chapters cover a variety of topics important for clinicians, including effective approaches, evaluation, acute and chronic pain, interventional strategies, and addiction issues. Complexities in assessing and treating pain when presented with multiple comorbidities and the unique physical, cognitive, and sensory changes that occur in the elderly are discussed in detail. Practical, concise and authored by leaders in pain medicine, this will serve as an invaluable guide to practitioners that care for older people.
Effective Writing for Health Professionals: A Practical Guide to Getting Published
by Megan-Jane JohnstoneHealth professionals are increasingly expected to conduct and publish their research, apply for grants, write newsletters, liaise with the media, present conference papers and contribute articles to professional journals. Writing well is an essential professional skill and writing to publish is an important aspect of professional development. But how do you get published? Where do you start? How do you know if your writing is good enough and what can you learn to make it better?Effective Writing for Health Professionals is an invaluable insider's guide to publishing within the health profession, providing handy tips on:· Getting started· The writing process· Winning habits of successful authors · Promoting your work · Author rights and responsibilitiesMany would-be writers - students, administrators, clinicians, managers and academics alike - are often intimidated at the thought of writing. This book will help to overcome this writing block and introduce aspiring authors to the world of writing and publishing in a professional capacity.Written by a best-selling academic author, Effective Writing for Health Professionals provides insights and strategies for publishing designed for nurses, midwives and health professionals.
Effective Writing for Health Professionals: A Practical Guide to Getting Published
by Megan-Jane JohnstoneHealth professionals are increasingly expected to conduct and publish their research, apply for grants, write newsletters, liaise with the media, present conference papers and contribute articles to professional journals. Writing well is an essential professional skill and writing to publish is an important aspect of professional development. But how do you get published? Where do you start? How do you know if your writing is good enough and what can you learn to make it better?Effective Writing for Health Professionals is an invaluable insider's guide to publishing within the health profession, providing handy tips on:· Getting started· The writing process· Winning habits of successful authors · Promoting your work · Author rights and responsibilitiesMany would-be writers - students, administrators, clinicians, managers and academics alike - are often intimidated at the thought of writing. This book will help to overcome this writing block and introduce aspiring authors to the world of writing and publishing in a professional capacity.Written by a best-selling academic author, Effective Writing for Health Professionals provides insights and strategies for publishing designed for nurses, midwives and health professionals.
Effective Writing for Healthcare Professionals: A Pocket Guide to Getting Published
by Megan-Jane JohnstoneThis new edition of Effective Writing for Healthcare Professionals is an invaluable insider's guide to publishing, providing tips and advice for time-poor professionals working in the healthcare sector. But how do you get published? Where do you start? How do you know if your writing is good enough and what can you learn to make it better? Offering an accessible guide to the key issues, this is the perfect book for those who have busy working lives and find the process of writing challenging. It covers issues ranging from getting started to the winning habits of successful authors; from the rights and responsibilities of authors to how to get noticed. This new edition has been updated to include guidance on publishing norms, collaborative digital platforms, social media, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on publishing trends. Written by a best-selling academic author, this is an essential resource for novice writers and healthcare providers interested in publishing their work.
Effective Writing for Healthcare Professionals: A Pocket Guide to Getting Published
by Megan-Jane JohnstoneThis new edition of Effective Writing for Healthcare Professionals is an invaluable insider's guide to publishing, providing tips and advice for time-poor professionals working in the healthcare sector. But how do you get published? Where do you start? How do you know if your writing is good enough and what can you learn to make it better? Offering an accessible guide to the key issues, this is the perfect book for those who have busy working lives and find the process of writing challenging. It covers issues ranging from getting started to the winning habits of successful authors; from the rights and responsibilities of authors to how to get noticed. This new edition has been updated to include guidance on publishing norms, collaborative digital platforms, social media, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on publishing trends. Written by a best-selling academic author, this is an essential resource for novice writers and healthcare providers interested in publishing their work.
The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Patients, Programs, Services, and Outcome
by John C. Ball Alan RossLegislators, journalists and concerned citizens in general, when consider ing what to do about the plague of heroin addiction in large cities, ask an obvious question: "Is methadone treatment effective?" This question is a critical one since maintenance with methadone is at present the only prac tical alternative to leaving tens of thousands (in New York City, hundreds of thousands) of untreated addicts on the streets. Other treatments, although effective for limited groups, could not conceivably be expanded to stop heroin use in as much as 10% of the addicted population. The present study, sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, was undertaken to provide an authoritative answer to this question. Under the direction of a distinguished expert, the evaluation team made an inten sive examination of techniques and outcomes in six different methadone programs located in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and followed this by two yhears of data analysis and literature review. The present re port is the product of this work. The primary conclusion-namely that methadone treatment is substan tially effective in reducing heroin use and associated criminal behavior-is consistent with the findings of several previous independent evaluations.
Effector-Triggered Immunity: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2523)
by Thomas A. Kufer Maria Kaparakis-LiaskosThis volume presents a collection of protocols to study effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in both plants and animals from eminent groups in the field. The chapters in this book cover topics such as genetic manipulation of plant and animal pathogens, host cells, and the analysis of key host responses; and techniques used for the analysis of inflammasome activation, cell death pathways, and mitochondria damage in response to pathogens. All of these topics cover a broad spectrum of immunological, biochemical, cell biological, and structural biology approaches to examine ETI. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and practical, Effector-Triggered Immunity: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both expert and novice researchers who are interested in learning more about the important and developing field of ETI.
The Effects of Aging and Environment on Vision
by Donald Armstrong Ph.D., Dr.Sc. Michael F. Marmor J. Mark OrdyThis book derives from a symposium conducted in San Francisco CA, entitled "Environmental Design for Optimum Vision in the Elderly" that was sponsored by the American Aging Association, October 11-12, 1985. Presentations from this symposium comprise the core content of this volume. However, manuscripts have also been accepted from additional authors whose topics and research findings increase the scope and goals of this volume. Previously unpublished data is found in several of the chapters. In addition new data and references have been incorporated at the end of chapters in order to provide a current update of the subject. The broad aims of the papers in this volume were to examine the effects of various environmental factors, long-term occupational hazards, and toxins on basic visual functions in relation to physiological, biochemical, morphological, and pathological alterations in the eye and visual pathways, and centers of the brain. As part of the more specific aims of this volume, the editors have provided the following framework for the specific topics included in this volume: I) Epidemiology, Clinical and Psychophysical Research, II) Ophthalmological, Biochemical, Physiological and Anatomical studies, and III) Environmental Hazards.
The Effects of Anaesthetics upon Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism: Experimental and Clinical Studies
by Jörn B. Madsen Georg E. ColdDuring the last decade, the effects of anaesthetics on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and intracranial pressure have been studied experimentally and clinically. In this review studies of CBF and CMRO2 during craniotomy have been performed with the classical technique described by Kety and Schmidt. In chapter 1 general considerations concerning the effects of anaesthetics on cerebral blood flow and metabolism are reviewed. In chapters 2 and 3 the effects of inhalation agents and hypnotics on flow and metabolism are considered. Chapters 4 and 5 cover the effects of central analgetics, and neuromuscular blocking agents. In chapter 6 the effects of other drugs in common use in neuroanaesthetic practice are summarized. Chapter 7 considers the effects of drugs used for controlled hypotension. In chapter 8 the application of Kety's method in studies of CBF and metabolism is reviewed, the studies of cerebral circulation and metabolism during nine different techniques of anaesthesia for craniotomy are presented, and other studies of cerebral circulation during neuroanaesthesia are reviewed. In chapter 9 considerations concerning central and cerebral hemodynamics during anaesthesia in the sitting position are considered. This review is primarily addressed to anaesthetists, but it will also be of interest to those working within neurosurgery, neuroradiology and clinical neurophysiology.
Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence: Pain Unspeakable
by Sandra HutchisonSuccessfully reach out and help children through the worst times of their young lives! Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence: Pain Unspeakable explores an array of trauma-related topics pertaining to children of all ages from a variety of cultures and countries. This book covers the various ego stages of child development and addresses how each one is affected by traumatic experiences. This easy-to-read resource serves as a readily available reference for caregivers-professional or otherwise-who work with or encounter a child who has been traumatized. In Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence, you&’ll find actual accounts of traumatic incidents throughout the world, focused specifically on those incidents that have the most devastating impact on large groups of children. This book reviews the research on post-traumatic stress disorder and stress-response related symptoms with brief descriptions of treatments for you to use with children who suffer from posttraumatic stress. Special features of this important tool consist of with an extensive list of organizations and crisis hotline numbers as well as recommended reading, video, and curricula resources. Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence examines traumatic situations from many angles, including: the many faces of trauma-accidents, fire, natural disasters developmental considerations, including ego development, memory development, and the development of fears and responses the way children respond to traumatic incidents the types of interventions-individual, group, family, pharmacological, and school-based cultural considerations from around the globe how to establish a school-based Trauma Response Team Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence includes real case studies, fictional sample cases, and suggestions that walk you step-by-step through the possible scenarios that can occur with children during or after a traumatic event. Each section of the book ends with a helpful summary highlighting the most important information.
Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence: Pain Unspeakable
by Sandra HutchisonSuccessfully reach out and help children through the worst times of their young lives! Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence: Pain Unspeakable explores an array of trauma-related topics pertaining to children of all ages from a variety of cultures and countries. This book covers the various ego stages of child development and addresses how each one is affected by traumatic experiences. This easy-to-read resource serves as a readily available reference for caregivers-professional or otherwise-who work with or encounter a child who has been traumatized. In Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence, you&’ll find actual accounts of traumatic incidents throughout the world, focused specifically on those incidents that have the most devastating impact on large groups of children. This book reviews the research on post-traumatic stress disorder and stress-response related symptoms with brief descriptions of treatments for you to use with children who suffer from posttraumatic stress. Special features of this important tool consist of with an extensive list of organizations and crisis hotline numbers as well as recommended reading, video, and curricula resources. Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence examines traumatic situations from many angles, including: the many faces of trauma-accidents, fire, natural disasters developmental considerations, including ego development, memory development, and the development of fears and responses the way children respond to traumatic incidents the types of interventions-individual, group, family, pharmacological, and school-based cultural considerations from around the globe how to establish a school-based Trauma Response Team Effects of and Interventions for Childhood Trauma from Infancy Through Adolescence includes real case studies, fictional sample cases, and suggestions that walk you step-by-step through the possible scenarios that can occur with children during or after a traumatic event. Each section of the book ends with a helpful summary highlighting the most important information.
Effects of Antenatal Exercise on Psychological Well-Being, Pregnancy and Birth Outcome
by Jean RankinPregnancy is a time when women need to be prepared mentally and physically to meet the challenges of childbirth and the transitions to parenthood. However, this needs to be within the realms of safe practice. The study on which this book is based is derived from the author's work as a midwife with a special interest in exercise. The main aims of the study were to investigate the effects of undertaking a regular exercise programme during and following pregnancy on psychological well-being, pregnancy and birth outcomes. Data were collected at three time points during and following pregnancy using a variety of outcome measures and were analysed using appropriate statistical testing. Conclusions were drawn indicating that women who participated in regular physical activity tended to have protection against reduction of psychological well-being as measured by a variety of psychological constructs.
Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals (Springer Handbook of Auditory Research #66)
by Hans Slabbekoorn Robert J. Dooling Arthur N. Popper Richard R. FayOver the past several years, many investigators interested in the effects of man-made sounds on animals have come to realize that there is much to gain from studying the broader literature on hearing sound and the effects of sound as well as data from the effects on humans. It has also become clear that knowledge of the effects of sound on one group of animals (e.g., birds or frogs) can guide studies on other groups (e.g., marine mammals or fishes) and that a review of all such studies together would be very useful to get a better understanding of the general principles and underlying cochlear and cognitive mechanisms that explain damage, disturbance, and deterrence across taxa.The purpose of this volume, then, is to provide a comprehensive review of the effects of man-made sounds on animals, with the goal of fulfilling two major needs. First, it was thought to be important to bring together data on sound and bioacoustics that have implications across all taxa (including humans) so that such information is generally available to the community of scholars interested in the effects of sound. This is done in Chaps. 2-5. Second, in Chaps. 6-10, the volume brings together what is known about the effects of sound on diverse vertebrate taxa so that investigators with interests in specific groups can learn from the data and experimental approaches from other species. Put another way, having an overview of the similarities and discrepancies among various animal groups and insight into the “how and why” will benefit the overall conceptual understanding, applications in society, and all future research.
The Effects of Autism on the Family (Current Issues in Autism)
by Eric Schopler and Gary B. MesibovAs the oldest statewide program serving autistic people in the United States, North Carolina's Division TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped CHildren) has had a major impact on ser vices for these people and their families. As we move into our second decade, we are frequently questioned about all aspects of our procedures, techniques, and program. Of all the questions that are asked, however, the one that comes up most frequently and seems to set our program apart from others concerns the ways in which we work with families. To help answer this question we identified what we have found to be the major components in our parent-professional relationships, and we elaborate on these with the most current research informa tion, clinical insights, and community knowledge available through the expertise of our distinguished contributors. Our purpose was to collect the most recent information and to organize the resulting volume along the outlines of the par ent-professional relationship found most important in the TEACCH program. Thus, the four main sections of the book include these four major ways profes sionals work with parents: as their advocates, their trainers, their trainees, and their reciprocal emotional support source. To the extent this effort was success ful, we acknowledge that it is easier to organize book chapters along these dimensions than it is to provide their implementation in the field.
Effects of Deregulation on Safety: Implications Drawn from the Aviation, Rail, and United Kingdom Nuclear Power Industries
by Vicki Bier James Joosten David Glyer Jennifer Tracey Michael WelshEffects of Deregulation on Safety provides a comprehensive overview of the safety experiences of these three case study industries and their implications for the U.S. nuclear power industry. The treatment of the subject is not highly technical, and hence is accessible to a wide range of readers with interests in the subject matter. The book draws on literature from roughly 250 references, ranging from brief news articles to book-length studies of deregulation in a particular industry, as well as original in-depth interviews with representatives of all three case study industries. This wealth of empirical background information allows the book to go beyond mere speculation about the possible adverse safety consequences of deregulation, to identify situations in which particular adverse safety consequences actually occurred. The experience of the case study industries indicates that economic deregulation need not be incompatible with a reasonable safety record, especially in those aspects of safety that are positively related to productivity. But that safety also cannot be taken for granted after deregulation. Careful management attention is needed in order to avoid the types of safety problems that were associated with deregulation in the case study industries.
The Effects of Drug Regulation: A survey based on the European Studies of Drug Regulation
by Graham DukesMost national governments have created agencies with the responsibility for deciding which medicinal drugs should be imported or manufactured and made available through their health systems. Many of these agencies were set up some twenty years ago in the wake of the thalidomide disaster. Since that time they have developed in quite different ways in response to national, cultural and economic influences. Their direct cost is very small in comparison to overall health budgets but their indirect effects, both in terms of health and the economy, can be substantial. In 1980 the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe set up a series of studies of drug evaluation in the European region aimed at determining the effects of the work of regulatory agencies on the availability of drugs, on the pharmaceutical industry, and on the health of individuals in the countries concerned. This book sets that work in a historical context and describes the sources of the data used by the project team and the methods used by WHO and others in assessing the work of these agencies and its repercussions for the community. Finally, it presents an analysis of current knowledge and the plans and prospects for future research. The first draft of this book was presented to a meeting of experts in the field of drug regulation at Oslo in March 1984, and the present text embodies the views and conclusions of that meeting.