Browse Results

Select your format based upon: 1) how you want to read your book, and 2) compatibility with your reading tool. To learn more about using Bookshare with your device, visit the Help Center.

Here is an overview of the specialized formats that Bookshare offers its members with links that go to the Help Center for more information.

• Bookshare Web Reader - A customized reading tool for Bookshare members offering all the features of DAISY with a single click of the "Read Now" link.
• DAISY (Digital Accessible Information System) - A digital book file format. DAISY books from Bookshare are DAISY 3.0 text files that work with just about every type of access technology that reads text. Books that contain images will have the download option of ‘DAISY Text with Images’.
• BRF (Braille Refreshable Format) - Digital Braille for use with refreshable Braille devices and Braille embossers.
• MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3) - Provides audio only with no text. These books are created with a text-to-speech engine and spoken by Kendra, a high quality synthetic voice from Ivona. Any device that supports MP3 playback is compatible.
• DAISY Audio - Similar to the DAISY option above; however, this option uses MP3 files created with our text-to-speech engine that utilizes Ivonas Kendra voice. This format will work with Daisy Audio compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream and Read2Go.
• EPUB - A standard e-book format that can be read on many tools, such as iBooks, Readium or others.
• Word - Accessible Word output, which can be unzipped and opened in any tool that allows .docx files

Nato Enlargement During the Cold War: Strategy and System in the Western Alliance (Cold War History)

Why did NATO expand its membership during the Cold War years, and what was its attraction to new members? This book locates the answers to these questions not solely in the Cold War, but in the historical problems of international order in Europe and the growing idea of the West. A wide range of sources is used, and the analysis looks at a process of neo-enlargement during NATO's inception as well as the formal accessions that followed.

NATO's Lessons in Crisis: Institutional Memory in International Organizations

In crisis management operations, strategic errors can cost lives. Some international organizations (IOs) learn from these failures whereas others tend to repeat them. Given that they have high rates of turnover, how is it possible that any IO retains knowledge about the past? This book introduces an argument for how and why IOs develop institutional memory from their efforts to manage crises. Findings indicate that the design of an IO's learning infrastructure (e.g. lessons learned offices and databases) can inadvertently disincentivize IO elites from using it to share knowledge about strategic errors. Elites - high-level officials in IOs - perceive reporting to be a risky endeavour. In response, they develop institutional memory by creating and using informal processes, including transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation and conversations during crisis management exercises. The result is an institutional memory that is highly dependent on only a handful of individuals. The book draws on the author's interviews and a survey experiment with 120 NATO elites across four countries. Cases of NATO crisis management in Afghanistan, Libya and Ukraine further illustrate the development of institutional memory. Findings challenge existing research on organizational learning by suggesting that formal learning processes alone are insufficient for ensuring that learning happens. The book also offers recommendations to policymakers for strengthening the learning capacity of IOs.

NATO'S LESSONS IN CRISIS C: Institutional Memory in International Organizations

In crisis management operations, strategic errors can cost lives. Some international organizations (IOs) learn from these failures whereas others tend to repeat them. Given that they have high rates of turnover, how is it possible that any IO retains knowledge about the past? This book introduces an argument for how and why IOs develop institutional memory from their efforts to manage crises. Findings indicate that the design of an IO's learning infrastructure (e.g. lessons learned offices and databases) can inadvertently disincentivize IO elites from using it to share knowledge about strategic errors. Elites - high-level officials in IOs - perceive reporting to be a risky endeavour. In response, they develop institutional memory by creating and using informal processes, including transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation and conversations during crisis management exercises. The result is an institutional memory that is highly dependent on only a handful of individuals. The book draws on the author's interviews and a survey experiment with 120 NATO elites across four countries. Cases of NATO crisis management in Afghanistan, Libya and Ukraine further illustrate the development of institutional memory. Findings challenge existing research on organizational learning by suggesting that formal learning processes alone are insufficient for ensuring that learning happens. The book also offers recommendations to policymakers for strengthening the learning capacity of IOs.

NATO’s Post-Cold War Politics: The Changing Provision of Security (New Security Challenges)

This collection is the first book-length study of NATO's bureaucracy and decision-making after the Cold War and its analytical framework of 'internationalization' draws largely on neo-institutionalist insights.

NATO’s Post-Cold War Trajectory: Decline or Regeneration (New Security Challenges)

Two decades since the watershed of the Cold War, this book investigates NATO's staying power. This book investigates how the Alliance has adapted and managed to attend to new roles and purposes through the lens of International Relations theory. The Alliance will continue, but will remain subject to ongoing crises and challenges of change.

Natur denken: Eine Genealogie der ökologischen Idee. Texte und Kommentare

Dieses Buch bietet einen weit zurückgreifenden Einblick in die abendländische Naturphilosophie. Beginnend mit den Vorsokratikern als erstem Höhepunkt des europäischen Naturbegriffs erfasst der Band alle Epochen der Geistesgeschichte: die Antike, christliche und mittelalterliche Naturvorstellungen, die Revolution des Naturdenkens in der Renaissance, den neuzeitlichen Naturbegriff und die grundlegenden Denker der Moderne. „Natur denken“ wird somit zur unverzichtbaren Grundlage gerade für diejenigen, die sich mit einem nachhaltigen Umgang mit der Natur beschäftigen müssen. Der Inhalt· Antike Naturvorstellungen· Christliche und mittelalterliche Naturvorstellungen· Naturvorstellungen in der Renaissance· Neuzeitliche Naturvorstellungen· Denker des Übergangs Die Zielgruppen· Philosophen· Ökologen· Sozialwissenschaftler· Politikwissenschaftler Die HerausgeberProf. Dr. Peter Cornelius Mayer-Tasch ist Professor für Politikwissenschaft und Rechtstheorie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München und Altrektor der Hochschule für Politik München.Dr. Armin Adam lehrte am Geschwister-Scholl-Institut für Politische Wissenschaft der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Schönherr lehrt Politische Philosophie am Geschwister-Scholl-Institut der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.

Natur, Geschichte und Verantwortung im "nachmetaphysischen Vernunftdenken" von Georg Picht: M&P Schriftenreihe

Natur-Paradoxe: Ein Buch für die Jugend zur Erklärung von Erscheinungen, die mit der täglichen Erfahrung im Widerspruch zu stehen scheinen

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Natur und Begriff: Zur Theoriekonstitution und Begriffsgeschichte von Newton bis Hegel

Moderne Naturwissenschaft lässt sich methodisch und inhaltlich nicht ohne ihre vielfältigen Bezüge zur Philosophie verstehen. Vor dem Hintergrund einer Theorie einer Begriffsgeschichte naturwissenschaftlicher Begriffe stellt Wolfgang Neuser in diesem Buch historische Fallbeispiele vom 17. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert gleichsam als empirisches Material einer philosophischen Untersuchung vor.

Natur und Begriff: Studien zur Theoriekonstitution und Begriffsgeschichte von Newton bis Hegel

Vor dem Hintergrund einer Theorie einer Begriffsgeschichte naturwissenschaftlicher Begriffe stellt Wolfgang Neuser in diesem Buch historische Fallbeispiele vom 17. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert gleichsam als empirisches Material einer philosophischen Untersuchung vor.

Natur und Geist: Vorlesungen Sommersemester 1927 (Husserliana: Edmund Husserl – Gesammelte Werke #32)

Die Konstitution von Natur und Geist und die Klärung ihres Verhältnisses zueinander als Seins- und als Wissenschaftsregionen bildet eines der Hauptthemen von Husserls Philosophie. Die letzte große Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Problematik stellt die im vorliegenden Husserliana-Band veröffentlichte `Natur und Geist'-Vorlesung vom Sommersemester 1927 dar. In keinem anderen Text hat Husserl so umfassend versucht, über verschiedene Modelle philosophischer Wissenschaftsklassifikationen einen Zugang zur Lösung der `Natur und Geist'-Problematik zu finden. Im Ausgang von wissenschaftskritischen Erörterungen und dem Streit der Natur- und Geisteswissenschaftler um das Verhältnis ihrer Wissenschaften zueinander gelangt Husserl zu den unterschiedlichen Klassifikationsmodellen für die Wissenschaften. In kritischer Abhebung von diesen Modellen, insbesondere von der Wissenschaftsklassifikation der Neukantianer Windelband und Rickert, versucht er dann auf seinem eigenen Weg über die Beschreibung des allgemeinen Stils der Erfahrungswelt zu ihren a priori notwendigen Strukturen und korrelativ dazu der prinzipiellen Wissenschaftsklassifikation zu gelangen.

Natur und Geist: Vorlesungen Sommersemester 1919 (Husserliana: Edmund Husserl – Materialien #4)

Mit der im vorliegenden Band der Husserliana Materialien veröffentlichten Vorlesung über "Natur und Geist" vom Sommersemester 1919 sind nun nach den Ideen II und der "Natur und Geist"-Vorlesung von 1927 alle drei großen Auseinandersetzungen Husserls mit der "Natur und Geist"-Problematik in Husserliana-Ausgaben zugänglich gemacht.

Natur und Wissenskulturen: Sorbonne-Vorlesungen über Pluralismus und Epistemologie

Aus Vorlesungen an der Pariser Sorbonne hervorgegangen, handelt dieses Buch zur Epistemologie und zur Wissenschafts- und Philosophiegeschichte seit Kant vom Sprechen über die Natur, vom Pluralismus und von der Relativität von Überzeugungen und Wahrheiten. "Natur" provoziert auch die Gesellschafts-, Rechts- und Staatstheorie, die deshalb einbezogen werden.

Natur und Zahl: Die Mathematisierbarkeit der Welt

Die Mathematik hat sich seit dem Entstehen der modernen Naturwissenschaft im 16. Jh. als das entscheidende Erkenntnisinstrument erwiesen, so dass die Mathematisierung der Theorien eines Faches als Kriterium seiner Reife betrachtet wurde. Dennoch ist der Grund für diesen unerwarteten Anwendungserfolg immer dunkel geblieben. Warum lässt sich die materielle Natur mit dem geistigen Werkzeug der Zahlen und geometrischen Formen so perfekt erfassen? Diese Frage ist eng verknüpft mit dem ontologischen Status abstrakter Objekte: Wo sind sie beheimatet, in den Dingen als Strukturen, im Hintergrund als Ideen, oder sind sie nur Fiktionen? Die Hypothese dieses Buches folgt einer Idee von P.A.M. Dirac, der vermutete, dass die Natur eine innere mathematische Qualität besitzt.

Natural and Artifactual Objects in Contemporary Metaphysics: Exercises in Analytic Ontology

What is an object? How do we look at them? Why do they matter?This collection presents a lively, timely discussion of natural and artifactual objects, considering the relationship between them from a range of philosophical perspectives, including the philosophy of biology, the metaphysics of space and the philosophy of perception. Beginning from the starting point that natural objects are bona fide, endowed with some natural border between themselves and everything else, while artifactual objects depend on the observation of tacit conventions and may include the ordinary objects of everyday life, this volume explores, contextualises and interrogates objects. Contributors discuss a variety of objects including physical, scientific and mental ones, as well as things that appear to question the limits of object-hood, including holes, Quinean 'posits' and language. The very first collection to address this growing topic within analytic philosophy, Natural and Artifactual Objects in Contemporary Metaphysics represents a highly original work, showcasing some of the most important and influential philosophers working in Europe today.

Natural and Artifactual Objects in Contemporary Metaphysics: Exercises in Analytic Ontology

What is an object? How do we look at them? Why do they matter?This collection presents a lively, timely discussion of natural and artifactual objects, considering the relationship between them from a range of philosophical perspectives, including the philosophy of biology, the metaphysics of space and the philosophy of perception. Beginning from the starting point that natural objects are bona fide, endowed with some natural border between themselves and everything else, while artifactual objects depend on the observation of tacit conventions and may include the ordinary objects of everyday life, this volume explores, contextualises and interrogates objects. Contributors discuss a variety of objects including physical, scientific and mental ones, as well as things that appear to question the limits of object-hood, including holes, Quinean 'posits' and language. The very first collection to address this growing topic within analytic philosophy, Natural and Artifactual Objects in Contemporary Metaphysics represents a highly original work, showcasing some of the most important and influential philosophers working in Europe today.

The Natural and the Human: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1739-1841 (Science and the Shaping of Modernity)

Stephen Gaukroger presents an original account of the development of empirical science and the understanding of human behaviour from the mid-eighteenth century. Since the seventeenth century, science in the west has undergone a unique form of cumulative development in which it has been consolidated through integration into and shaping of a culture. But in the eighteenth century, science was cut loose from the legitimating culture in which it had had a public rationale as a fruitful and worthwhile form of enquiry. What kept it afloat between the middle of the eighteenth and the middle of the nineteenth centuries, when its legitimacy began to hinge on an intimate link with technology? The answer lies in large part in an abrupt but fundamental shift in how the tasks of scientific enquiry were conceived, from the natural realm to the human realm. At the core of this development lies the naturalization of the human, that is, attempts to understand human behaviour and motivations no longer in theological and metaphysical terms, but in empirical terms. One of the most striking feature of this development is the variety of forms it took, and the book explores anthropological medicine, philosophical anthropology, the 'natural history of man', and social arithmetic. Each of these disciplines re-formulated basic questions so that empirical investigation could be drawn upon in answering them, but the empirical dimension was conceived very differently in each case, with the result that the naturalization of the human took the form of competing, and in some respects mutually exclusive, projects.

The Natural and the Human: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1739-1841 (Science and the Shaping of Modernity)

Stephen Gaukroger presents an original account of the development of empirical science and the understanding of human behaviour from the mid-eighteenth century. Since the seventeenth century, science in the west has undergone a unique form of cumulative development in which it has been consolidated through integration into and shaping of a culture. But in the eighteenth century, science was cut loose from the legitimating culture in which it had had a public rationale as a fruitful and worthwhile form of enquiry. What kept it afloat between the middle of the eighteenth and the middle of the nineteenth centuries, when its legitimacy began to hinge on an intimate link with technology? The answer lies in large part in an abrupt but fundamental shift in how the tasks of scientific enquiry were conceived, from the natural realm to the human realm. At the core of this development lies the naturalization of the human, that is, attempts to understand human behaviour and motivations no longer in theological and metaphysical terms, but in empirical terms. One of the most striking feature of this development is the variety of forms it took, and the book explores anthropological medicine, philosophical anthropology, the 'natural history of man', and social arithmetic. Each of these disciplines re-formulated basic questions so that empirical investigation could be drawn upon in answering them, but the empirical dimension was conceived very differently in each case, with the result that the naturalization of the human took the form of competing, and in some respects mutually exclusive, projects.

The Natural Background of Meaning (Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science #197)

In The Natural Background to Meaning Denkel argues that meaning in language is an outcome of the evolutionary development of forms of animal communication, and explains this process by naturalising the Locke-Grice approach. The roots of meaning are contained in observable regularities, which are manifestations of objective connections such as essences and causal relations. Denkel's particularistic ontology of properties and causation leads to a view of time that harmonises B-theory with transience. Time's passage, he argues, is a necessary condition of communication and meaning. The book connects some central topics in the philosophies of language, science and ontology, treating them within the framework of a single theory. It will interest not only professional philosophers doing research on meaning, universals, causation and time, but also students, who can consult it as a textbook examining Grice's theory of meaning.

Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence

From Robocop to the Terminator to Eve 8, no image better captures our deepest fears about technology than the cyborg, the person who is both flesh and metal, brain and electronics. But philosopher and cognitive scientist Andy Clark sees it differently. Cyborgs, he writes, are not something to be feared--we already are cyborgs. In Natural-Born Cyborgs, Clark argues that what makes humans so different from other species is our capacity to fully incorporate tools and supporting cultural practices into our existence. Technology as simple as writing on a sketchpad, as familiar as Google or a cellular phone, and as potentially revolutionary as mind-extending neural implants--all exploit our brains' astonishingly plastic nature. Our minds are primed to seek out and incorporate non-biological resources, so that we actually think and feel through our best technologies. Drawing on his expertise in cognitive science, Clark demonstrates that our sense of self and of physical presence can be expanded to a remarkable extent, placing the long-existing telephone and the emerging technology of telepresence on the same continuum. He explores ways in which we have adapted our lives to make use of technology (the measurement of time, for example, has wrought enormous changes in human existence), as well as ways in which increasingly fluid technologies can adapt to individual users during normal use. Bio-technological unions, Clark argues, are evolving with a speed never seen before in history. As we enter an age of wearable computers, sensory augmentation, wireless devices, intelligent environments, thought-controlled prosthetics, and rapid-fire information search and retrieval, the line between the user and her tools grows thinner day by day. "This double whammy of plastic brains and increasingly responsive and well-fitted tools creates an unprecedented opportunity for ever-closer kinds of human-machine merger," he writes, arguing that such a merger is entirely natural. A stunning new look at the human brain and the human self, Natural Born Cyborgs reveals how our technology is indeed inseparable from who we are and how we think.

Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence

From Robocop to the Terminator to Eve 8, no image better captures our deepest fears about technology than the cyborg, the person who is both flesh and metal, brain and electronics. But philosopher and cognitive scientist Andy Clark sees it differently. Cyborgs, he writes, are not something to be feared--we already are cyborgs. In Natural-Born Cyborgs, Clark argues that what makes humans so different from other species is our capacity to fully incorporate tools and supporting cultural practices into our existence. Technology as simple as writing on a sketchpad, as familiar as Google or a cellular phone, and as potentially revolutionary as mind-extending neural implants--all exploit our brains' astonishingly plastic nature. Our minds are primed to seek out and incorporate non-biological resources, so that we actually think and feel through our best technologies. Drawing on his expertise in cognitive science, Clark demonstrates that our sense of self and of physical presence can be expanded to a remarkable extent, placing the long-existing telephone and the emerging technology of telepresence on the same continuum. He explores ways in which we have adapted our lives to make use of technology (the measurement of time, for example, has wrought enormous changes in human existence), as well as ways in which increasingly fluid technologies can adapt to individual users during normal use. Bio-technological unions, Clark argues, are evolving with a speed never seen before in history. As we enter an age of wearable computers, sensory augmentation, wireless devices, intelligent environments, thought-controlled prosthetics, and rapid-fire information search and retrieval, the line between the user and her tools grows thinner day by day. "This double whammy of plastic brains and increasingly responsive and well-fitted tools creates an unprecedented opportunity for ever-closer kinds of human-machine merger," he writes, arguing that such a merger is entirely natural. A stunning new look at the human brain and the human self, Natural Born Cyborgs reveals how our technology is indeed inseparable from who we are and how we think.

Natural Born Learners: Our Incredible Capacity to Learn and How We Can Harness It

Learning is the soul of our species. From our first steps to our last words, we are what we learn. But for all its obvious importance, learning has lost touch with human progress. We live in an information age, work in a knowledge economy, yet our schools are relics of an industrial era. Education insider Alex Beard takes us on a dazzling tour of the future of learning to show how we can - and why we must - do better. Tackling everything from artificial intelligence to our growing understanding of the infant brain, Natural Born Learners is a user's guide to transforming learning in the twenty-first century and roadmap to accessing our better future selves.

A Natural Calling: Life, Letters and Diaries of Charles Darwin and William Darwin Fox

From 1965–1968, I held an Agricultural Research Council Research Fellowship at Christ’s College, Cambridge. Later in 1981, when I was a Visiting Fellow in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge and renewed my contacts with Christ’s College, my friend and colleague David Coombe, a Fellow of Christ’s College, informed me that a collection of letters of Charles Darwin had just been - covered in the Library storeroom, underneath the College. I had always maintained an interest in Charles Darwin, from the early age of thirteen, when I had rst read his books, with I might say some dif culty! This collection was the 155 letters of Charles Darwin to his second cousin William Darwin Fox, which had been given in trust to the College, in 1909, by members of the Fox family at the time of the Darwin Centenary celebrations. I was allowed access to these 155 letters and at that time made my own tr- scriptions. It seemed to me that this was a magni cent account of the lives of two naturalists of the nineteenth century, starting at the time that they were at Christ’s together, in 1828, and going to 1880 when W D Fox died – just two years short of the death of Charles Darwin in 1882. Of course this valuable resource had not gone unnoticed before. Darwin’s son, Francis Darwin had been given the letters in the 1880s, when he was preparing his Life and Letters of Charles Darwin in 3 volumes.

Natural Deduction, Hybrid Systems and Modal Logics (Trends in Logic #30)

This book provides a detailed exposition of one of the most practical and popular methods of proving theorems in logic, called Natural Deduction. It is presented both historically and systematically. Also some combinations with other known proof methods are explored. The initial part of the book deals with Classical Logic, whereas the rest is concerned with systems for several forms of Modal Logics, one of the most important branches of modern logic, which has wide applicability.

Natural Fabrications: Science, Emergence and Consciousness (The Frontiers Collection)

The spectacular success of the scientific enterprise over the last four hundred years has led to the promise of an all encompassing vision of the natural world. In this elegant picture, everything we observe is based upon just a few fundamental processes and entities. The almost infinite variety and complexity of the world is thus the product of emergence. But the concept of emergence is fraught with controversy and confusion. This book ponders the question of how emergence should be understood within the scientific picture, and whether a complete vision of the world can be attained that includes consciousness.