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Angiogenesis: Models, Modulators, and Clinical Applications (Nato Science Series A: #298)

Interest in angiogenesis research remains strong in recent years and exciting new discoveries, about modulators of angiogenesis, their receptors, the transduction mechanisms and the angiogenic genes involved, have contributed to our present day understanding of this complex process. This knowledge has provided the basis and broadened the scope of angiogenesis - based therapy in oncology and many other clinical conditions. This monograph contains the contributions to the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Angiogenesis: Models, Modulators and Clinical Applications", which was held in Rhodes, Greece, from June 20-30, 1997. This was the fourth of a series of NATO supported international meetings on Angiogenesis aiming to bring together basic scientists with clinicians to exchange ideas, disseminate new knowledge and discuss the present status and potential new directions in this fast moving area of biomedical research. The International Organising Committee that included Drs. E. Dejana, C Haudenschild, M. Hackel, H. Kleinman, P. Lelkes, M. Presta, P. Polverini, D. Thompson, has provided invaluable help with their insightful suggestions in the formulation of the scientific program for which I am grateful. I wish to thank all the participants for their enthusiastic participation and their complimentary comments on the success of the conference.

Angiogenesis: Molecular Biology, Clinical Aspects (Nato Science Series A: #263)

Angiogenesis is a multistep process, which involves activation, proliferation and directed migration of endothelial cells to form new capillaries from existing vessels. Under physiological conditions, in the adult organisms angiogenesis is extremely slow, yet it can be activated for a limited time only in situations such as ovulation or wound healing. In a number of disease states, however, there is a derangement of angiogenesis, which can contribute to the pathology of these conditions. Hence, understanding the molecular biology of endothelial cell activation and differentiation and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, could explain the derangement in disease states and also provide the basis for developing promoters or suppressors of angiogenesis for clinical applications. This book contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Angiogenesis: Molecular Biology, Oinical Aspects" held in Rhodes, Greece, from June 16-27, 1993. This meeting was a comprehensive review of the various aspects of angiogenesis such as embryonic development, endothelial cell heterogeneity and tissue specificity, molecular biology of endothelial cell, mechanisms for the regulation of angiogenesis, disease states in which angiogenesis is involved and potential application of promoters or suppressors of angiogenesis. The presentations and discussions of the meeting provided an opportunity for investigators from many different areas of basic science and medicine to exchange information, evaluate the present status and provide future research directions in the field of angiogenesis.

Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenesis in Hematological Malignancies

It has been generally accepted that angiogenesis is involved in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies, like acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms and multiple myeloma. The extent of angiogenesis in the bone marrow has been correlated with disease burden, prognosis and treatment outcome. Reciprocal positive and negative interactions between tumor cells and bone marrow stromal cells, namely hematopoietic stem cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts/osteoclasts, endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, T cells, macrophages and mast cells, mediated by an array of cytokines, receptors and adhesion molecules, modulate the angiogenic response in hematological tumors. More recently, it has been emphasized the pro-angiogenic role of the so called “vascular niche”, indicating a site rich in blood vessels where endothelial cells and mural cells such as pericytes and smooth muscle cells create a microenvironment that affects the behavior of several stem and progenitor cells, in hematological malignancies.

Angiogenesis and Direct Myocardial Revascularization (Contemporary Cardiology)

An interdisciplinary panel of pioneers and opinion leaders review the basic, preclinical, clinical, and developmental pathways to new treatment strategies, such as therapeutic angiogenesis and myogenesis. The authors take advantage of new biological understanding, novel therapeutic targets, multiple available and well-studied therapeutic strategies, and the necessary imaging techniques to measure outcomes. Their in-depth discussions cover the identification of new therapeutic targets and pathways, the investigation of transcriptional factors, master switch molecules, cell-based approaches, chemokines, a better understanding of the effects of aging, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercholesterolemia in response to angiogenic stimuli. Highlights include examination of drug delivery problems, outcomes measure, stem therapy, high-risk interventions, development pathways, and future possibilities.

Angiogenesis and Vascularisation: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Health and Diseases

The book presents the overview of the current knowledge in some fields of vascular biology, addressing cellular and molecular aspects of blood-vessel formation and their role in health and disease. The major factors involved in the formation of blood vessels are presented by scientists actively involved in this area of research. Special emphasis is put on the presentation of various molecular mechanisms not addressed in similar works to date. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes the cells and mediators in angiogenesis. The significance of various populations of potential endothelial progenitors is particularly highlighted. The chapters of the second part focus on molecular mechanisms, with special emphasis on the role of hypoxia, gasotransmitters and reactive oxygen species as well as microRNAs in regulation of angiogenic processes. In the third part, the pathological aspects of disturbed – aggravated or impaired – vascularization are discussed and new modalities for potential therapies are presented. The book is intended for scientists and PhD students in the fields of vascular biology and cancer research. It may be of interest for medical professionals in the fields of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, oncology and rheumatoid arthritis.

Angiogenesis Assays: A Critical Appraisal of Current Techniques

Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature, is essential for physiological growth and over 18,000 research articles have been published describing the role of angiogenesis in over 70 different diseases, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. One of the most important technical challenges in such studies has been finding suitable methods for assessing the effects of regulators of eh angiogenic response. While increasing numbers of angiogenesis assays are being described both in vitro and in vivo, it is often still necessary to use a combination of assays to identify the cellular and molecular events in angiogenesis and the full range of effects of a given test protein. Although the endothelial cell - its migration, proliferation, differentiation and structural rearrangement - is central to the angiogenic process, it is not the only cell type involved. the supporting cells, the extracellular matrix and the circulating blood with its cellular and humoral components also contribute. In this book, experts in the use of a diverse range of assays outline key components of these and give a critical appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses. Examples include assays for the proliferation, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells in vitro, vessel outgrowth from organ cultures, assessment of endothelial and mural cell interactions, and such in vivo assays as the chick chorioallantoic membrane, zebrafish, corneal, chamber and tumour angiogenesis models. These are followed by a critical analysis of the biological end-points currently being used in clinical trials to assess the clinical efficacy of anti-angiogenic drugs, which leads into a discussion of the direction future studies should take. This valuable book is of interest to research scientists currently working on angiogenesis in both the academic community and in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Relevant disciplines include cell and molecular biology, oncology, cardiovascular research, biotechnology, pharmacology, pathology and physiology.

Angiogenesis-Based Dermatology

This book provides a complete overview of all aspects of angiogenesis in dermatology. This is a guide to the principles of angiogenesis that will allow all involved in dermatology from the medical student and nurse practitioner to the experienced dermatologist to apply these principles for the treatment of patients. Angiogenesis is a principle that can be used to guide treatment of diseases of any organ system. Dermatology may be the first specialty to be guided by the principle of angiogenesis because the lesions are visible and response can be easily monitored. Dermatologists already inhibit angiogenesis as part of their treatment of multiple common dermatologic disorders, including acne, warts, and nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Angiogenesis in Adipose Tissue

Angiogenesis has recently played a critical role in regulation of adipose tissue expansion and regression. Like most other tissues in the body, adipose expansion and regression is accompanied by alteration of blood vessel density and structures. The vascular alteration plays an active role in regulation of adipose tissue size and functions. Targeting blood vessels in the adipose tissue have demonstrated to be a novel approach for possibly treatment of cancer, obesity and other metabolic diseases. This book provides the most updated information on this type research and discusses future opportunities for therapy..

Angiogenesis in Brain Tumors (Cancer Treatment and Research #117)

- Volume is divided into four sections, allowing easy navagation for researchers and practicing physicians - Text includes clinical trials - Written by leaders in the field

Angiogenesis in Health and Disease (Nato Science Series A: #227)

Angiogenesis describes the formation of new blood vessels, which arise as outgrowths from existing vessels. In many physiological processes such as ovulation and wound healing angiogenesis is involved for a relatively short time. Otherwise under normal physiological conditions in the adult organism angiogenesis is an extremely slow process. By contrast in certain disease states such as diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, chronic inflammation, hemangiomas, etc., angiogenesis persists and contributes to the pathology of these disease states. Some 50 such "angiogenic diseases" have been described where angiogeneSiS is involved. Also in tumor growth and metastasis angiogenesis is an essential process and precedes neoplastic transformation. Hence, angiogenesis could become an important diagnostic tool and a target for developing therapeutic agents. This book contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Angiogenesis in Health and Disease" held in Porto Hydra, Greece, from June 16-27, 1991. This meeting was a comprehensive review of endothelial cell biology and endothelial cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in relation to angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Numerous in vitro and in vivo models were presented, which are used to study angiogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels and to evaluate chemical compounds or naturally occuring substances for their effect on angiogenesis. The presentations and discussions at this meeting provided an opportunity for the basic science and the clinical disciplines to meet, exchange information and provide future research directions for many investigators engaged in the study of angiogenesis.

Angiogenesis in Health, Disease and Malignancy

This book is about “Angiogenesis”. A process in which new vasculature is formed from pre-existing capillaries. Angiogenesis process is associated with the proliferation and growth of both physiologically normal and neoplastic tissues, through the formation of vascular supply, essential for delivering growth requirements such as oxygen and nutrients.The book describes more than 100 genes and their key regulatory functions in the context of normal healthy condition, disease and malignancy, cancer proliferation and progression. New insights into the role of angiogenesis and the therapeutic inhibition of its regulators are investigated, due to the great potential for exploitation in the development of a novel treatment for cancer.New scientists, junior researchers and biomedical science students will find this book an invaluable introductory reference to their insight about angiogenesis and angiogenic role of more than 100 angiogenes and their role in healthy, disease and malignant conditions.

Angiogenesis in Inflammation: Mechanisms and Clinical Correlates (Progress in Inflammation Research)

This much-needed text develops current knowledge on the mechanisms of angiogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels as they relate to inflammation, including acute and chronic inflammation, neurogenic initiation, and the role of the multiple cellular components that comprise inflammation. The volume brings together experts in each of these fields to link the molecular and cellular processes in angiogenesis to those of inflammation and disease, culminating in a discourse on areas for future therapies.

Angiogenesis Inhibition (Recent Results in Cancer Research #180)

Angiogenesis is attracting increased scientific and clinical interest. The identification of novel mediators and targeting molecules has led to significant progress in our understanding of tumor angiogenesis and tumor vessel targeting. Important advances in cancer treatment have already emerged, and in the future, blood vessel targeting will play a significant role within individualized therapeutic strategies. This volume provides a general overview of the latest developments in angiogenesis inhibition in cancer. All aspects from the bench to the bedside are considered, with detailed attention both to basic research and to its translation into clinical practice. Individual chapters are devoted to the roles of angiopoietins, HIF-1a, chemokines, PDGF and VEGF, and vascular integrins. The latest results of clinical trials are presented, and various advanced targeting strategies are discussed. This book will be invaluable to all who wish to learn of the most recent advances in this exciting field.

Angiogenesis Modulations in Health and Disease: Practical Applications of Pro- and Anti-angiogenesis Targets

This book is a major update of novel targets in angiogenesis modulation, including pro- and anti-angiogenesis. There is in-depth coverage of preclinical and clinical methods and models, investigational status, and clinical applications. The impact of nanotechnology in advancing the applications of pro-and anti-angiogenesis strategies is also highlighted, along with stem cell and biotechnologies in research and development of angiogenesis modulating targets.

Angiogenesis Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #467)

As experimentation and clinical trials with first generation anti-angiogenic agents have yielded results and our understanding of the biology and physiology of blood and lymphatic vessels has increased, a new angiogenesis volume swiftly became a necessity. Angiogenesis Protocols, Second Edition remains true to its original vision of providing a single source for angiogenesis researchers, irrespective of levels of resource and expertise, by collecting a range of methods for cell isolation and assessing angiogenesis in vivo or in vitro. This information, however, is expanded to include chapters on circulating endothelial progenitor cells, angiogenic signalling pathways, imaging of angiogenesis, and measurement of tissue blood flow. Written in the Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, the chapters provide step-by-step laboratory protocols, lists of necessary materials and reagents, and a Notes section, which details tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Extensive and cutting-edge, Angiogenesis Protocols, Second Edition is not only a practical handbook for key techniques, but also an informative and enjoyable read for all those interested, no matter how directly, in angiogenesis.

Angiographie der Hand: Diagnostik und Therapie

Das gesamte Spektrum der modernen bildgebenden Untersuchungsmethoden bei der arteriellen Verschlußerkrankung der oberen Extremität* systematisch* verständlich* praxisorientiert"...eine Fundgrube für den Erfahrenen ebenso wie für den angiographisch Lernenden..."(Radiologe)"...eine gelungene Mischung von theoretischem und praktischem Wissen...ist jedem als Nachschlagewerk zu empfehlen, der sich mit der radiologischen Diagnostik und Therapie Äauf diesem GebietÜ auseinanderzusetzen hat."(Bildgebung/Imaging)

Angiography and Computed Tomography in Cerebro-Arterial Occlusive Diseases

In this age when we are witnessing a veritable explosion in new modalities in diagnos­ tic imaging we continue to have a great need for detailed studies of the vascularity of the brain in patients who have all types of cerebral vascular disease. Much of the understanding of cerebral vascular occlusive lesions which we developed in the last two decades was based on our ability to demonstrate the vessels that were affected. Much experimental work in animals had been done where major cerebral vessels were obstructed and the effects of these obstructions on the brain observed pathologically. However, it was not until cerebral angiography could be performed with the detail that became possible in the decades of the '60 's and subsequently that we could begin to understand the relationship of the obstructed vessels observed angiographically to the clinical findings. In addition, much physiologic information was obtained. For instance, the concept ofluxury perfusion which is used to describe non-nutritional flow through the tissues was observed first angiographically although the term was not used until LASSEN described it as a pathophysiological phenomenon observed during cerebral blood flow studies with radioactive isotopes. The concept of embolic occlusions of the cerebral vessels as against thrombosis was clarified and the relative frequency of thrombosis versus embolism was better understood. The concept of collateral circulation of the brain through so-called meningeal end-to­ end arterial anastomoses was vastly better understood when serial angiography in obstructive cerebral vascular disease was carried out with increasing frequency.

Angiography in Cerebro-Arterial Occlusive Diseases: Including Computer Tomography and Radionuclide Methods

Although it may seem a rash, even ill-conceived, undertaking to devote a mono­ graph to cerebral angiography at a time when CT seems to be the most important neuroradiologic procedure, this is definitely not the case. Moreover, the authors are aware of the necessity of taking these new techniques into account. Cerebro-arterial occlusive diseases are frequently the cause of acute and chro­ nic neurologic disturbances. The authors' aim in preparing this book was to demonstrate the value of neuroradiology in the diagnosis of these conditions. They have accomplished their purpose, and above all, they have succeeded in demonstrating how angiography and CT complement each other. They point out the absolute necessity of high quality in angiographic imaging; indeed, arterial occlusive diseases may have a very capricious and unexpected evolution that can be followed-up by iterative CT examinations - for instance once a week - but angiography, which is performed only once, must be as perfect and informative as possible. Both authors received part of their training in the Neuroradiologic Depart­ ment of the University Hospital in Strasbourg. I am thus very pleased to find in this book both the perfection I was accustomed to seeing in G. B. BRADAc's iconography and the sound judgement I always appreciated in R. OBERSON. Therefore, it is with great satisfaction that I write this foreword. It is my wish that both authors achieve the recognition they rightfully deserve in the Univer­ sities of Berlin and of Lausanne.

Angiography of Bone and Soft Tissue Lesions

Many bone lesions have a characteristic roentgen appearance, while others create diagnostic dilemmas not only for the radiologist, but also for the pathologist and surgeon. Arteriography is helpful in the diagnosis of these difficult cases, which cannot be diagnosed with certainty by the combined data from plain radiographs and histologic material. Since therapy is depen­ dent on the specific diagnosis, and unnecessary radical surgery has been performed in the past for benign disease, the addition of arteriographic data may confirm or refute a diagnosis and be quite helpful to the patient and orthopedic surgeon. Issa Yaghmai has had a great interest in the angiography of bone lesions and has collected over 650 cases during the past 10 years. He has examined patients with virtually every type of bone lesion, and has faithfully cat­ alogued and recorded his findings along with those of the pathologist. The histologically doubtful cases were sent to other renowned bone patholo­ gists for opinions so that he could be as accurate as possible in correlating his angiographic findings with specific histologic diagnoses. His collection of bone arteriograms is surely one of the most extensive in the world. He has recorded in this volume the illustrations and information he has amassed, and supplemented it with pertinent information from an exhaustive review of the literature. Bone angiography is not for every patient with a bone lesion, and Issa carefully tells us when it will or will not help us in our differential diagnosis.

Angiography of the Human Brain Cortex: Atlas of Vascular Patterns and Stereotactic Cortical Localization

Considering the numerous works dealing with the angiography of the human brain, the book presented by SZIKLA et al. might seem to some to be devoted to superfluous precision, especially as it is inspired by "stereotactic" thinking. The large arterial trunks and their branches were described by anatomists for a long time, then were restudied by neuroradiologists for recognition in a more and more detailed manner on arteriograms. However, until now no encompassing work has been done to specify precisely the relationship of the blood vessels to that large and important organ, the human brain cortex, thereby permitting the recognition of the sulci and gyri as a function of the successive curves imposed on the various vessels by the deep infoldings of the cortex. Insofar as the radiologic evaluation of the cerebral cortex is concerned, fractional pneumoencephalography allows the injection of a number of sulci and fissures via the subarachnoid spaces. It should be pointed out, however, that sufficiently complete and interpretable images are obtained only under favorable circumstances (successful technique, cerebral atrophy, absence of cerebral edema, absence of arachnoid symphysis, etc. ). In addition a large number of sulci cannot be made visible by pneumography for strictly anatomic reasons such as the level of their opening into cisternal spaces.

Angiography of the Mesencephalon: Normal and Pathological Findings

Angiography of the Upper Extremity (Series in Radiology #7)

Over the last few decades, angiography has devel­ careful analysis of his angiographic findings and a oped enormously and an extensive literature has very thorough description of vascular anatomy been published on the subject. In the last few and its many variants. The extensive clinical ma­ years, the number of publications has decreased terial also enables him to indicate those circum­ because the applications of this diagnostic method stances in which angiography can make an impor­ seem to have been almost fully explored. tant contribution to diagnosis. One of the applications for which this statement This monograph deserves the attention of all who might not be true is angiography of the upper ex­ are interested in the anatomy and pathology of the tremity. The clinical interest for this field has nev­ arm and the hand, and is particularly intended for er been as great as for other parts of the body. radiodiagnosticians and surgeons. In Maastricht, Janevski was able to accumulate an A. E. VAN VOORTHUISEN, M.D.

Angiography / Scintigraphy: Symposium of the European Association of Radiology Mainz 1–3 October, 1970

The symposium on Angiography/Scintigraphy brought to Mainz in the fall of 1970 not only many European colleagues with an interest in these techniques, but also a number of visitors from overseas. These busy, work-filled days are beginning to fade in the memory of those who were there. Nevertheless, the scientific results reported on that occasion still supply the guidelines for what is currently being done in radiology and nuclear medicine. Anyone who has kept abreast of the literature over the past few years will have noted with some surprise how comparisons of the results obtained with these two important diagnostic aids continue to provoke controversy. One thing is certain: the emblem chosen for the Mainz symposium could hardly have been more appropriate. Like two cogwheels meshing in some complex piece of machinery, these radiological procedures demand the highest level of skill and precision before they will function properly on engaging so as to produce optimal results. Their findings complement each other in almost ideal fashion. Even though development in these two diagnostic disciplines has not exactly stood still since 1970, the papers given at this symposium established the fundamentals from which have stemmed many an intelligent adaptation of a method, many a cunning modification of an instrument and, not least, many a new research lead. This is why we applaud the initiative of Professor Diethelm of Mainz, whose brainchild this symposium was, in making the proceedings available to a wider audience.

Angiologie (Taschenbücher Allgemeinmedizin)

Angiologische Notfälle