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Automatic Wealth: The Six Steps to Financial Independence (Agora Series #50)

by Michael Masterson

"I have known Michael for over twenty years. He has one of the smartest business minds I know. When he gives me advice, I pay attention, and you should, too. Automatic Wealth is full of wisdom and insight filtered by a master and brought to you in a well-written and delightful style." -John Mauldin, Editor of the bestselling book, Just One Thing: Twelve of the World's Best Investors Reveal the One Strategy You Can't Overlook "I am not usually a fan of this kind of book. One entitled Automatic Wealth made me suspicious. But I am a fan of Michael Masterson, and when I read the book, I was impressed. Masterson manages to go beyond the theory to tell you exactly how real people make real money in the real world. That, I think, is his genius. He's able to open his own eyes and see for himself what actually works. The result is original, clever, and very helpful to anyone who is serious about building wealth." -Bill Bonner, coauthor of Empire of Debt: The Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis "Michael Masterson has been a great friend of mine for over twenty years. I know for a fact that the strategy he teaches is the exact same strategy he has personally used to amass extraordinary wealth and prosperity for himself. He's reduced a normally daunting process down to six simple and unfailing steps YOU can absolutely use to vastly and rapidly increase your financial situation, often times doubling and redoubling your wealth every few years. This book will become your financial bible." -Jay Abraham, author of Getting Everything You Can Out of All You've Got: 21 Ways You Can Out-Think, Out-Perform, and Out-Earn the Competition "Michael Masterson's book is brilliant and concise, packed with breakthrough insights and unique wealth-building tips. Best of all, it's practical because it combines proven investment and financial planning advice with street-smart business and real estate secrets." -Robert Ringer, author of Action!, Looking Out for #1, and To Be or Not to Be Intimidated?

Automatic Wealth for Grads... and Anyone Else Just Starting Out (Agora Series #57)

by Michael Masterson

"Michael Masterson has personally helped more people achieve financial independence than anyone else I know. He has been a valuable mentor in my own life. Michael's credentials go far beyond the fact that he is an extremely successful businessman. (There are thousands of those.) He has a unique gift for discerning—and explaining in easily accessible terms—what it really takes to succeed. Automatic Wealth for Grads will give any young person a tremendous headstart for achieving their financial and professional goals at a very young age." —Justin Ford, author of Seeds of Wealth: An Incredible Wealth-Building Plan for Your Children and Editor of Main Street Millionaire "Only time will tell whether you will have the guts and honor to follow Masterson's masterful plan. Good luck!" —From the foreword by Mark Skousen, Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, 2004-05 and Benjamin Franklin Chair of Management, Grantham University Organized around proven wealth-creating principles, this invaluable guide reveals powerful techniques and strategies that have personally worked for Michael Masterson as well as for the many people he's helped become wealthy and successful. Filled with in-depth insights and practical advice, Automatic Wealth for Grads will show you how to: Choose a great career, get your first job, and rise to the top of your field Continuously increase your income on a fast-track basis, and get the biggest raises of your life Profit from the real estate market—even in today's uncertain market Start or gain equity in a business that will provide an automatic future income stream Invest in the stock market, save money on taxes, make purchases that appreciate, reduce your credit costs, and achieve financial independence while you are still young enough to enjoy your money

Automatically Ordering Events and Times in Text (Studies in Computational Intelligence #677)

by Leon R.A. Derczynski

The book offers a detailed guide to temporal ordering, exploring open problems in the field and providing solutions and extensive analysis. It addresses the challenge of automatically ordering events and times in text. Aided by TimeML, it also describes and presents concepts relating to time in easy-to-compute terms. Working out the order that events and times happen has proven difficult for computers, since the language used to discuss time can be vague and complex. Mapping out these concepts for a computational system, which does not have its own inherent idea of time, is, unsurprisingly, tough. Solving this problem enables powerful systems that can plan, reason about events, and construct stories of their own accord, as well as understand the complex narratives that humans express and comprehend so naturally. This book presents a theory and data-driven analysis of temporal ordering, leading to the identification of exactly what is difficult about the task. It then proposes and evaluates machine-learning solutions for the major difficulties.It is a valuable resource for those working in machine learning for natural language processing as well as anyone studying time in language, or involved in annotating the structure of time in documents.

The Automaticity of Everyday Life: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume X (Advances in Social Cognition Series)

by Robert S. Wyer

As Skinner argued so pointedly, the more we know about the situational causes of psychological phenomena, the less need we have for postulating internal conscious mediating processes to explain those phenomena. Now, as the purview of social psychology is precisely to discover those situational causes of thinking, feeling, and acting in the real or implied presence of other people, it is hard to escape the forecast that as knowledge progresses regarding social psychological phenomena there will be less of a role played by free will or conscious choice in accounting for them. In other words, because of social psychology's natural focus on the situational determinants of thinking, feeling, and doing, it is inevitable that social psychological phenomena increasingly will be found to be automatic in nature. This 10th book in the series addresses automaticity and how it relates to social behavior. The lead article, written by John Bargh, argues that social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic in nature, as opposed to being mediated by conscious choice or reflection. Bargh maintains that an automatic mental phenomenon is that which occurs reflexively whenever certain triggering conditions are in place; when those conditions are present, the process runs off autonomously, independently of conscious guidance. In his lead article, he focuses on these preconscious automatic processes that can be contrasted with postconscious and goal-dependent forms of automaticity which depend on more than the mere presence of environmental objects or events. Because social psychology, like automaticity theory and research, is also largely concerned with phenomena that occur whenever certain situational features or factors are in place, social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic. Students and researchers in social and cognitive psychology will find this to be a provocative addition to the series.

The Automaticity of Everyday Life: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume X (Advances in Social Cognition Series #Vol. 10)

by Robert S. Wyer

As Skinner argued so pointedly, the more we know about the situational causes of psychological phenomena, the less need we have for postulating internal conscious mediating processes to explain those phenomena. Now, as the purview of social psychology is precisely to discover those situational causes of thinking, feeling, and acting in the real or implied presence of other people, it is hard to escape the forecast that as knowledge progresses regarding social psychological phenomena there will be less of a role played by free will or conscious choice in accounting for them. In other words, because of social psychology's natural focus on the situational determinants of thinking, feeling, and doing, it is inevitable that social psychological phenomena increasingly will be found to be automatic in nature. This 10th book in the series addresses automaticity and how it relates to social behavior. The lead article, written by John Bargh, argues that social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic in nature, as opposed to being mediated by conscious choice or reflection. Bargh maintains that an automatic mental phenomenon is that which occurs reflexively whenever certain triggering conditions are in place; when those conditions are present, the process runs off autonomously, independently of conscious guidance. In his lead article, he focuses on these preconscious automatic processes that can be contrasted with postconscious and goal-dependent forms of automaticity which depend on more than the mere presence of environmental objects or events. Because social psychology, like automaticity theory and research, is also largely concerned with phenomena that occur whenever certain situational features or factors are in place, social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic. Students and researchers in social and cognitive psychology will find this to be a provocative addition to the series.

Automating Business Modelling: A Guide to Using Logic to Represent Informal Methods and Support Reasoning (Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing)

by Yun-Heh Chen-Burger Dave Robertson

Enhances the use of enterprise models as an effective communication medium between business and technical personnel. Details the blue-print of the to-be developed business system.

Automating Cities: Design, Construction, Operation and Future Impact (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements)

by Brydon T. Wang C. M. Wang

This book highlights the latest advancements in the use of automated systems in the design, construction, operation and future of the built environment and its occupants. It considers how the use of automated decision-making frameworks, artificial intelligence and other technologies of automation are presently impacting the practice of architects, engineers, project managers and contractors, and articulates the near future changes to workflows, legal frameworks and the wider AEC industry. This book surveys and compiles the use of city apps, robots that operate buildings and fabricate structural elements, 3D printing, drones, sensors, algorithms, and advanced prefabricated modules. The book also contributes to the growing literature on smart cities, and explores the impacts on data privacy and data sovereignty that arise through the use of sensors, digital twins and intelligent transport systems. It provides a useful reference for further research and development in the area of automation in design and construction to architects, engineers, project managers, superintendents and construction lawyers, contractors, policy makers, and students.

Automating Crime Prevention, Surveillance, and Military Operations

by Aleš Završnik Vasja Badalič

This interdisciplinary volume critically explores how the ever-increasing use of automated systems is changing policing, criminal justice systems, and military operations at the national and international level. The book examines the ways in which automated systems are beneficial to society, while addressing the risks they represent for human rights. This book starts with a historical overview of how different types of knowledge have transformed crime control and the security domain, comparing those epistemological shifts with the current shift caused by knowledge produced with high-tech information technology tools such as big data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. The first part explores the use of automated systems, such as predictive policing and platform policing, in law enforcement. The second part analyzes the use of automated systems, such as algorithms used in sentencing and parole decisions, in courts of law. The third part examines the use and misuse of automated systems for surveillance and social control. The fourth part discusses the use of lethal (semi)autonomous weapons systems in armed conflicts. An essential read for researchers, politicians, and advocates interested in the use and potential misuse of automated systems in crime control, this diverse volume draws expertise from such fields as criminology, law, sociology, philosophy, and anthropology.

Automating Data-Driven Modelling of Dynamical Systems: An Evolutionary Computation Approach (Springer Theses)

by Dhruv Khandelwal

This book describes a user-friendly, evolutionary algorithms-based framework for estimating data-driven models for a wide class of dynamical systems, including linear and nonlinear ones. The methodology addresses the problem of automating the process of estimating data-driven models from a user’s perspective. By combining elementary building blocks, it learns the dynamic relations governing the system from data, giving model estimates with various trade-offs, e.g. between complexity and accuracy. The evaluation of the method on a set of academic, benchmark and real-word problems is reported in detail. Overall, the book offers a state-of-the-art review on the problem of nonlinear model estimation and automated model selection for dynamical systems, reporting on a significant scientific advance that will pave the way to increasing automation in system identification.

Automating DevOps with GitLab CI/CD Pipelines: Build Efficient Ci/cd Pipelines To Verify, Secure, And Deploy Your Code Using Real-life Examples

by Christopher Cowell | Nicholas Lotz | Chris Timberlake

Build efficient CI/CD pipelines to verify, secure, and deploy your code using real-life examples

Automating Empathy: Decoding Technologies that Gauge Intimate Life

by Andrew McStay

This is an open access title. It is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International license. It is available to read and download as a PDF version on the Oxford Academic platform. We live in a world where artificial intelligence and intensive use of personal data has become normalized. Companies across the world are developing and launching technologies to infer and interact with emotions, mental states, and human conditions. However, the methods and means of mediating information about people and their emotional states are incomplete and problematic. Automating Empathy offers a critical exploration of technologies that sense intimate dimensions of human life and the modern ethical questions raised by attempts to perform and simulate empathy. It traces the ascendance of empathic technologies from their origins in physiognomy and pathognomy to the modern day and explores technologies in nations with non-Western ethical histories and approaches to emotion, such as Japan. The book examines applications of empathic technologies across sectors such as education, policing, and transportation, and considers key questions of everyday use such as the integration of human-state sensing in mixed reality, the use of neurotechnologies, and the moral limits of using data gleaned through automated empathy. Ultimately, Automating Empathy outlines the key principles necessary to usher in a future where automated empathy can serve and do good. Drawing insights across ethics, philosophy, and policy, Automating Empathy argues for a pluralistic reconceptualization of empathic technologies to better reflect the intimate dimensions of human life.

Automating Empathy: Decoding Technologies that Gauge Intimate Life

by Andrew McStay

This is an open access title. It is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International license. It is available to read and download as a PDF version on the Oxford Academic platform. We live in a world where artificial intelligence and intensive use of personal data has become normalized. Companies across the world are developing and launching technologies to infer and interact with emotions, mental states, and human conditions. However, the methods and means of mediating information about people and their emotional states are incomplete and problematic. Automating Empathy offers a critical exploration of technologies that sense intimate dimensions of human life and the modern ethical questions raised by attempts to perform and simulate empathy. It traces the ascendance of empathic technologies from their origins in physiognomy and pathognomy to the modern day and explores technologies in nations with non-Western ethical histories and approaches to emotion, such as Japan. The book examines applications of empathic technologies across sectors such as education, policing, and transportation, and considers key questions of everyday use such as the integration of human-state sensing in mixed reality, the use of neurotechnologies, and the moral limits of using data gleaned through automated empathy. Ultimately, Automating Empathy outlines the key principles necessary to usher in a future where automated empathy can serve and do good. Drawing insights across ethics, philosophy, and policy, Automating Empathy argues for a pluralistic reconceptualization of empathic technologies to better reflect the intimate dimensions of human life.

Automating Instructional Design: Computer-Based Development and Delivery Tools (NATO ASI Subseries F: #140)

by Robert D. Tennyson Ann E. Barron

This institute was organized and presented by an international group of scholars interested in the advancement of instructional design automation through theory, research and applied evaluation. Members of the organizing committee included Dr. Klaus Breuer from disce (Germany), Dr. Jose J. Gonzalez from Agder College of Engineering (Norway), Dr. Begofia Gros from the University of Barcelona, Dr. J. Michael Spector from the Armstrong Laboratory (USA). Dr. Gonzalez, co-director of the institute, and the staff of Agder College were directly responsible for the preparation and operation of the institute in Grimstad, Norway. The institute was held on the campus of Agder College of Engineering, July 12-23, 1993. The theme of the institute extended the initial work developed by the presenters at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Sitges, Spain in 1992. During the two week institute, 21 presentations were made including papers and demonstrations. In addition to the formal presentations, working groups and on-site study groups provided opportunities for the students to participate directly in program activities. An important outcome for the working groups was the formal preparation of their efforts in chapters for this volume.

Automating Instructional Design, Development, and Delivery (NATO ASI Subseries F: #119)

by Robert D. Tennyson

This workshop was organized and presented by an international group of scholars interested in the advancement of automating instructional design. Although the principal leader for this effort was myself, each of the committee members devoted equally in time and effort in the total preparation and conducting of the workshop. Members of the organizing committee included Dr. Klaus Breuer from disce and the University ofPaderbom (Germany), Dr. Begofia Gros from the University of Barcelona, and Dr. Daniel Muraida and Dr. Michael Spector from the Armstrong Laboratory (USA). Dr. Gros participated as the co-director of the workshop and was directly responsible for the preparation and operation of the workshop in Sitges, Spain. The workshop was held in Sitges, a short distance from Barcelona, March 23-27, 1992. Because of preparations at that time for the 1992 summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, the workshop was moved to a more convenient location. The theme of the workshop included three main topics: planning, production, and implementation. Dr. Peter Goodyear, from the Lancaster University (England), presented the invited keynote address. During the four day workshop, 14 papers were presented and discussed. Following each of the three topic areas, Drs. Gros and Breuer led discussions critiquing the ideas presented.

Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems (The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science #57)

by Sandra Marcus

In June of 1983, our expert systems research group at Carnegie Mellon University began to work actively on automating knowledge acquisition for expert systems. In the last five years, we have developed several tools under the pressure and influence of building expert systems for business and industry. These tools include the five described in chapters 2 through 6 -­ MORE, MOLE, SALT, KNACK and SIZZLE. One experiment, conducted jointly by developers at Digital Equipment Corporation, the Soar research group at Carnegie Mellon, and members of our group, explored automation of knowledge acquisition and code development for XCON (also known as R1), a production-level expert system for configuring DEC computer systems. This work influenced the development of RIME, a programming methodology developed at Digital which is the subject of chapter 7. This book describes the principles that guided our work, looks in detail at the design and operation of each tool or methodology, and reports some lessons learned from the enterprise. of the work, brought out in the introductory chapter, is A common theme that much power can be gained by understanding the roles that domain knowledge plays in problem solving. Each tool can exploit such an understanding because it focuses on a well defined problem-solving method used by the expert systems it builds. Each tool chapter describes the basic problem-solving method assumed by the tool and the leverage provided by committing to the method.

Automating Linguistics (History of Computing)

by Jacqueline Léon

Automating Linguistics offers an in-depth study of the history of the mathematisation and automation of the sciences of language. In the wake of the first mathematisation of the 1930s, two waves followed: machine translation in the 1950s and the development of computational linguistics and natural language processing in the 1960s. These waves were pivotal given the work of large computerised corpora in the 1990s and the unprecedented technological development of computers and software.Early machine translation was devised as a war technology originating in the sciences of war, amidst the amalgamate of mathematics, physics, logics, neurosciences, acoustics, and emerging sciences such as cybernetics and information theory. Machine translation was intended to provide mass translations for strategic purposes during the Cold War. Linguistics, in turn, did not belong to the sciences of war, and played a minor role in the pioneering projects of machine translation.Comparing the two trends, the present book reveals how the sciences of language gradually integrated the technologies of computing and software, resulting in the second-wave mathematisation of the study of language, which may be called mathematisation-automation. The integration took on various shapes contingent upon cultural and linguistic traditions (USA, ex-USSR, Great Britain and France). By contrast, working with large corpora in the 1990s, though enabled by unprecedented development of computing and software, was primarily a continuation of traditional approaches in the sciences of language sciences, such as the study of spoken and written texts, lexicography, and statistical studies of vocabulary.

Automating Linux and Unix System Administration

by Nathan Campi Kirk Bauer

The author focuses solely on how UNIX and Linux system administrators can use well-known tools to automate tasks, even across multiple systems.

Automating Microsoft Azure with PowerShell

by John Chapman Aman Dhally

This book is designed to help administrators and developers better automate Azure management tasks. No prior knowledge of PowerShell is required.

Automating Open Source Intelligence: Algorithms for OSINT

by Robert Layton Paul A Watters

Algorithms for Automating Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) presents information on the gathering of information and extraction of actionable intelligence from openly available sources, including news broadcasts, public repositories, and more recently, social media. As OSINT has applications in crime fighting, state-based intelligence, and social research, this book provides recent advances in text mining, web crawling, and other algorithms that have led to advances in methods that can largely automate this process. The book is beneficial to both practitioners and academic researchers, with discussions of the latest advances in applications, a coherent set of methods and processes for automating OSINT, and interdisciplinary perspectives on the key problems identified within each discipline. Drawing upon years of practical experience and using numerous examples, editors Robert Layton, Paul Watters, and a distinguished list of contributors discuss Evidence Accumulation Strategies for OSINT, Named Entity Resolution in Social Media, Analyzing Social Media Campaigns for Group Size Estimation, Surveys and qualitative techniques in OSINT, and Geospatial reasoning of open data. - Presents a coherent set of methods and processes for automating OSINT - Focuses on algorithms and applications allowing the practitioner to get up and running quickly - Includes fully developed case studies on the digital underground and predicting crime through OSINT - Discusses the ethical considerations when using publicly available online data

Automating Quality Systems: A guide to the design and implementation of automated quality systems in manufacturing

by J.D. Tannock

Quality is a topical issue in manufacturing. Competitive quality performance still eludes many manufacturers in the traditional industrialized countries. A lack of quality competitiveness is one of the root causes of the relative industrial decline and consequent trade imbalances which plague some Western economies. Many explanations are advanced for poor quality performance. Inadequate levels of investment in advanced technology, together with insufficient education and training of the workforce, are perhaps the most prominent. Some believe these problems are caused by a lack of awareness and commitment from top management, while others point to differences between industrial cultures. The established remedy is known as Total Quality Management (TQM). TQM requires a corporate culture change, driven from the top, and involving every employee in a process of never-ending quality improvement aimed at internal as well as external customers. The techniques deployed to achieve TQM include measures to improve motivation, training in problem-solving and statistical process control (SPC). Quality is, however, only one of the competitive pressures placed It is also upon the manufacturer by the modem global economy. imperative to remain economical and efficient, while increasing the flexibility and responsiveness of the design and manufacturing functions. Here the reduction or elimination of stock is of great importance, particularly as financial interest rates in the less successful manufacturing nations are frequently high. Product life cycles must become ever more compressed in response to the phenomenal design­ to-manufacture performance of some Pacific rim economies.

Automating Salesforce Marketing Cloud: Reap all the benefits of the SFMC platform and increase your productivity with the help of real-world examples

by Greg Gifford Jason Hanshaw Guilda Hilaire

Make the most of Salesforce Marketing Cloud through automation and increase your productivity on the platform without adding any extra resourcesKey FeaturesIncrease your knowledge of automation theory and the applications of SFMCExplore automation with SFMC and its capabilities beyond general usageUnderstand the automation features and integrations of SFMC to use the platform from outside the user interface (UI) for maximum efficiencyBook DescriptionSalesforce Marketing Cloud (SFMC) allows you to use multiple channels and tools to create a 1:1 marketing experience for your customers and subscribers. Through automation and helper tasks, you can greatly increase your productivity while also reducing the level of effort required in terms of volume and frequency.Automating Salesforce Marketing Cloud starts by discussing what automation is generally and then progresses to what automation is in SFMC. After that, you'll focus on how to perform automation inside of SFMC all the way to fully running processes and capabilities from an external service. Later chapters explore the benefits and capabilities of automation and having an automation mindset both within and outside of SFMC. Equipped with this knowledge and example code, you'll be prepared to maximize your SFMC efficiency.By the end of this Salesforce book, you'll have the skills you need to build automation both inside and outside of SFMC, along with the knowledge for using the platform optimally.What you will learnUnderstand automation to make the most of the SFMC platformOptimize ETL activities, data import integrations, data segmentations, email sends, and moreExplore different ways to use scripting and API calls to increase Automation Studio efficiencyIdentify opportunities for automation with custom integrations and third-party solutionsOptimize usage of SFMC by building on the core concepts of custom integrations and third-party toolsMaximize utilization of employee skills and capabilities and reduce operational costs while increasing outputWho this book is forThis book is for Salesforce Marketing Cloud users who want to know how to make their day to day lives more efficient and get the most out of the tool by working smarter, not harder. A solid understanding of SFMC and basic knowledge of what automation is will help you get the most out of this book.

Automating Security Detection Engineering: A hands-on guide to implementing Detection as Code

by Dennis Chow

Accelerate security detection development with AI-enabled technical solutions using threat-informed defenseKey FeaturesCreate automated CI/CD pipelines for testing and implementing threat detection use casesApply implementation strategies to optimize the adoption of automated work streamsUse a variety of enterprise-grade tools and APIs to bolster your detection programPurchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBookBook DescriptionToday's global enterprise security programs grapple with constantly evolving threats. Even though the industry has released abundant security tools, most of which are equipped with APIs for integrations, they lack a rapid detection development work stream. This book arms you with the skills you need to automate the development, testing, and monitoring of detection-based use cases. You’ll start with the technical architecture, exploring where automation is conducive throughout the detection use case lifecycle. With the help of hands-on labs, you’ll learn how to utilize threat-informed defense artifacts and then progress to creating advanced AI-powered CI/CD pipelines to bolster your Detection as Code practices. Along the way, you'll develop custom code for EDRs, WAFs, SIEMs, CSPMs, RASPs, and NIDS. The book will also guide you in developing KPIs for program monitoring and cover collaboration mechanisms to operate the team with DevSecOps principles. Finally, you'll be able to customize a Detection as Code program that fits your organization's needs. By the end of the book, you'll have gained the expertise to automate nearly the entire use case development lifecycle for any enterprise.What you will learnUnderstand the architecture of Detection as Code implementationsDevelop custom test functions using Python and TerraformLeverage common tools like GitHub and Python 3.x to create detection-focused CI/CD pipelinesIntegrate cutting-edge technology and operational patterns to further refine program efficacyApply monitoring techniques to continuously assess use case healthCreate, structure, and commit detections to a code repositoryWho this book is forThis book is for security engineers and analysts responsible for the day-to-day tasks of developing and implementing new detections at scale. If you’re working with existing programs focused on threat detection, you’ll also find this book helpful. Prior knowledge of DevSecOps, hands-on experience with any programming or scripting languages, and familiarity with common security practices and tools are recommended for an optimal learning experience.

Automating Systems Development

by David R. Benyon Steve Skidmore

1 INTRODUCTION These proceedings are the result of a conference on Automating Systems Development held at Leicester Polytechnic, England on 14 to 16 April 1987. The conference was attended by over 170 delegates from industry and academia and it represents a comprehensive review of the state of the art of the use of the computer based tools for the analysis, design and construction of Information Systems (IS). Two parallel streams ran throughout the conference. The academic, or research, papers were the fruit of British, European and Canadian research, with some of the papers reflecting UK Government funded Alvey or European ESPRIT research projects. Two important touchstones guided the selection of academic papers. Firstly, they should be primarily concerned with system, rather than program, development. Secondly, they should be easily accessible to delegates and readers. We felt that formal mathematical papers had plenty of other opportunities for airing and publication. The second stream was the applied programme; a set of formal presentations given by leading software vendors and consultancies. It is clear that many advances in systems development are actually applied, rather than re­ search led. Thus it was important for delegates to hear how leading edge companies view the State of the Art. This was supported by a small exhibi­ tion area where certain vendors demonstrated the software they had intro­ duced in the formal presentation.

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