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Knowledge Representation and Metaphor (Studies in Cognitive Systems #7)

This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information, and data­ processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychol­ ogy through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The problems posed by metaphor and analogy are among the most challenging that confront the field of knowledge representation. In this study, Eileen Way has drawn upon the combined resources of philosophy, psychology, and computer science in developing a systematic and illuminating theoretical framework for understanding metaphors and analogies. While her work provides solutions to difficult problems of knowledge representation, it goes much further by investigating some of the most important philosophical assumptions that prevail within artificial intelligence today. By exposing the limitations inherent in the assumption that languages are both literal and truth-functional, she has advanced our grasp of the nature of language itself. J.R.F.

Knowledge Representation for Agents and Multi-Agent Systems: First International Workshop, KRAMAS 2008, Sydney, Australia, September 17, 2008, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #5605)

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the First International Workshop on Knowledge Representation for Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, KRAMAS 2008, held in Sydney, Australia, in September 2008 as a satellite event of KR 2008, the 11th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. The 10 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. The papers foster the cross-fertilization between the KR (knowledge representation and reasoning) and agent communities, by discussing knowledge representation theories and techniques for agent-based systems.

Knowledge Resistance in High-Choice Information Environments (Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics)

This book offers a truly interdisciplinary exploration of our patterns of engagement with politics, news, and information in current high-choice information environments. Putting forth the notion that high-choice information environments may contribute to increasing misperceptions and knowledge resistance rather than greater public knowledge, the book offers insights into the processes that influence the supply of misinformation and factors influencing how and why people expose themselves to and process information that may support or contradict their beliefs and attitudes. A team of authors from across a range of disciplines address the phenomena of knowledge resistance and its causes and consequences at the macro- as well as the micro-level. The chapters take a philosophical look at the notion of knowledge resistance, before moving on to discuss issues such as misinformation and fake news, psychological mechanisms such as motivated reasoning in processes of selective exposure and attention, how people respond to evidence and fact-checking, the role of political partisanship, political polarization over factual beliefs, and how knowledge resistance might be counteracted. This book will have a broad appeal to scholars and students interested in knowledge resistance, primarily within philosophy, psychology, media and communication, and political science, as well as journalists and policymakers. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Knowledge Resistance in High-Choice Information Environments (Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics)

This book offers a truly interdisciplinary exploration of our patterns of engagement with politics, news, and information in current high-choice information environments. Putting forth the notion that high-choice information environments may contribute to increasing misperceptions and knowledge resistance rather than greater public knowledge, the book offers insights into the processes that influence the supply of misinformation and factors influencing how and why people expose themselves to and process information that may support or contradict their beliefs and attitudes. A team of authors from across a range of disciplines address the phenomena of knowledge resistance and its causes and consequences at the macro- as well as the micro-level. The chapters take a philosophical look at the notion of knowledge resistance, before moving on to discuss issues such as misinformation and fake news, psychological mechanisms such as motivated reasoning in processes of selective exposure and attention, how people respond to evidence and fact-checking, the role of political partisanship, political polarization over factual beliefs, and how knowledge resistance might be counteracted. This book will have a broad appeal to scholars and students interested in knowledge resistance, primarily within philosophy, psychology, media and communication, and political science, as well as journalists and policymakers. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Knowledge Socialism: The Rise of Peer Production: Collegiality, Collaboration, and Collective Intelligence (East-West Dialogues in Educational Philosophy and Theory)

This is the first collection focusing on knowledge socialism, a particularly apt term used to describe a Chinese socialist mode of production and socialist approach to development and modernity based around the rise of peer production, new forms of collaboration and collective intelligence. Making the case for knowledge socialism, the book is intended for students, teacher, scholars and policy theorists in the field of knowledge economy.

Knowledge, Teaching and Wisdom (Philosophical Studies Series #67)

This book derives from a 1993 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on Knowledge, Teaching, and Wisdom. The Institute took place at the University of California, Berkeley, and was co-directed by Keith Lehrer and Nicholas D. Smith. The aims of the Institute were several: we sought to reintroduce wisdom as a topic of discussion among contemporary philosophers, to undertake an historical investigation of how and when and why it was that wisdom faded from philosophical view, and to ask how contemporary epistemological theories might apply to the obviously related subjects of teaching and wisdom. In recruiting participants, Lehrer and Smith put the greatest emphasis on those with professional interests in epistemology and the history of philosophy, of the ancient Greeks especially ancient Greek philosophy (because in the writings all three subjects of the Institute were explicitly related and discussed). But in addition to these two groups, some effort was made also to include others, with academic specializations in a variety of fields other than epistemology and the history of philosophy, to ensure that a broad perspective could be achieved in our discussions. To an obvious extent, the papers in this book reflect the recruitment emphases and variety. They also testify to the extent that the Institute managed to bring life to our subjects, and to raise very old questions in a contemporary context.

Knowledge, Technology and Law (Law, Science and Society)

The relationships between knowledge, technologies, and legal processes are central to the constitution of contemporary societies. As such, they have come to provide the focus for a range of academic projects, across interdisciplinary legal studies and the social sciences. The domains of medical law and ethics, intellectual property law, environmental law and criminal law are just some of those within which the pervasive place and ‘impact’ of technoscience is immediately apparent. At the same time, social scientists investigating the making of technology and expertise - in particular, scholars working within the tradition of science and technology studies - frequently interrogate how regulation and legal processes, and the making of knowledge and technologies, are intermingled in complex ways that come to shape and define each other. This book charts the important interface between studies of law, science and society, as explored from the perspectives of socio-legal studies and the increasingly influential field of science and technology studies. It brings together scholars from both areas to interrogate the joint roles of law and science in the construction and stabilization of socio-technical networks, objects, and standards, as well as their place in the production of contemporary social realities and subjectivities.

Knowledge, Technology and Law (Law, Science and Society)

The relationships between knowledge, technologies, and legal processes are central to the constitution of contemporary societies. As such, they have come to provide the focus for a range of academic projects, across interdisciplinary legal studies and the social sciences. The domains of medical law and ethics, intellectual property law, environmental law and criminal law are just some of those within which the pervasive place and ‘impact’ of technoscience is immediately apparent. At the same time, social scientists investigating the making of technology and expertise - in particular, scholars working within the tradition of science and technology studies - frequently interrogate how regulation and legal processes, and the making of knowledge and technologies, are intermingled in complex ways that come to shape and define each other. This book charts the important interface between studies of law, science and society, as explored from the perspectives of socio-legal studies and the increasingly influential field of science and technology studies. It brings together scholars from both areas to interrogate the joint roles of law and science in the construction and stabilization of socio-technical networks, objects, and standards, as well as their place in the production of contemporary social realities and subjectivities.

The Knowledge that Endures: Coleridge, German Philosophy and the Logic of Romantic Thought

Knowledge Through Imagination

Imagination is celebrated as our vehicle for escape from the mundane here and now. It transports us to distant lands of magic and make-believe. It provides us with diversions during boring meetings or long bus rides. It enables creation of new things that the world has never seen. Yet the focus on imagination as a means of escape from the real world minimizes the fact that imagination seems also to furnish us with knowledge about it. Imagination seems an essential component in our endeavor to learn about the world in which we live—whether we're planning for the future, aiming to understand other people, or figuring out whether two puzzle pieces fit together. But how can the same mental power that allows us to escape the world as it currently is also inform us about the world as it currently is? The ten original essays in Knowledge Through Imagination, along with a substantial introduction by the editors, grapple with this neglected question; in doing so, they present a diverse array of positions ranging from cautious optimism to deep-seated pessimism. Many of the essays proceed by considering specific domains of inquiry where imagination is often employed—from the navigation of our immediate environment, to the prediction of our own and other peoples' behavior, to the investigation of ethical truth. Other essays assess the prospects for knowledge through imagination from a more general perspective, looking at issues of cognitive architecture and basic rationality. Blending perspectives from philosophy of mind, cognitive science, epistemology, aesthetics, and ethics, Knowledge Through Imagination sheds new light on the epistemic role of imagination.

Knowledge Transmission (Routledge Focus on Philosophy)

Our knowledge of the world comes from various sources. But it is sometimes said that testimony, unlike other sources, transmits knowledge from one person to another. In this book, Stephen Wright investigates what the transmission of knowledge involves and the role that it should play in our theorising about testimony as a source of knowledge. He argues that the transmission of knowledge should be understood in terms of the more fundamental concept of the transmission of epistemic grounds, and that the claim that testimony transmits knowledge is not only defensible in its own right, but indispensable to an adequate theory of testimony. This makes testimony unlike other epistemic sources.

Knowledge Transmission (Routledge Focus on Philosophy)

Our knowledge of the world comes from various sources. But it is sometimes said that testimony, unlike other sources, transmits knowledge from one person to another. In this book, Stephen Wright investigates what the transmission of knowledge involves and the role that it should play in our theorising about testimony as a source of knowledge. He argues that the transmission of knowledge should be understood in terms of the more fundamental concept of the transmission of epistemic grounds, and that the claim that testimony transmits knowledge is not only defensible in its own right, but indispensable to an adequate theory of testimony. This makes testimony unlike other epistemic sources.

Knowledge: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

What is knowledge? How does it differ from mere belief? Do you need to be able to justify a claim in order to count as knowing it? How can we know that the outer world is real and not a dream? Questions like these are ancient ones, and the branch of philosophy dedicated to answering them - epistemology - has been active for thousands of years. In this thought-provoking Very Short Introduction, Jennifer Nagel considers these classic questions alongside new puzzles arising from recent discoveries about humanity, language, and the mind. Nagel explains the formation of major historical theories of knowledge, and shows how contemporary philosophers have developed new ways of understanding knowledge, using ideas from logic, linguistics, and psychology. Covering topics ranging from relativism and the problem of scepticism to the trustworthiness of internet sources, Nagel examines how progress has been made in understanding knowledge, using everyday examples to explain the key issues and debates ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Kokoro: Japanese Wisdom for a Life Well Lived

kokoro [n.] intelligent heart, feeling mind One year. Two devastating losses. Three sacred Japanese mountains. A major life transition, a heart full of grief and a revelation that changes everything. Join Japanologist Beth Kempton on a pilgrimage through rural Japan in search of answers to some of life's biggest questions: How do we find calm in the chaos and beauty in the darkness? How do we let go of the past and stop worrying about the future? What can an awareness of impermanence teach us about living well?Together you will journey to the deep north of Japan, hike ancient forests, watch the moon rise over mountains of myth and encounter a host of wise teachers along the way - Noh actors, chefs, taxi drivers, coffee shop owners, poets, philosophers and the spirits that inhabit the land. You will contemplate the true nature of time at one of the world's strictest Zen temples and nothing will be quite the same again.This book is an invitation to cultivate stillness and contentment in an ever-changing, uncertain world. It all begins with the kokoro, a profound Japanese term which represents the intelligent heart, the feeling mind and the embodied spirit of every human being.To explore the kokoro is to explore the very essence of what it means to be human in this tough yet devastatingly beautiful world. When you learn to live guided by the light in your kokoro, everything changes, and anything is possible.

Kollektives Verzeihen: Die konstruktive Kraft eines rätselhaften Gefühls

Das kollektive Verzeihen steht in seiner Rätselhaftigkeit der Liebe in nichts nach. Wir Menschen sind unergründliche Wesen. Zwar agieren wir meist bedächtig und rational und doch lassen sich viele Handlungen und Entscheidungen scheinbar nicht logisch herleiten. Das Verzeihen – jeder kennt es und hat es erfahren – gehört dazu. Verzeihen ist eines der wichtigsten und spannendsten Phänomene menschlicher Kommunikation. Das Buch beantwortet Fragen wie: Warum verzeihen wir einigen Menschen und anderen nicht? Warum braucht Verzeihen Zeit? Warum verzeihen Menschen einander seit jeher – oder lehnen eben gerade den Akt des Verzeihens ab? Verzeihen wir einzelnen Menschen im persönlichen Umfeld leichter oder schwerer als einer Gruppe von Menschen? Und vor allem: Warum ist das kollektive Verzeihen zeit- und kulturübergreifend wirksam? Im Zeitalter der hyperkomplexen und total vernetzten Welt, die keine Pausen mehr kennt, ist Verzeihen unerlässlich. Das Buch regt zum Nachdenken an und bietet wertvolle Impulse, um das eigene und das soziale Handeln besser zu verstehen.

Kolmogorov's Heritage in Mathematics

In this book, several world experts present (one part of) the mathematical heritage of Kolmogorov. Each chapter treats one of his research themes or a subject invented as a consequence of his discoveries. The authors present his contributions, his methods, the perspectives he opened to us, and the way in which this research has evolved up to now. Coverage also includes examples of recent applications and a presentation of the modern prospects.

Kölner Papyri (Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften)

Kommerzialisierung des menschlichen Körpers (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Deutsches, Europäisches und Internationales Medizinrecht, Gesundheitsrecht und Bioethik der Universitäten Heidelberg und Mannheim #28)

"Rohstoff Mensch": Kaum ein Teil des menschlichen Körpers, der nicht medizinisch, wissenschaftlich oder kosmetisch genutzt werden könnte. Die Biomedizinkonvention des Europarates sowie die europäische Grundrechte-Charta enthalten ein ausdrückliches Kommerzialisierungsverbot. Grund und Reichweite dieser und zahlreicher anderer Verbote dieser Art sind mehr als unklar. Der interdisziplinäre, historische, kulturvergleichende Sammelband zum Thema.

Kommunikationsfreiheit: Emanzipatorische Diskurse im Kontext medientechnologischer Entwicklungsprozesse

Saskia Sell geht der Frage nach, wie Kommunikationsfreiheit im Kontext des medientechnologischen Wandels netzöffentlich ausgehandelt wird. Die Autorin analysiert zunächst politisch-philosophische Theorien sowie Theorien zur Ideen- und Sozialgeschichte der Kommunikationsfreiheit. Sie verknüpft umfassende Grundlagenforschung zum Prinzip Kommunikationsfreiheit mit einer empirischen Analyse der aktuellen Diskursentwicklung, insbesondere mit Blick auf die Dimension der Netzfreiheit.

Kommunikative Führungsethik

Guido Hölker stellt einen grundlegend neuen Ansatz von Ethik der Personalführung vor. Dabei steht der fortlaufende Prozess der Schaffung eines gemeinsamen normativen Verständnisses moralischer Führung im Fokus. Als dessen systematischer Ort wird die Kommunikation im weiteren Sinne identifiziert. Dies bildet nicht nur den Ansatz einer neuen führungsethischen Theorie, sondern dient außerdem als ausdrücklich pragmatisch orientierte Heuristik für Führungskräfte und tägliches Führungshandeln, auch in Bezug auf die „Generation Y“ und interkulturelle Fragen.

Kommunikative Komplexitätsbewältigung: Integrierter Methodenpluralismus zur Optimierung disziplinübergreifender Kommunikation

Karim Fathi liefert erstmalig einen Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Diskurse und Strategien der Komplexitätsbewältigung auf der Ebene von Teams, Organisationen und Gesellschaften. Unter der Leitdifferenz kommunikativer Komplexitätsbewältigung untersucht er Fragen wie: Welche Strategien und Methoden ergeben sich im Umgang mit komplexen, vieldimensionalen und unvorhersehbaren Problemen? Wie können Kommunikationsprozesse so gestaltet werden, dass sie höhere kollektive Intelligenz ermöglichen? Sein universell anwendbarer Ansatz unterstützt komplexe Problemlöseprozesse auf allen Ebenen und fördert transdisziplinäres Denken in Zeiten globalen strukturellen Wandels.

Kommunitarismus: Einführung und Analyse

Diese Einführung stellt eine der wichtigsten und einflussreichsten politischen Theorien der letzten Jahrzehnte vor. Behandelt werden sowohl einzelne Denker als auch die Grundbegriffe und Geschichte des Kommunitarismus. Erstmals liegt somit eine umfangreiche, deutschsprachige Übersicht vor.

Kommunizieren und Herrschen: Zur Genealogie des Regierens in der digitalen Gesellschaft (Edition Politik #151)

In der digitalen Gegenwart mit ihren sozialen Medien, der Verbreitung von mobilen Endgeräten und der ständigen Verfügbarkeit des Internets ist Kommunikation allgegenwärtig. Doch während Plattformen und Algorithmen zunehmend in der Kritik stehen, wird die befremdliche Allgegenwart der Kommunikation als Segnung des technischen Fortschritts gefeiert. Ein großer Fehler: Denn unter der harmlosen Idee der Kommunikation schlummert eine ganze politische Programmatik. Janosik Herders Analyse dieser Programmatik führt von der Frage, wie der moderne Mensch überhaupt zu einem kommunizierenden Wesen geworden ist, über Kommunikation als Mittel der Herrschaft bis zu den Möglichkeiten des Widerstands heute.

Kommunizieren und Herrschen: Zur Genealogie des Regierens in der digitalen Gesellschaft (Edition Politik #151)

In der digitalen Gegenwart mit ihren sozialen Medien, der Verbreitung von mobilen Endgeräten und der ständigen Verfügbarkeit des Internets ist Kommunikation allgegenwärtig. Doch während Plattformen und Algorithmen zunehmend in der Kritik stehen, wird die befremdliche Allgegenwart der Kommunikation als Segnung des technischen Fortschritts gefeiert. Ein großer Fehler: Denn unter der harmlosen Idee der Kommunikation schlummert eine ganze politische Programmatik. Janosik Herders Analyse dieser Programmatik führt von der Frage, wie der moderne Mensch überhaupt zu einem kommunizierenden Wesen geworden ist, über Kommunikation als Mittel der Herrschaft bis zu den Möglichkeiten des Widerstands heute.

Kompetenz und Kompetenzerfassung: Analyse und Beurteilung von Verfahren der Kompetenzerfassung