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The Wisdom of the Commons: The Education of Citizens from Plato’s Republic to The Wealth of Nations (Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism)
by Geoffrey C. KellowThe Wisdom of the Commons examines the history and philosophy of civic education as the essential political part of liberal education. This study distinguishes itself from other works on liberal and civic education by focusing explicitly on the civic and liberal education of those citizens who are not destined for prominent positions within politics and government but are still a part of and relevant to political society. It considers this strand of liberal and civic education, in both its ancient and modern iterations, by focusing on the philosophies of Plato, Cicero, Locke, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
The Wisdom of the Lotus Sutra: A Philosophical Exposition
by Tony SeeThe Lotus Sūtra is one of the most important sūtras in Mahāyāna Buddhism. Translated by Kumārajīva in the 5th century, its teachings have inspired many Buddhist scholars such as Chih-i and Saichō from the Tiantai (Tendai) tradition, Dōgen from the Zen tradition and Nichiren the 13th century Kamakura founder and reformer. There is a relative lack of scholarly works that are devoted to an examination of how its philosophical ideas were received and developed throughout history. This book remedies that lack by tracing the origin and development of Lotus Sūtra thought, and interprets the text from the perspective of the doctrine of Buddha-nature in Mahāyāna Buddhism.
The Wisdom of the World: The Human Experience of the Universe in Western Thought
by Rémi BragueWhen the ancient Greeks looked up into the heavens, they saw not just sun and moon, stars and planets, but a complete, coherent universe, a model of the Good that could serve as a guide to a better life. How this view of the world came to be, and how we lost it (or turned away from it) on the way to becoming modern, make for a fascinating story, told in a highly accessible manner by Rémi Brague in this wide-ranging cultural history. Before the Greeks, people thought human action was required to maintain the order of the universe and so conducted rituals and sacrifices to renew and restore it. But beginning with the Hellenic Age, the universe came to be seen as existing quite apart from human action and possessing, therefore, a kind of wisdom that humanity did not. Wearing his remarkable erudition lightly, Brague traces the many ways this universal wisdom has been interpreted over the centuries, from the time of ancient Egypt to the modern era. Socratic and Muslim philosophers, Christian theologians and Jewish Kabbalists all believed that questions about the workings of the world and the meaning of life were closely intertwined and that an understanding of cosmology was crucial to making sense of human ethics. Exploring the fate of this concept in the modern day, Brague shows how modernity stripped the universe of its sacred and philosophical wisdom, transforming it into an ethically indifferent entity that no longer serves as a model for human morality. Encyclopedic and yet intimate, The Wisdom of the World offers the best sort of history: broad, learned, and completely compelling. Brague opens a window onto systems of thought radically different from our own.
The Wisdom of Tolerance: A Philosophy of Generosity and Peace
by Daisaku Ikeda Abdurrahman WahidWhat do Buddhism and Islam have in common? And what positive characteristics might Buddhist Japan and Muslim Indonesia be able to offer one another? In this thoughtful and wide-ranging discussion which draws on creative artists and thinkers as diverse as Beethoven, Goethe, Tolstoy, Thomas Jefferson and Akira Kurosawa distinguished representatives from each country demonstrate that meaningful dialogue between religions and cultures begins with a one-to-oneconversation between individuals. Addressing the similarities of their nations as island peoples, with a shared history of trade and cultural exchange, Abdurrahman Wahid and Daisaku Ikeda agree that the aim of dialogue, like that of Buddhism and Islam alike, is fundamentally the goal of peace.A pivotal moment in the conversation comes when reference is made to the Indonesian story of the Bamboo Princess, from the Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai; this is seen to bear close resemblance to the Japanese Taketori Monogatari, or 'Tale of the Bamboo Cutter'. Such narrative interrelationship which can be discerned even in the midst of religious and cultural distinctiveness emerges as a powerful symbol of the common humanity not just of Indonesia and Japan but of all cultures.Both thinkers continue to draw on their respective traditions, on their personal experiences of war and adversity, and especially on the lives of the Buddha and the Prophet Mohammed, to show that harmony springs from an attitude of tolerance and nonviolence which is where true courage resides. Whether masterfully expounding the teachings ofNichiren, or indicating that a proper understanding of jihad is not about religious conflict but about communicating the truth of Allah, the discussants mutually transform our understandings of value, pluralism, and amity.
The Wisdom to Doubt: A Justification of Religious Skepticism
by J. L. SchellenbergThe Wisdom to Doubt is a major contribution to the contemporary literature on the epistemology of religious belief. Continuing the inquiry begun in his previous book, Prolegomena to a Philosophy of Religion, J. L. Schellenberg here argues that given our limitations and especially our immaturity as a species, there is no reasonable choice but to withhold judgment about the existence of an ultimate salvific reality.Schellenberg defends this conclusion against arguments from religious experience and naturalistic arguments that might seem to make either religious belief or religious disbelief preferable to his skeptical stance. In so doing, he canvasses virtually all of the important recent work on the epistemology of religion. Of particular interest is his call for at least skepticism about theism, the most common religious claim among philosophers. The Wisdom to Doubt expands the author's well-known hiddenness argument against theism and situates it within a larger atheistic argument, itself made to serve the purposes of his broader skeptical case. That case need not, on Schellenberg's view, lead to a dead end but rather functions as a gateway to important new insights about intellectual tasks and religious possibilities.
Wisdom within Words: An Annotated Translation of Dōgen's Chinese-Style Poetry
by Steven HeineWisdom within Words is the first complete bilingual edition and annotated translation of the poetry collection entitled Kuchugen, which features 150 Chinese-style verses (kanshi) written by Dōgen Zenji (1200-1253), founder of the Soto Zen sect in early medieval Japan, and compiled in the eighteenth century by Menzan Zuiho. These poems are essential in highlighting several key aspects of Dōgen's manner of thinking and process of writing creatively while transmitting the Chan/Zen tradition from China to Japan in the first half of the thirteenth century. Dōgen learned the Chinese style of writing poetry--featuring four rhyming lines with seven characters each--when he travelled to the mainland in the 1220s. It was there that he first composed 50 verses, the only texts available from this career stage. He continued to write Sinitic poetry throughout his career at both Koshoji temple in Kyoto and Eiheiji temple in the remote mountains. Dōgen's poems had various aims, including reflecting on meditation during periods of reclusion, commenting on cryptic koan cases, eulogizing deceased patriarchs, celebrating festivals and seasonal occasions, welcoming new administrative appointees at the temple, remarking on the life of the Buddha and other aspects of attaining enlightenment, and highlighting various teachings or instructions. Although Dōgen's poetry has often been overlooked by the sectarian tradition, these writings have played valuable roles in the development of East Asian Buddhist contemplative life.
Wisdom within Words: An Annotated Translation of Dōgen's Chinese-Style Poetry
by Steven HeineWisdom within Words is the first complete bilingual edition and annotated translation of the poetry collection entitled Kuchugen, which features 150 Chinese-style verses (kanshi) written by Dōgen Zenji (1200-1253), founder of the Soto Zen sect in early medieval Japan, and compiled in the eighteenth century by Menzan Zuiho. These poems are essential in highlighting several key aspects of Dōgen's manner of thinking and process of writing creatively while transmitting the Chan/Zen tradition from China to Japan in the first half of the thirteenth century. Dōgen learned the Chinese style of writing poetry--featuring four rhyming lines with seven characters each--when he travelled to the mainland in the 1220s. It was there that he first composed 50 verses, the only texts available from this career stage. He continued to write Sinitic poetry throughout his career at both Koshoji temple in Kyoto and Eiheiji temple in the remote mountains. Dōgen's poems had various aims, including reflecting on meditation during periods of reclusion, commenting on cryptic koan cases, eulogizing deceased patriarchs, celebrating festivals and seasonal occasions, welcoming new administrative appointees at the temple, remarking on the life of the Buddha and other aspects of attaining enlightenment, and highlighting various teachings or instructions. Although Dōgen's poetry has often been overlooked by the sectarian tradition, these writings have played valuable roles in the development of East Asian Buddhist contemplative life.
Wisdom Won from Illness: Essays In Philosophy And Psychoanalysis
by Jonathan LearCan reason absorb the psyche’s nonrational elements into a conception of the fully realized human being? Without a good answer to that question, Jonathan Lear says, philosophy is cut from its moorings in human life. He brings into conversation psychoanalysis and moral philosophy, which together form a basis for ethical thought about how to live.
Wisdom Won from Illness: Essays In Philosophy And Psychoanalysis
by Jonathan LearCan reason absorb the psyche’s nonrational elements into a conception of the fully realized human being? Without a good answer to that question, Jonathan Lear says, philosophy is cut from its moorings in human life. He brings into conversation psychoanalysis and moral philosophy, which together form a basis for ethical thought about how to live.
Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgment
by Allan GibbardThis book examines some of the deepest questions in philosophy: What is involved in judging a belief, action, or feeling to be rational? What place does morality have in the kind of life it makes most sense to lead? How are we to understand claims to objectivity in moral judgments and in judgments of rationality? When we find ourselves in fundamental disagreement with whole communities, how can we understand our disagreement and cope with it? To shed light on such issues, Allan Gibbard develops what he calls a “norm-expressivistic analysis” of rationality. He refines this analysis by drawing on evolutionary theory and experimental psychology, as well as on more traditional moral and political philosophy. What emerges is an interpretation of human normative life, with its quandaries and disputes over what is rational and irrational, morally right and morally wrong. Judgments of what it makes sense to do, to think, and to feel, Gibbard argues, are central to shaping the way we live our lives. Gibbard does not hesitate to take up a wide variety of possible difficulties for his analysis. This sensitivity to the true complexity of the subject matter gives his treatment a special richness and depth. The fundamental importance of the issues he addresses and the freshness and suggestiveness of the account he puts forward, along with his illuminating treatment of aspects of sociobiology theory, will ensure this book a warm reception from philosophers, social scientists, and others with a serious interest in the nature of human thought and action.
Wise Words
by Stephen TrombleyA philosophical miscellany, as diverting as it is instructive, centred on an eclectic sequence of themes, ranging from advice to ageing, from backbiting to bigotry, from freedom to friendship, and from work to walking. Stephen Trombley mines the canon of two and half millennia of Western thought for observations that reflect the seriousness, the joy and the strangeness of human existence, counterpointing these words of wisdom with episodes – sometimes humorous, sometimes poignant, sometimes plain odd – from the lives of the great philosophers. WISE WORDS includes, on each of its themes, the thoughts of philosophers from the distant past to the present. The result is a multi-dimensional treatment of each theme that crosses temporal, national and ideological boundaries.
Wisecracks: Humor and Morality in Everyday Life
by David ShoemakerA philosopher’s case for the importance of good—if ethically questionable—humor. A good sense of humor is key to the good life, but a joke taken too far can get anyone into trouble. Where to draw the line is not as simple as it may seem. After all, even the most innocent quips between friends rely on deception, sarcasm, and stereotypes and often run the risk of disrespect, meanness, and harm. How do we face this dilemma without taking ourselves too seriously? In Wisecracks, philosopher David Shoemaker examines this interplay between humor and morality and ultimately argues that even morally suspect humor is an essential part of ethical life. Shoemaker shows how improvised “wisecracks” between family and friends—unlike scripted stand-up, sketches, or serials—help us develop a critical human skill: the ability to carry on and find the funny in tragedy. In developing a new ethics of humor in defense of questionable gibes, Wisecracks offers a powerful case for humor as a healing presence in human life.
Wish-fulfilment in Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: The tyranny of desire (Psychoanalytic Explorations)
by Tamas PatakiWish-fulfilment as a singular means of satisfying ineluctable desire is a pivotal concept in classical psychoanalysis. Freud argued that it was the thread that united dreams, daydreams, phantasy, omnipotent thinking, neurotic and some psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, art, myth, and religious illusions. The concept's theoretical exploration has been largely neglected within psychoanalysis since, but contemporary philosophers have recognised it as providing an explanatory model for much of the kind of irrational behaviour so problematic for psychiatry, social psychology and the philosophy of mind. Although critically neglected in contemporary psychological and psychoanalytic thought, the concept remains clinically fundamental, under different labels: it encompasses the processes of omnipotent phantasy, symbolic or substitutive satisfaction, actualisation in transference and acting out, symptom formation and defenses such as projective identification. Wish-fulfilment can be shown to be a specifically psychoanalytic compartment of a common-sense psychological theory of action that illuminates not just clinical material but also the paradoxes of irrationality – such as weakness of will and self-deception – that preoccupy philosophers. The first half of this book develops a comprehensive and novel theory of wish-fulfilment, explores its radical implications for the structure of mind, and locates it against the backdrop of both contemporary psychoanalytic and philosophical thought. In the second half, the book applies the theory to illuminate important features of self-deception and delusion, religion, insanity defences, creative writing and the exclusion of mind and intention in the biological drift of modern psychiatry. The book will be essential to philosophers of mind, psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, psychologists, social theorists, and students in these disciplines; as well as readers interested in understanding how the mind works in mental illness, self-deception, religion, and creative writing.
Wish-fulfilment in Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: The tyranny of desire (Psychoanalytic Explorations)
by Tamas PatakiWish-fulfilment as a singular means of satisfying ineluctable desire is a pivotal concept in classical psychoanalysis. Freud argued that it was the thread that united dreams, daydreams, phantasy, omnipotent thinking, neurotic and some psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, art, myth, and religious illusions. The concept's theoretical exploration has been largely neglected within psychoanalysis since, but contemporary philosophers have recognised it as providing an explanatory model for much of the kind of irrational behaviour so problematic for psychiatry, social psychology and the philosophy of mind. Although critically neglected in contemporary psychological and psychoanalytic thought, the concept remains clinically fundamental, under different labels: it encompasses the processes of omnipotent phantasy, symbolic or substitutive satisfaction, actualisation in transference and acting out, symptom formation and defenses such as projective identification. Wish-fulfilment can be shown to be a specifically psychoanalytic compartment of a common-sense psychological theory of action that illuminates not just clinical material but also the paradoxes of irrationality – such as weakness of will and self-deception – that preoccupy philosophers. The first half of this book develops a comprehensive and novel theory of wish-fulfilment, explores its radical implications for the structure of mind, and locates it against the backdrop of both contemporary psychoanalytic and philosophical thought. In the second half, the book applies the theory to illuminate important features of self-deception and delusion, religion, insanity defences, creative writing and the exclusion of mind and intention in the biological drift of modern psychiatry. The book will be essential to philosophers of mind, psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, psychologists, social theorists, and students in these disciplines; as well as readers interested in understanding how the mind works in mental illness, self-deception, religion, and creative writing.
Wissen begreifen: Zur Selbstorganisation von Erfahrung, Handlung und Begriff
by Wolfgang NeuserDas Internet, elektronische Medien und intelligente Wissenssysteme haben unseren Umgang mit Wissen grundlegend verändert – und mit ihm unsere traditionellen Begriffe von Wissen und Rationalität. Wolfgang Neuser, Philosophieprofessor an der TU Kaiserslautern, stellt in seiner begriffstheoretischen Untersuchung einen Wissensbegriff vor, der einen neuen Schlüssel zum Verständnis ideengeschichtlicher Epochen, kultureller Traditionen und Konflikte in traditionellen und nichttraditionellen Entwicklungsphasen einer Gesellschaft liefert: Wissen ist ein sich selbst organisierendes und stabilisierendes System, in dem der Mensch seine Mittelpunktstellung als denkendes Subjekt verloren hat: Was von den menschlichen Akteuren bleibt, ist das Individuum, das sein individuelles Wissen aus der Interaktion mit Allgemeinwissen bezieht.
Wissen - Prinzip und Ressource
by Hans MohrIn seinem neuen Buch stellt der bekannte Biologe und Erkenntnistheoretiker Prof. Dr. Hans Mohr die Bedeutung des Wissens für die moderne Welt in den Brennpunkt seiner Betrachtungen. Von den Formen des Wissens - das handlungsrelevante und das Verfügungs-Wissen - geht er über auf den Sonderstatus des wissenschaftlichen Wissens und dessen Eigenschaft als Kulturgut und Produktionsfaktor, die Verwandlung von Information in Wissen und Innovation bis hin zu den ethischen, technischen und politischen Dimensionen.
Wissen, Sprache und Wirklichkeit: Arbeiten zum radikalen Konstruktivismus (Wissenschaftstheorie, Wissenschaft und Philosophie #24)
by Ernst von Glasersfeld
Wissen und Handeln: Grundzüge einer Forschungstheorie
by Ulrich CharpaFür eine Erneuerung unseres Begriffs von Wissen und Handeln. Ulrich Charpa entwickelt Grundzüge einer Forschungstheorie aus dem in jüngster Zeit entstandenen Konzept des Reliabilismus, für den die Rechtfertigung von Wissensansprüchen von der Verlässlichkeit der jeweils vorausgehenden Prozesse abhängt. Er illustriert sein Modell wissenschaftlicher Interaktion an einem wissenschaftsgeschichtlich bedeutenden Beispiel - der Durchsetzung des kopernikanischen Weltmodells.
Wissensarten, Wissensordnungen, Wissensregime: Beiträge zum Karlsruher Ansatz der integrierten Wissensforschung (Studien zur Wissensordnung)
by Karsten Weber Michael Nagenborg Helmut F. Spinner
Wissensbasierte Systeme: 3. Internationaler GI-Kongreß München, 16.–17. Oktober 1989 Proceedings (Informatik-Fachberichte #227)
by Wilfried Brauer Christian FreksaDurch die Reihe der GI-Kongresse über wissensbasierte Systeme wird eine größere Öffentlichkeit über den Stand der Entwicklung sowohl in den Entwurfsmethoden und Konstruktionstechniken als auch in der industriellen Anwendung unterrichtet. Ein wichtiges Ziel ist dabei, auf das große Potential an Anwendungsmöglichkeiten hinzuweisen und intensivere Kooperation zwischen verschiedenen Gebieten anzuregen. Behandelt werden diesmal neben den Grundlagen, Entwicklungen und Anwendungen von Expertensystemen auch maschinelles Lernen, natürlichsprachliche Systeme und Konnektionismus. Einen großen Raum nimmt die Präsentation von Gemeinschaftsprojekten ein; insbesondere werden deutsche KI-Zentren, alle BMFT-Verbundprojekte im Bereich wissensbasierter Systeme und zahlreiche europäische Gemeinschaftsprojekte (EUREKA- und ESPRIT-Projekte) dargestellt. Dieses Buch wendet sich an alle, die Interesse an der Informatik und ihren Anwendungen haben. Es soll sowohl Wissenschaftler als auch Praktiker und mögliche Anwender informieren und zu fruchtbarer Diskussion und Zusammenarbeit stimulieren.
Wissenschaft Bildung Weltanschauung
by Theodor LittDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft und politische Macht
by E. NeuenschwanderDie Tatsache, dass die Wissenschaft in immer zahlreichere Lebensbereiche eingreift, hat sie in den letzten Jahren vermehrt ins Rampenlicht des öffentlichen Bewusstseins treten lassen und dazu geführt, dass politische, wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Kräfte ihre Autonomie in Frage stellen. Diese aktuelle Diskussion zu bereichern, ist das Anliegen dieses Bandes. Vertreter verschiedener Fachrichtungen untersuchen darin anhand konkreter Fallstudien, wie sich das Verhältnis zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart entwickelte. Sie zeigen, dass Wissenschaft zu keiner Zeit in einem gesellschaftlichen Vakuum betrieben wurde - und geben damit wertvolle Denkanstösse für die zukünftige Gestaltung dieser konfliktträchtigen Beziehung. Aus dem Inhalt: - Wissenschaft an den Universitäten des Mittelalters - Der Philosoph im 17. Jahrhundert. Selbstbild und gesellschaftliche Stellung - Wissenschaft und Sozietätsbewegung im 18. Jahrhundert - The Industrial Revolution and the Growth of Science - Fortschritt durch Wissenschaft. Die Universitäten im 19. Jahrhundert - Physik und Physiker im Dritten Reich - Biologie und politische Macht - Wissenschaft im heutigen Europa: Aussichten und Probleme.
Wissenschaft und Geschichte in der Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls (Phaenomenologica #46)
by A. Pazanin
Wissenschaft und Hypothese: Autorisierte Deutsche Ausgabe mit Erläuternden Anmerkungen
by F. Lindemann L. LindemannDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.