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Liver Metabolism and Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide affecting patients from all ages, races, and ethnic backgrounds. It comprises a spectrum of hepatic pathology ranging from simple steatosis, in which there is an increase of fat accumulation in hepatocytes, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. The signific

Liver Metastases: Biology, Diagnosis and Treatment

Liver Metastasis: Biology, Diagnosis and Treatment offers a comprehensive overview of liver metastasis by providing a collection of pivotal contributions from an international faculty. A wide range of topics are presented, with each contributor focusing on his own area of expertise to provide the latest techniques as well as valuable insights based on a wealth of experience. Epidemiological and biological aspects are discussed, diagnostic and staging problems are reported, and all treatment modalities are analysed including gene therapy, immunotherapy and palliative care. The standard approaches to diagnosis and therapy are examined whilst new and future trends are reported on and explored. Of interest to both specialists and postgraduates in the fields of oncology and gastroenterology this book will also be of interest to researchers in internal medicine.

Liver Metastases

This book addresses the contemporary multidisciplinary management of liver metastases. Throughout the text, experience from the paradigms of colorectal cancer metastases treatment strategies are used to point to new directions in the management of liver metastases from other cancers. The book will be invaluable for surgeons in general surgery, hepatobiliary surgery, upper GI surgery, colorectal surgery, medical and clinical oncologists with an interest in liver tumours, and radiologists with an interest in liver disease.

Liver Metastasis: Basic aspects, detection and management (Developments in Oncology #24)

B. CADY Hepatic met,,'~tasl~S present one of the major therapeutic challenges of cancer patien: management, for it is the destruction of vital organ function that makes cancer fatal, not local tumor growth. The process of tumor cell dislodgement from the primary cancer, their spread through the lymphatic and hematogenous channels, their lodgement in distant sites, and their subsequent progressive growth tax our comprehension a'ld i. -ustrate our therapies. The proceedings of this International Con,t ss on Hepatic Metastasis address these aspects of metastases to t:'. >2 _ . ver, and predominatly focus on metastatic colon cancer because of t ~. s frequency, its prominent hepatic only pattern of spread, and enticing preliminary data about prevention and control of small sub­ . '(ts of the afflicted population. Predictably, the "false technologies" of Dr. Lewis Thomas that involve surgical, radiotherapeutic and chemo­ therapeutic attack on these metastases after elaborate diagnostic studies take precedence because of the clinical imperatives of sick patients. This is displayed in the preponderance of papers and in­ terest in various diagnostic scanning techniques by means of radio­ isotopes, radiographically useful dyes, biochemical markers, interest in developing accurate staging systems to categorize patients for therapeutic comparisons, and interest in elaborate, and expensive, technology to increase the effectiveness of chemotherap~utic agents that are of limited benefit with simple intravenous administration. Behind this clinical enthusiasm, however, lies the research to develop the "true technology," in Thomas' words, that will prevent such clinical catastrophies as hepatic metastases.

Liver Metastasis: Biology and Clinical Management (Cancer Metastasis - Biology and Treatment #16)

Liver metastases are a frequent and often fatal occurrence in cancer patients, particularly those with malignancies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While recent improvements in surgical techniques and a more aggressive approach to resection of liver metastases have improved long term survival for some patients, most patients with hepatic metastases still succumb to their disease. To improve these dismal statistics, a better understanding of the biology of liver metastasis, particularly the early stages that can be targeted for prevention, is essential. Once cancer cells enter the liver, several different scenarios may occur. The cancer cells may be immediately destroyed by local defence mechanisms, they may enter a state of dormancy as solitary cells and never produce a metastasis, initiate a short-lived process of proliferation that is aborted before a metastasis is established or actively proliferate to form macrometastases. The chapters in Part I of this book provide insight into the cellular/molecular mechanisms that determine which of these scenarios prevails. Written by experts researchers in the filed of metastasis, these chapters provide state-of-the art reviews on the cellular and molecular processes that impact the early stages of the metastatic process. The unique microenvironment of the liver, its various anatomical, cellular and molecular features and the impact they have on metastasis are highlighted. In addition, the role of inflammation (pre-existing and tumor-induced), host innate and adaptive immune responses, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and the unique molecular signatures of metastatic tumor cells are reviewed with an underscoring of the translational implications of the current state of knowledge. Against this background, the chapters in Part II of the book provide critical reviews on major aspects of the clinical management of hepatic metastases. These include imaging strategies, surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment approaches and the use of targeted biological therapeutics such as anti-angiogenic drugs as treatment modalities. By combining information on biological and clinical aspects of liver metastasis, this volume will serve as an excellent resource for scientists, clinicians, clinician/ scientists and trainees in the domains of oncology, surgical oncology, hepatobiliary physiology and radiology.

Liver MRI: Correlation with other Imaging Modalities and Histopathology

This book provides a practical approach for MR imaging of the focal and diffuse liver lesions. Its unique layout is based on state-of-the-art MR imaging sequences, computer-generated drawings, concise figure captions, relevant and systematic (differential) diagnostic information, recent literature references, and patient management possibilities. MR imaging findings are correlated to ultrasound, computed tomography, and pathology when appropriate. This book will greatly benefit all professionals interested and involved in imaging, diagnosis, and treatment of focal and diffuse liver lesions.

Liver MRI: Correlation with Other Imaging Modalities and Histopathology

The second edition of this very successful book provides a practical approach to liver MRI, with coverage of the most up-to-date MR imaging sequences, normal and variant anatomy and diverse pathologic conditions. It features computer-generated drawings relating clinical concepts to the MRI findings, 2D and 3D reconstructions, systematic (differential) diagnostic information and descriptions of patient management options. MRI findings are correlated to ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear medicine exams, laboratory findings and histopathology when appropriate. New information is presented on a wide range of topics and more than 50 extra figure pages are included. This book will greatly benefit all professionals interested and involved in imaging, diagnosis and treatment of focal and diffuse liver lesions, including radiologists, gastroenterologists, hepatologists, surgeons, pathologists, MR physicists, radiology and other residents, MR technologists and medical students.p>

Liver Pathology and Alcohol: Drug & Alcohol Abuse Reviews (Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews #2)

Alcohol and other drugs of abuse are major contributing factors to liver disease and its pathology. Alcoholic cirrhosis causes thousands of deaths each year in the United States, and encourages liver replacement. A better understanding of the mechanisms of liver pathology will significantly aid basic researchers and physicians in treating and preventing liver damage. This book is designed especially for those researchers wishing to understand alcoholic liver disease. Therefore the role of alcohol in changing nutrition and its nutritional effects on liver disease are reviewed. The generation of free radicals during alcohol use has been found to be an important cause of membrane changes, of cancer development, and of lipid alterations-and thus of liver pathology. In addition to alcohol, other drugs of abuse, including morphine, cocaine, marijuana, and caffeine have also been shown to be significant contributors to liver pathology. The prevalence of drug and alcohol use and abuse today means that liver disease will continue as a major social and medical problem. The explanation of its biological origins cannot fail to help us better understand and treat the disease in the years to come.

Liver Pathology for Clinicians (Pathology for Clinicians)

This is the first volume in a new Springer series, Pathology for Clinicians, which aims to assist clinicians in their daily decision making by providing reliable, clearly presented information on current techniques in pathology, their uses and indications, clinical–pathologic correlations, and the significance of pathologic diagnoses. Liver Pathology for Clinicians first discusses key technical aspects of liver biopsy, including the use of special stains and immunohistochemistry. Detailed guidance is provided on both common and uncommon indications for liver biopsy, including repeat or serial biopsies, and on the choice of procedure. The role of liver biopsy in the contexts of transplantation and systemic disease is also clearly explained. Clinical-pathologic correlations are presented with the aid of high-quality illustrations.

Liver Radioembolization with 90Y Microspheres (Medical Radiology)

This is the second edition of a very well received book devoted specifically to the treatment of liver tumors by radioembolization with 90Y microspheres. The success of the first edition was based on the provision of all the fundamental information required for successful use of this therapeutic modality in clinical practice. The new edition has been fully updated to cover the most recent advances and includes additional chapters on regulations and emerging trends. Detailed information is provided on the full range of relevant topics, including hepatic vascular anatomy (including variants), dosimetry, assessment of tumor response, and the results achieved using radioembolization alone and in combination with other treatments in patients with primary or metastatic disease. Complications and side-effects are also fully discussed. This book will prove immensely valuable for both beginners and practitioners.

Liver Radioembolization with 90Y Microspheres (Medical Radiology)

This vital text for oncologists and radiotherapists provides an in-depth account of all aspects of radioembolization, a relatively novel technique based on the efficacy of radiotherapy for the treatment of liver tumors. Radioembolization combines embolization (intravascular deployment of particles – microspheres loaded with yttrium-90) and brachytherapy (local administration of radiotherapy), thereby allowing delivery of high doses of beta-radiation specifically to the tumoral area.

Liver Transplantation: Challenging Controversies and Topics (Clinical Gastroenterology)

Liver Transplantation: Challenging Controversies and Topics grew out of a need I perceived within the fields of transplant hepatology and liver transplantation. Liver transplantation has rightly gained recognition as an established therapy for end-stage liver disease. Few would argue that liver transplantation is one of the few truly lifesaving and life-altering treatments within medicine and surgery. Not many realize that 20 years passed from the time of the first human liver transplantation in 1963 to its acceptance as therapy by the 1983 NIH Consensus Conference on Liver Transplantation. In 2008, 25 years will have passed since the 1983 NIH conference—a mere 25 years for a field that has provided patients hope, doctors options, and to some the “gift of life. ” Many issues in liver transplantation involve indications, patient selection, and outcomes after transplantation—these are standard topics, covered by textbooks of hepatology and transplantation. In contrast, the field of liver tra- plantation is young, evolving, dynamic, and issues and decisions are often controversial. Thus, Dr. Trotter and I, as well as our colleagues at the University of Colorado, felt that a text with a different focus was required, one that highlighted controversy and challenged dogma. Out of this perceived need emerged Liver Transplantation: Challenging Controversies and Topics. To meet the transplant community’s need for emerging information about liver transplantation, Dr. Larry Chan, Dr. Igal Kam, and I initiated the Controversies in Transplantation Conference.

Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management (Vademecum Ser.)

Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management is the perfect tool for all gastroenterologists, hepatologists and transplant surgeons managing patients with liver disease awaiting and undergoing transplantation. Led by James Neuberger, world experts in hepatology and transplantation provide a chronological, step-by-step approach to best clinical management and patient care. Evidence-based throughout and with reference to the very latest practice guidelines from major societies such as EASL and AASLD, the book covers: When to refer a patient for liver transplantation Selection, assessment and management on the list Transplantation for acute liver failure Donation and allocation Care of the liver transplant recipient 80 high definition videos of transplant surgery allow you to watch the experts in action and provide an outstanding visual and teaching element. In addition, key points, potential pitfalls, management algorithms, and useful weblinks all help ensure rapid reference browsing. If you're managing patients requiring a liver transplant, this multimedia resource will save you time and effort by putting essential information within easy reach.

Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management

Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management is the perfect tool for all gastroenterologists, hepatologists and transplant surgeons managing patients with liver disease awaiting and undergoing transplantation. Led by James Neuberger, world experts in hepatology and transplantation provide a chronological, step-by-step approach to best clinical management and patient care. Evidence-based throughout and with reference to the very latest practice guidelines from major societies such as EASL and AASLD, the book covers: When to refer a patient for liver transplantation Selection, assessment and management on the list Transplantation for acute liver failure Donation and allocation Care of the liver transplant recipient 80 high definition videos of transplant surgery allow you to watch the experts in action and provide an outstanding visual and teaching element. In addition, key points, potential pitfalls, management algorithms, and useful weblinks all help ensure rapid reference browsing. If you're managing patients requiring a liver transplant, this multimedia resource will save you time and effort by putting essential information within easy reach.

Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management

Explore this practical and step-by-step guide to managing liver transplant patients from leading international clinicians in Hepatology The newly revised Second Edition of Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management delivers expert clinical guidance on best practices in managing the care of liver transplant patients. Authors are all experts in their field and cover a world-wide perspective. Organized in an accessible, stepwise fashion and packed with text features such as key points, the book covers all critical areas of each stage of the liver transplant journey, from assessment, to management on the list, to long term care. Readers will learn when to refer a patient for liver transplantation, how to assess a potential liver transplant recipient, learn the principles of the procedure and the long term management of the transplant recipient. Liver Transplantation provides the entire hepatology and surgical team the information required for a sound understanding of the entire procedure, from pre- to post-operative care and management. Clinically oriented and management-focused, the book is far more accessible than the liver transplant sections in traditional hepatology textbooks. Readers will also enjoy: A thorough discussion of when to refer a patient for liver transplantation, including general considerations and the use and abuse of prognostic models An exploration of the selection, assessment, and management of patients on the transplant list, including how to manage a patient with chronic liver disease while on the waiting list A treatment of liver transplantation for acute liver failure (ALF), including assessment and management of ALF patients on the transplant waiting list A discussion of care of the liver transplant recipient after the procedure in the short and long term Perfect for gastroenterologists, hepatologists, and surgeons and other health care professionals managing patients with liver disease who are awaiting, undergoing and following liver transplantation, Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management will also earn a place in the libraries of medical students, residents, internal medicine physicians, and GI/Hepatology trainees and all health care professionals providing clinical care to people with liver disease, before, during and after transplantation.

Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management

Explore this practical and step-by-step guide to managing liver transplant patients from leading international clinicians in Hepatology The newly revised Second Edition of Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management delivers expert clinical guidance on best practices in managing the care of liver transplant patients. Authors are all experts in their field and cover a world-wide perspective. Organized in an accessible, stepwise fashion and packed with text features such as key points, the book covers all critical areas of each stage of the liver transplant journey, from assessment, to management on the list, to long term care. Readers will learn when to refer a patient for liver transplantation, how to assess a potential liver transplant recipient, learn the principles of the procedure and the long term management of the transplant recipient. Liver Transplantation provides the entire hepatology and surgical team the information required for a sound understanding of the entire procedure, from pre- to post-operative care and management. Clinically oriented and management-focused, the book is far more accessible than the liver transplant sections in traditional hepatology textbooks. Readers will also enjoy: A thorough discussion of when to refer a patient for liver transplantation, including general considerations and the use and abuse of prognostic models An exploration of the selection, assessment, and management of patients on the transplant list, including how to manage a patient with chronic liver disease while on the waiting list A treatment of liver transplantation for acute liver failure (ALF), including assessment and management of ALF patients on the transplant waiting list A discussion of care of the liver transplant recipient after the procedure in the short and long term Perfect for gastroenterologists, hepatologists, and surgeons and other health care professionals managing patients with liver disease who are awaiting, undergoing and following liver transplantation, Liver Transplantation: Clinical Assessment and Management will also earn a place in the libraries of medical students, residents, internal medicine physicians, and GI/Hepatology trainees and all health care professionals providing clinical care to people with liver disease, before, during and after transplantation.

Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery: Interplay of Technical and Theoretical Aspects (Updates in Surgery)

In the past, liver resections and liver transplantations were performed by different surgical teams, with very little interplay between the two. However, the evolution toward more complex operations called for an increasingly intense interaction between these surgical techniques: split liver and living donor liver transplantation have become popular in the transplant community, utilizing the Coinaud segmental anatomy in a very sophisticated way, while portal and arterial resection and reconstruction have become indispensable methods for treating Klatskin tumors infiltrating the hepatic hilum. This book offers a complete overview of the connections between liver transplantation and hepatobiliary surgery. It focuses on ex situ techniques for resection of tumors at the suprahepatic confluence, with or without venous reconstruction, and on total vascular exclusion of the liver with the aid of a venovenous bypass that should be a surgical option for referral centers in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery. By taking into consideration the development of minimally invasive liver surgery, it will introduce readers to a variety of new perspectives such as: vascular exclusion techniques with or without extracorporeal circulation, hemodynamic implications and lessons learned from liver transplant surgery, and technical details on pediatric transplantation and its informative role in modern biliary tract surgery.

Liver (UEB contracted)

This is a two-page document with diagrams of the human digestive system and the liver. The diagrams are labelled with numbers and may be used for testing purposes. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the correct way up. The diagram of the digestive system shows the mouth at the top of the image and the anus at the bottom centre of the page. The diagram of the liver shows the liver in the top left and centre of the image with the gall bladder to the left. The bile duct is shown in the centre of the image. The pancreas goes from the bottom centre of the image to the centre right.

Liver Ultrasound: From Basics to Advanced Applications

Liver Ultrasound An up-to-date discussion of modern liver ultrasound techniques, combining hepatological and radiological perspectives into one stand-alone resource. In Liver Ultrasound: From Basics to Advanced Applications, a team of distinguished experts delivers an in-depth textbook on how to perform liver ultrasound and interpret common and uncommon clinical findings. The authors also walk readers through the nuances of ultrasonic and parametric features, from both a radiological and hepatological perspective, in differentiating the multitude of liver conditions. They also discuss clinical evaluations and how to use more advanced and currently evolving techniques. Readers will experience well-illustrated and clear ultrasound images while also getting access to a complimentary website that features numerous videos which integrate the book’s modern and multidisciplinary approach. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to the basics of ultrasound, as well as ultrasound scanners and knobology Comprehensive explanations on how to perform a liver ultrasound, including routine practicalities, discussions of normal liver anatomy, normal variants and advanced Doppler techniques Practical discussions of focal liver lesions, including their characterization and detection and how contrast enhanced ultrasound plays a pivotal role A clinical overview on the use of point of care ultrasound in liver disease as well as the use of ultrasound in liver related infectious diseases, biliary disorders and pediatric liver disease An extensive overview on the use of ultrasound and specific findings in liver transplantation The role of ultrasound in chronic liver disease, vascular liver diseases and interventional procedures, as well as discussions on advancing technologies namely shearwave elastography, attenuation imaging and fusion Perfect for all who perform liver sonography namely, hepatologists, radiologists, internal and emergency medicine physicians and sonographers. Liver Ultrasound: From Basics to Advanced Applications will also benefit trainees from all these specialties.

Liver Ultrasound: From Basics to Advanced Applications

Liver Ultrasound An up-to-date discussion of modern liver ultrasound techniques, combining hepatological and radiological perspectives into one stand-alone resource. In Liver Ultrasound: From Basics to Advanced Applications, a team of distinguished experts delivers an in-depth textbook on how to perform liver ultrasound and interpret common and uncommon clinical findings. The authors also walk readers through the nuances of ultrasonic and parametric features, from both a radiological and hepatological perspective, in differentiating the multitude of liver conditions. They also discuss clinical evaluations and how to use more advanced and currently evolving techniques. Readers will experience well-illustrated and clear ultrasound images while also getting access to a complimentary website that features numerous videos which integrate the book’s modern and multidisciplinary approach. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to the basics of ultrasound, as well as ultrasound scanners and knobology Comprehensive explanations on how to perform a liver ultrasound, including routine practicalities, discussions of normal liver anatomy, normal variants and advanced Doppler techniques Practical discussions of focal liver lesions, including their characterization and detection and how contrast enhanced ultrasound plays a pivotal role A clinical overview on the use of point of care ultrasound in liver disease as well as the use of ultrasound in liver related infectious diseases, biliary disorders and pediatric liver disease An extensive overview on the use of ultrasound and specific findings in liver transplantation The role of ultrasound in chronic liver disease, vascular liver diseases and interventional procedures, as well as discussions on advancing technologies namely shearwave elastography, attenuation imaging and fusion Perfect for all who perform liver sonography namely, hepatologists, radiologists, internal and emergency medicine physicians and sonographers. Liver Ultrasound: From Basics to Advanced Applications will also benefit trainees from all these specialties.

The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution And The Organ Of Mind

Though we have other distinguishing characteristics (walking on two legs, for instance, and relative hairlessness), the brain and the behavior it produces are what truly set us apart from the other apes and primates. And how this three-pound organ composed of water, fat, and protein turned a mammal species into the dominant animal on earth today is the story John S. Allen seeks to tell.

Livestock Handling and Transport: Principles And Practice

Edited by world-renowned animal scientist Dr Temple Grandin, this practical book integrates scientific research and industry literature on cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, deer, and horses, in both the developed and developing world, to provide a practical guide to humane handling and minimizing animal stress. Reviewing the latest research on transport systems, restraint methods and facilities for farms and slaughterhouses, this fully updated fifth edition of Livestock Handling and Transport includes five new chapters: The Introduction, Genetics and Handling, Goat Handling and Transport, Robotic Milking, and Transport of Livestock by Sea. There is also new coverage of temperament testing and change, the principles of good stockmanship as well as including new video material to further explain key information contained in the book. Key features include: - Edited by world-renowned animal scientist Temple Grandin. - Two new chapters on the testing and control of temperament and the principles of good stockmanship. - Online videos to further illustrate the key points.

Livestock Health Encyclopedia

Livestock Ration Formulation for Dairy Cattle and Buffalo

Livestock Ration Formulation for Dairy Cattle and Buffalo provides an interdisciplinary, integrative perspective and optimization on dairy cattle feed formulation problem solving. It helps dairy farmers by introducing them the right frequency and right amount of balanced diet to be fed to cattle’s and buffaloes at different body condition so that their feeding cost should be decreased and there should be increase in income for dairy farmers, as they don’t have enough knowledge of feeding practice. It helps animal nutritionist to work for dairy farmers which have very limited feed resources to fulfil nutrients requirement in terms of crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrient (TDN), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) by developing a software programme to plan a balanced low budget diet. It includes the Linear and Goal programming model for non-pregnant dairy buffalo is been solved using Hybrid Real Coded Genetic Algorithm and the results are compared with Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) considering different versions like RGA without crossover, RGA without Mutation, RGA with crossover and mutation. These models can also be applied with other nutritional models like CNCPS, INRA. This book is a step forward in that direction to provide least cost diet formulation based on nutrient requirement of the cattle and buffalo, which is been calculated according to Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR, 2013) and NRC (2001) on dry matter basis, provides a clear and precise platform for other researcher in Animal Nutrition field which also give initial platform to build a software and android application to formulate least cost ration Based on data and algorithm used in this book, which helps Dairy farmers directly to feed balanced diet at cheap rate. Features: It is a good reference to local dairy farmers by introducing them to the right frequency and right amount of balanced diet to be fed to cattle and buffaloes at different production cycles. It will provide basic platform and some solutions to built-up software about cattle nutrition development and least cost formulation for end-user. It has several techniques for optimizing animal diet formulation but a good balance between coding/programming and animal nutrition is incorporated towards application of soft computing technique to improve the quality of the solution due to rigidity of the constraints.

Livestock Ration Formulation for Dairy Cattle and Buffalo

Livestock Ration Formulation for Dairy Cattle and Buffalo provides an interdisciplinary, integrative perspective and optimization on dairy cattle feed formulation problem solving. It helps dairy farmers by introducing them the right frequency and right amount of balanced diet to be fed to cattle’s and buffaloes at different body condition so that their feeding cost should be decreased and there should be increase in income for dairy farmers, as they don’t have enough knowledge of feeding practice. It helps animal nutritionist to work for dairy farmers which have very limited feed resources to fulfil nutrients requirement in terms of crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrient (TDN), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) by developing a software programme to plan a balanced low budget diet. It includes the Linear and Goal programming model for non-pregnant dairy buffalo is been solved using Hybrid Real Coded Genetic Algorithm and the results are compared with Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) considering different versions like RGA without crossover, RGA without Mutation, RGA with crossover and mutation. These models can also be applied with other nutritional models like CNCPS, INRA. This book is a step forward in that direction to provide least cost diet formulation based on nutrient requirement of the cattle and buffalo, which is been calculated according to Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR, 2013) and NRC (2001) on dry matter basis, provides a clear and precise platform for other researcher in Animal Nutrition field which also give initial platform to build a software and android application to formulate least cost ration Based on data and algorithm used in this book, which helps Dairy farmers directly to feed balanced diet at cheap rate. Features: It is a good reference to local dairy farmers by introducing them to the right frequency and right amount of balanced diet to be fed to cattle and buffaloes at different production cycles. It will provide basic platform and some solutions to built-up software about cattle nutrition development and least cost formulation for end-user. It has several techniques for optimizing animal diet formulation but a good balance between coding/programming and animal nutrition is incorporated towards application of soft computing technique to improve the quality of the solution due to rigidity of the constraints.