- Table View
- List View
Intelligence and Strategy: Selected Essays (Studies in Intelligence)
by John FerrisJohn Ferris' work in strategic and intelligence history is widely praised for its originality and the breadth of its research. At last his major pioneering articles are now available in this one single volume. In Intelligence and Strategy these essential articles have been fundamentally revised to incorporate new evidence and information withheld by governments when they were first published. This volume reshapes the study of communications intelligence by tracing Britain's development of cipher machines providing the context to Ultra and Enigma, and by explaining how British and German signals intelligence shaped the desert war. The author also explains how intelligence affected British strategy and diplomacy from 1874 to 1940 and world diplomacy during the 1930s and the Second World War. Finally he traces the roots for contemporary intelligence, and analyzes intelligence and the RMA as well as the role of intelligence in the 2003 Gulf War.This volume ultimately brings new light to our understanding of the relations between intelligence, strategy and diplomacy between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 21st century.
Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis (Studies in Intelligence)
by James G. BlightThis is the first study to examine throughly the role of US, Soviet and Cuban Intelligence in the nuclear crisis of 1962 - the closest the world has come to Armageddon.
Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis (Studies in Intelligence)
by James G. Blight David A. WelchThis is the first study to examine throughly the role of US, Soviet and Cuban Intelligence in the nuclear crisis of 1962 - the closest the world has come to Armageddon.
Intelligence, Defence and Diplomacy: British Policy in the Post-War World (Studies in Intelligence)
by Richard J. Aldrich Michael F. HopkinsWhat was Britain's reaction to the death of Stalin? How has Britain reconciled a modern nuclear strategy with its traditional imperial defence commitments around the world? How has secret intelligence affected the Special Relationship' since 1945? Certain clear questions and perennial themes run through British overseas policy since 1945. This book examines them, drawing on new research by leading historians and scholars in the field.
Intelligence, Defence and Diplomacy: British Policy in the Post-War World (Studies in Intelligence)
by Richard J. Aldrich Michael F. HopkinsWhat was Britain's reaction to the death of Stalin? How has Britain reconciled a modern nuclear strategy with its traditional imperial defence commitments around the world? How has secret intelligence affected the Special Relationship' since 1945? Certain clear questions and perennial themes run through British overseas policy since 1945. This book examines them, drawing on new research by leading historians and scholars in the field.
Intelligence Elites and Public Accountability: Relationships of Influence with Civil Society (Studies in Intelligence)
by Vian BakirThis book provides a definitive overview of the relationships of influence between civil society and intelligence elites. The secrecy surrounding intelligence means that publication of intelligence is highly restricted, barring occasional whistle-blowing and sanitised official leaks. These characteristics mean that intelligence, if publicised, can be highly manipulated by intelligence elites, while civil society’s ability to assess and verify claims is compromised by absence of independent evidence. There are few studies on the relationship between civil society and intelligence elites, which makes it hard to form robust assessments or practical recommendations regarding public oversight of intelligence elites. Addressing that lacuna, this book analyses two case studies of global political significance. The intelligence practices they focus on (contemporary mass surveillance and Bush-era torture-intelligence policies) have been presented as vital in fighting the ‘Global War on Terror’, enmeshing governments of scores of nation-states, while challenging internationally established human rights to privacy and to freedom from torture and enforced disappearance. The book aims to synthesise what is known on relationships of influence between civil society and intelligence elites. It moves away from disciplinary silos, to make original recommendations for how a variety of academic disciplines most likely to study the relationship between civil society and intelligence elites (international relations, history, journalism and media) could productively cross-fertilise. Finally, it aims to create a practical benchmark to enable civil society to better hold intelligence elites publicly accountable. This book will be of great interest to students of intelligence studies, surveillance, media, journalism, civil society, democracy and IR in general.
Intelligence Elites and Public Accountability: Relationships of Influence with Civil Society (Studies in Intelligence)
by Vian BakirThis book provides a definitive overview of the relationships of influence between civil society and intelligence elites. The secrecy surrounding intelligence means that publication of intelligence is highly restricted, barring occasional whistle-blowing and sanitised official leaks. These characteristics mean that intelligence, if publicised, can be highly manipulated by intelligence elites, while civil society’s ability to assess and verify claims is compromised by absence of independent evidence. There are few studies on the relationship between civil society and intelligence elites, which makes it hard to form robust assessments or practical recommendations regarding public oversight of intelligence elites. Addressing that lacuna, this book analyses two case studies of global political significance. The intelligence practices they focus on (contemporary mass surveillance and Bush-era torture-intelligence policies) have been presented as vital in fighting the ‘Global War on Terror’, enmeshing governments of scores of nation-states, while challenging internationally established human rights to privacy and to freedom from torture and enforced disappearance. The book aims to synthesise what is known on relationships of influence between civil society and intelligence elites. It moves away from disciplinary silos, to make original recommendations for how a variety of academic disciplines most likely to study the relationship between civil society and intelligence elites (international relations, history, journalism and media) could productively cross-fertilise. Finally, it aims to create a practical benchmark to enable civil society to better hold intelligence elites publicly accountable. This book will be of great interest to students of intelligence studies, surveillance, media, journalism, civil society, democracy and IR in general.
Intelligence In War: Knowledge Of The Enemy From Napoleon To Al-qaeda
by John KeeganFrom the earliest times, commanders have sought knowledge of the enemy, his strengths and weaknesses, his dispositions and intentions. But how much effect, in the 'real time' of a battle or a campaign, can this knowledge have? In this magisterial new study, the author of A History of Warfare goes to the heart of a series of important conflicts to develop a powerful argument about intelligence in war. Keegan's narrative sweep is enthralling, whether portraying the dilemmas of Nelson seeking Napoleon's fleet, Stonewall Jackson in the American Civil War, Bletchley as it seeks to crack Ultra during the Battle of the Atlantic, the realities of the secret war in the Falklands or the numerous intelligence issues in the contemporary fight against terrorism.
Intelligence Investigations: How Ultra Changed History (Studies in Intelligence)
by Ralph BennettMilitary intelligence, grossly neglected during the interwar period, had by mid-1942 proved itself indispensable through information gathered from intercepted radio messages in the supposedly unbreakable German Enigma cipher. Ralph Bennett, who worked for four years at Bletchley Park as a senior producer of the intelligence (Ultra') derived from the Enigma decrypts, illustrates in this collection of reprinted essays some of the steps by which he and others developed the new type of information and in the process a candid glimpse of the workings of British intelligence both past and present.
Intelligence Investigations: How Ultra Changed History (Studies in Intelligence)
by Ralph BennettMilitary intelligence, grossly neglected during the interwar period, had by mid-1942 proved itself indispensable through information gathered from intercepted radio messages in the supposedly unbreakable German Enigma cipher. Ralph Bennett, who worked for four years at Bletchley Park as a senior producer of the intelligence (Ultra') derived from the Enigma decrypts, illustrates in this collection of reprinted essays some of the steps by which he and others developed the new type of information and in the process a candid glimpse of the workings of British intelligence both past and present.
Intelligence Practices in High-Trust Societies: Scandinavian Exceptionalism? (Routledge New Intelligence Studies)
by Kira Vrist Rønn Adam Diderichsen Mia Hartmann Melanie HartvigsenThis book examines the dynamics of intelligence practices in the Scandinavian culture of high social cohesion and high trust.Situated within the new body of scholarly literature, the book emphasizes critical empirical investigations of intelligence practices, highlighting the specific cultural settings of such practices. By providing Scandinavian perspectives on intelligence studies, the work distinguishes Scandinavian intelligence studies from the predominant Anglo-American perspectives. Throughout the Western world, the past two decades have generated a rapid expansion of the legal mandate, funding, and capabilities of intelligence agencies which, simultaneously, have been pushed to renegotiate and renew their legitimacy and democratic mandate in response to a recurrent pattern of scandals, leaks, and failures. While these tendencies are also evident in Scandinavia, the book argues that it is important to emphasize the unique context of cohesion and trust in state agencies that differentiates Scandinavian welfare states from the American (and to a lesser extent British) contexts. This book brings together scholars from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark to address the continuous renegotiation of the legitimacy of state intelligence as it plays out in a Scandinavian setting.This book will be of interest to students of intelligence studies, Nordic politics, security studies, and International Relations.Chapters 6, 8, and 9 of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Intelligence Practices in High-Trust Societies: Scandinavian Exceptionalism? (Routledge New Intelligence Studies)
This book examines the dynamics of intelligence practices in the Scandinavian culture of high social cohesion and high trust.Situated within the new body of scholarly literature, the book emphasizes critical empirical investigations of intelligence practices, highlighting the specific cultural settings of such practices. By providing Scandinavian perspectives on intelligence studies, the work distinguishes Scandinavian intelligence studies from the predominant Anglo-American perspectives. Throughout the Western world, the past two decades have generated a rapid expansion of the legal mandate, funding, and capabilities of intelligence agencies which, simultaneously, have been pushed to renegotiate and renew their legitimacy and democratic mandate in response to a recurrent pattern of scandals, leaks, and failures. While these tendencies are also evident in Scandinavia, the book argues that it is important to emphasize the unique context of cohesion and trust in state agencies that differentiates Scandinavian welfare states from the American (and to a lesser extent British) contexts. This book brings together scholars from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark to address the continuous renegotiation of the legitimacy of state intelligence as it plays out in a Scandinavian setting.This book will be of interest to students of intelligence studies, Nordic politics, security studies, and International Relations.Chapters 6, 8, and 9 of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Intelligence Services in the Information Age (Studies In Intelligence Ser.)
by Michael HermanIntelligence was a central element of the Cold War and the need for it was expected to diminish after the USSR's collapse, yet in recent years it has been in greater demand than ever. The atrocities of 11 September and the subsequent "war on terrorism" now call for an even more intensive effort. Important questions arise on how intelligence fits into the world of increased threats, globalization and expanded international action. This volume contains the recent work on this subject by Michael Herman, British intelligence professional for 35 years and Oxford University academic. It compares intelligence with other government information services, and discusses the British intelligence system and the case for its reform. It also addresses the ethical issues raised by intelligence's methods and results: "do they on balance make for a better world or a worse one?". Other chapters explore a wide range of intelligence topics past and present, including the transatlantic relationship, the alliance strategies of Norway and New Zealand, Mrs Thatcher's "de-unionization" of British Sigint, and personal memories of the British Cabinet Office in the 1970s.Michael Herman argues for intelligence professionalism as a contribution to international security and for its encouragement as a world standard. The modern challenge is for intelligence to support international cooperation in ways originally developed to advance national interests, while at the same time developing some restraint and international "rules of the game", in the use of intrusive and covert methods on its traditional targets. The effects of 11 September on this challenge are discussed in a thoughtful afterword.
Intelligence Services in the Information Age
by Michael HermanIntelligence was a central element of the Cold War and the need for it was expected to diminish after the USSR's collapse, yet in recent years it has been in greater demand than ever. The atrocities of 11 September and the subsequent "war on terrorism" now call for an even more intensive effort. Important questions arise on how intelligence fits into the world of increased threats, globalization and expanded international action. This volume contains the recent work on this subject by Michael Herman, British intelligence professional for 35 years and Oxford University academic. It compares intelligence with other government information services, and discusses the British intelligence system and the case for its reform. It also addresses the ethical issues raised by intelligence's methods and results: "do they on balance make for a better world or a worse one?". Other chapters explore a wide range of intelligence topics past and present, including the transatlantic relationship, the alliance strategies of Norway and New Zealand, Mrs Thatcher's "de-unionization" of British Sigint, and personal memories of the British Cabinet Office in the 1970s.Michael Herman argues for intelligence professionalism as a contribution to international security and for its encouragement as a world standard. The modern challenge is for intelligence to support international cooperation in ways originally developed to advance national interests, while at the same time developing some restraint and international "rules of the game", in the use of intrusive and covert methods on its traditional targets. The effects of 11 September on this challenge are discussed in a thoughtful afterword.
Intelligent Warfare: Prospects of Military Development in the Age of AI
by Mingxi WuThis book examines the future trend toward "intelligent" warfare considering the global environment, the history of warfare, and scientific and technological advancement. It develops a comprehensive set of theoretical frameworks, application concepts, and evaluation criteria for military intelligence.The volume is packed with theoretical highlights and vivid examples, including the tracking of Osama bin Laden, the decapitation strike against Qasem Soleimani, the remote assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists, the drone war in the Nagorno–Karabakh conflict, modern equipment deployed in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, and the war between social media groups. In addition, the author envisions a possible future for "intelligent" wars in which adversarial parties engage in combat through virtual and unmanned systems. This nature may help avoid the brutality and high death toll associated with traditional warfare.The book explores the possibility of future civilized warfare. It will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students in the fields of politics, military intelligence, and military technology, and to those who are interested in intelligent warfare in general.
Intelligent Warfare: Prospects of Military Development in the Age of AI
by Mingxi WuThis book examines the future trend toward "intelligent" warfare considering the global environment, the history of warfare, and scientific and technological advancement. It develops a comprehensive set of theoretical frameworks, application concepts, and evaluation criteria for military intelligence.The volume is packed with theoretical highlights and vivid examples, including the tracking of Osama bin Laden, the decapitation strike against Qasem Soleimani, the remote assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists, the drone war in the Nagorno–Karabakh conflict, modern equipment deployed in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, and the war between social media groups. In addition, the author envisions a possible future for "intelligent" wars in which adversarial parties engage in combat through virtual and unmanned systems. This nature may help avoid the brutality and high death toll associated with traditional warfare.The book explores the possibility of future civilized warfare. It will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students in the fields of politics, military intelligence, and military technology, and to those who are interested in intelligent warfare in general.
Intensely Human: The Health of the Black Soldier in the American Civil War
by Margaret HumphreysBlack soldiers in the American Civil War were far more likely to die of disease than were white soldiers. In Intensely Human, historian Margaret Humphreys explores why this uneven mortality occurred and how it was interpreted at the time. In doing so, she uncovers the perspectives of mid-nineteenth-century physicians and others who were eager to implicate the so-called innate inferiority of the black body. In the archival collections of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, Humphreys found evidence that the high death rate among black soldiers resulted from malnourishment, inadequate shelter and clothing, inferior medical attention, and assignments to hazardous environments. While some observant physicians of the day attributed the black soldiers' high mortality rate to these circumstances, few medical professionals—on either side of the conflict—were prepared to challenge the "biological evidence" of white superiority. Humphreys shows how, despite sympathetic and responsible physicians' efforts to expose the truth, the stereotype of black biological inferiority prevailed during the war and after.
Internal combustion engine - Multipage image (Large Print)
These diagrams of an internal combustion engine are on two pages with two diagrams per page, separated by a vertical dotted line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Each diagram is titled in the top left and shows a phase of the combustion engine cycle. In the top of each diagram from left to right there is an intake valve, a spark plug and an exhaust valve. In the centre of the image is the cylinder with the piston in its middle. This has a water cooling jacket to the left and right. The piston is connected by a connecting rod to the crankshaft and axle at the bottom of the image. Not all elements are labelled on every diagram. The valves and crankshaft are also in different positions. The crankshaft is continuously turning clockwise (with the top moving to the right) throughout all stages. In the first diagram fuel is being drawn into the cylinder through the open intake valve as the piston moves down. In the second diagram the intake valve has closed, the piston moves up and the air and fuel mixture is squashed. In the third diagram the air and fuel mixture has been ignited by a spark from the spark plug. The mixture burns and expands rapidly driving the piston down. In the last diagram the exhaust valve is open and the piston moves up driving the exhaust out of the cylinder. There are usually at least two cylinders which comprise the whole engine. They all drive the same crankshaft but are phased so that, for example, while one cylinder will be sucking air and fuel in, another will be burning the compressed mixture and generating the power.
Internal combustion engine - Multipage image (UEB Contracted)
These diagrams of an internal combustion engine are on two pages with two diagrams per page, separated by a vertical dotted line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Each diagram is titled in the top left and shows a phase of the combustion engine cycle. In the top of each diagram from left to right there is an intake valve, a spark plug and an exhaust valve. In the centre of the image is the cylinder with the piston in its middle. This has a water cooling jacket to the left and right. The piston is connected by a connecting rod to the crankshaft and axle at the bottom of the image. Not all elements are labelled on every diagram. The valves and crankshaft are also in different positions. The crankshaft is continuously turning clockwise (with the top moving to the right) throughout all stages. In the first diagram fuel is being drawn into the cylinder through the open intake valve as the piston moves down. In the second diagram the intake valve has closed, the piston moves up and the air and fuel mixture is squashed. In the third diagram the air and fuel mixture has been ignited by a spark from the spark plug. The mixture burns and expands rapidly driving the piston down. In the last diagram the exhaust valve is open and the piston moves up driving the exhaust out of the cylinder. There are usually at least two cylinders which comprise the whole engine. They all drive the same crankshaft but are phased so that, for example, while one cylinder will be sucking air and fuel in, another will be burning the compressed mixture and generating the power.
Internal combustion engine - Multipage image (UEB Uncontracted)
These diagrams of an internal combustion engine are on two pages with two diagrams per page, separated by a vertical dotted line. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Each diagram is titled in the top left and shows a phase of the combustion engine cycle. In the top of each diagram from left to right there is an intake valve, a spark plug and an exhaust valve. In the centre of the image is the cylinder with the piston in its middle. This has a water cooling jacket to the left and right. The piston is connected by a connecting rod to the crankshaft and axle at the bottom of the image. Not all elements are labelled on every diagram. The valves and crankshaft are also in different positions. The crankshaft is continuously turning clockwise (with the top moving to the right) throughout all stages. In the first diagram fuel is being drawn into the cylinder through the open intake valve as the piston moves down. In the second diagram the intake valve has closed, the piston moves up and the air and fuel mixture is squashed. In the third diagram the air and fuel mixture has been ignited by a spark from the spark plug. The mixture burns and expands rapidly driving the piston down. In the last diagram the exhaust valve is open and the piston moves up driving the exhaust out of the cylinder. There are usually at least two cylinders which comprise the whole engine. They all drive the same crankshaft but are phased so that, for example, while one cylinder will be sucking air and fuel in, another will be burning the compressed mixture and generating the power.
The International Brigades: Fascism, Freedom and the Spanish Civil War
by Giles Tremlett'Magnificent. Narrative history at its vivid and compelling best' Fergal KeaneThe first major history of the International Brigades: a tale of blood, ideals and tragedy in the fight against fascism.The Spanish Civil War was the first armed battle in the fight against fascism, and a rallying cry for a generation. Over 35,000 volunteers from sixty-one countries around the world came to defend democracy against the troops of Franco, Hitler and Mussolini. Ill-equipped and disorderly, yet fuelled by a shared sense of purpose and potential glory, disparate groups of idealistic young men and women banded together to form a volunteer army of a size and kind unseen since the Crusades, known as the International Brigades. These passionate liberal fighters – from across Europe, China, Africa and the Americas – would join the Republican cause, fighting for over two years on the bloody battlegrounds of Madrid, Jarama and Ebro. Were they heroes or fools? Saints or bloodthirsty adventurers? And what exactly did they achieve? This is a story rendered vivid in the writings of Orwell and Hemingway, the paintings of Picasso and the photographs of Taro and Capa. But here, in this magisterial history, award-winning historian Giles Tremlett tells – for the first time – the story of the Spanish Civil War through the experiences of this remarkable group of people. Drawing on the Brigades' extensive archives in Moscow, Comintern documents and first-hand accounts, Tremlett captures all the human drama of an historic mission to halt fascist expansion in Europe. A fascinating history of resistance, The International Brigades shows just how far ordinary people will go to save democracy against overwhelming odds in a tale of European solidarity that resonates just as strongly today.
The International Brigades: Fascism, Freedom and the Spanish Civil War
by Giles Tremlett'Magnificent. Narrative history at its vivid and compelling best' Fergal KeaneThe first major history of the International Brigades: a tale of blood, ideals and tragedy in the fight against fascism.The Spanish Civil War was the first armed battle in the fight against fascism, and a rallying cry for a generation. Over 35,000 volunteers from sixty-one countries around the world came to defend democracy against the troops of Franco, Hitler and Mussolini. Ill-equipped and disorderly, yet fuelled by a shared sense of purpose and potential glory, disparate groups of idealistic young men and women banded together to form a volunteer army of a size and kind unseen since the Crusades, known as the International Brigades. These passionate liberal fighters – from across Europe, China, Africa and the Americas – would join the Republican cause, fighting for over two years on the bloody battlegrounds of Madrid, Jarama and Ebro. Were they heroes or fools? Saints or bloodthirsty adventurers? And what exactly did they achieve? This is a story rendered vivid in the writings of Orwell and Hemingway, the paintings of Picasso and the photographs of Taro and Capa. But here, in this magisterial history, award-winning historian Giles Tremlett tells – for the first time – the story of the Spanish Civil War through the experiences of this remarkable group of people. Drawing on the Brigades' extensive archives in Moscow, Comintern documents and first-hand accounts, Tremlett captures all the human drama of an historic mission to halt fascist expansion in Europe. A fascinating history of resistance, The International Brigades shows just how far ordinary people will go to save democracy against overwhelming odds in a tale of European solidarity that resonates just as strongly today.
An International Civil War: Greece, 1943-1949
by André GerolymatosAn authoritative history of the Greek Civil War and its profound influence on American foreign policy and the post–Second World War period In his comprehensive history André Gerolymatos demonstrates how the Greek Civil War played a pivotal role in the shaping of policy and politics in post–Second World War Europe and America and was a key starting point of the Cold War. Based in part on recently declassified documents from Greece, the United States, and the British Intelligence Services, this masterful study sheds new light on the aftershocks that have rocked Greece in the seven decades following the end of the bitter hostilities.
International Conflict and Cyberspace Superiority: Theory and Practice (Routledge Studies in Conflict, Security and Technology)
by William D. BryantThis book examines cyberspace superiority in nation-state conflict from both a theoretical and a practical perspective. This volume analyses superiority concepts from the domains of land, maritime, and air to build a model that can be applied to cyberspace. Eight different cyberspace conflicts between nation states are examined and the resulting analysis is combined with theoretical concepts to present the reader with a conclusion. Case studies include the conflict between Russia and Estonia (2007), North Korea and the US and South Korea (2009) and Saudi Arabia and Iran in the Aramco attack (2012). The book uses these case studies to examine cyberspace superiority as an analytical framework to understand conflict in this domain between nation-states. Furthermore, the book makes the important distinction between local and universal domain superiority, and presents a unique model to relate this superiority in all domains, as well as a more detailed model of local superiority in cyberspace. Through examining the eight case studies, the book develops a rigorous system to measure the amount of cyberspace superiority achieved by a combatant in a conflict, and seeks to reveal if cyberspace superiority proves to be a significant advantage for military operations at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. This book will be of much interest to students of cyber-conflict, strategic studies, national security, foreign policy and IR in general.
International Conflict and Cyberspace Superiority: Theory and Practice (Routledge Studies in Conflict, Security and Technology)
by William D. BryantThis book examines cyberspace superiority in nation-state conflict from both a theoretical and a practical perspective. This volume analyses superiority concepts from the domains of land, maritime, and air to build a model that can be applied to cyberspace. Eight different cyberspace conflicts between nation states are examined and the resulting analysis is combined with theoretical concepts to present the reader with a conclusion. Case studies include the conflict between Russia and Estonia (2007), North Korea and the US and South Korea (2009) and Saudi Arabia and Iran in the Aramco attack (2012). The book uses these case studies to examine cyberspace superiority as an analytical framework to understand conflict in this domain between nation-states. Furthermore, the book makes the important distinction between local and universal domain superiority, and presents a unique model to relate this superiority in all domains, as well as a more detailed model of local superiority in cyberspace. Through examining the eight case studies, the book develops a rigorous system to measure the amount of cyberspace superiority achieved by a combatant in a conflict, and seeks to reveal if cyberspace superiority proves to be a significant advantage for military operations at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. This book will be of much interest to students of cyber-conflict, strategic studies, national security, foreign policy and IR in general.