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Paratransit in African Cities: Operations, Regulation and Reform
by Roger Behrens Dorothy McCormick David MfinangaPublic transport systems in contemporary Sub-Saharan African cities are heavily reliant upon paratransit services. These services are defined as informal transportation which operates between the public and individual private spheres. In Africa paratransit is characterized by low quality of vehicles and chaotic management but it also provides cheap, accessible and flexible transport solutions for the urban poor. It is typically poorly regulated and operates as a set of informal businesses. A common result of weak public sector regulation and a fare strategy in which owners claim a fixed daily revenue target and drivers who keep the variable balance as income, is destructive competition and poor quality of service. There is an incontrovertible case for improving the quality, reliability and coverage of public transport systems, and some city governments have attempted to do so by initiating reform projects that envisage the phased replacement of paratransit operations with formalised bus rapid transit systems. In this book the authors argue that there are, however, path dependencies and constraints that limit the possible extent of public transport system reform. Paratransit operations also have some inherent advantages with respect to demand responsiveness and service innovation. Attempts to eradicate paratransit may be neither pragmatic nor strategic. Two future scenarios are likely: hybrid systems comprised of both paratransit and formally planned modes; and systems improved by upgrades and strengthened regulation of existing paratransit services. The business strategies and aspirations of incumbent paratransit operators in three case cities – Cape Town, Dar es Salaam and Nairobi – are discussed, as well as their attitudes towards emerging public transport reform projects. International experiences of hybrid system regulation and paratransit business development are reviewed in order to explore policy options. The authors contend that policies recognising paratransit operators, and seeking contextually appropriate complementarity with formalised planned services, will produce greater benefits than policies ignoring their continued existence.
Paratransit in African Cities: Operations, Regulation and Reform
by Roger Behrens Dorothy McCormick David MfinangaPublic transport systems in contemporary Sub-Saharan African cities are heavily reliant upon paratransit services. These services are defined as informal transportation which operates between the public and individual private spheres. In Africa paratransit is characterized by low quality of vehicles and chaotic management but it also provides cheap, accessible and flexible transport solutions for the urban poor. It is typically poorly regulated and operates as a set of informal businesses. A common result of weak public sector regulation and a fare strategy in which owners claim a fixed daily revenue target and drivers who keep the variable balance as income, is destructive competition and poor quality of service. There is an incontrovertible case for improving the quality, reliability and coverage of public transport systems, and some city governments have attempted to do so by initiating reform projects that envisage the phased replacement of paratransit operations with formalised bus rapid transit systems. In this book the authors argue that there are, however, path dependencies and constraints that limit the possible extent of public transport system reform. Paratransit operations also have some inherent advantages with respect to demand responsiveness and service innovation. Attempts to eradicate paratransit may be neither pragmatic nor strategic. Two future scenarios are likely: hybrid systems comprised of both paratransit and formally planned modes; and systems improved by upgrades and strengthened regulation of existing paratransit services. The business strategies and aspirations of incumbent paratransit operators in three case cities – Cape Town, Dar es Salaam and Nairobi – are discussed, as well as their attitudes towards emerging public transport reform projects. International experiences of hybrid system regulation and paratransit business development are reviewed in order to explore policy options. The authors contend that policies recognising paratransit operators, and seeking contextually appropriate complementarity with formalised planned services, will produce greater benefits than policies ignoring their continued existence.
Parched - The Cape Town Drought Story
by Gisela KaiserThe book presents the history of water supply to Cape Town, leading up to the worst ever drought recorded, through political turmoil impacting on drought interventions and resulting in the adoption of an integrated water strategy.Regions reliant on water supply from rainfed dams have always been vulnerable to the impact of drought. This is exacerbated by the uncertainty of future rainfall, which is never guaranteed, and reliance is placed on modelling using historic data. While weather has always been variable, climate has been generally reliable. With anthropogenic activity causing changes in climate, the validity of modelling based on history is currently not fully trusted. Unless the storage capacity is sufficient to carry through numerous seasons of poor rainfall, even with water restrictions to match demand and supply in times of depleted rainfall, the risk of reservoirs running dry remains a threat.
The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity
by Nyla Ali KhanA cross-disciplinary anthology on contemporary Kashmir by academics from Jammu and Kashmir, the first such volume to appear. The book offers a panorama of key cultural concerns of Jammu and Kashmir today, incorporating analysis of military, cultural, religious, and social aspects of the society and polity.
Pardons: Justice, Mercy, and the Public Interest
by Kathleen Dean MooreIn Pardons, Kathleen Dean Moore addresses a host of crucial questions surrounding acts of clemency, including what justifies pardoning power, who should be pardoned, and the definition of an unforgivable crime. Illustrating her arguments with rich and fascinating historical examples--some scandalous or funny, others inspiring or tragic--Moore examines the philosophy of pardons from King James II's practice of selling pardons for two shillings, through the debates of the Founding Fathers over pardoning power, to the record low number of pardons during recent U. S. administrations. Carefully analyzing the moral justification of clemency, Moore focuses on presidential pardons, revealing that over and over again--after the Civil War, after Prohibition, after the Vietnam War, and after Watergate--controversies about pardons have arisen at times when circumstances have prevented people from thinking dispassionately about them. Her groundbreaking study concludes with recommendations for the reform of presidential pardoning practices.
Parent-Child Separation: Causes, Consequences, and Pathways to Resilience (National Symposium on Family Issues #1)
by Valarie King Susan M. McHale Jennifer E. GlickThis book examines the similarities in children’s short- and long-term development and adjustment when they have been separated from their parents because of larger institutional forces. It addresses the unique circumstances and the similarities faced by parents and children under three different institutional contexts of separation: parental migration and deportation, parental incarceration, and parental military deployment. Chapters describe the difficulties faced by families in each of these circumstances, along with the challenges in conducting research under the multidimensional and dynamic complexities of parent-child separation. Finally, the volume offers recommendations for creating supportive structures and interventions for families facing separation that can bolster youth well-being in childhood and beyond.Featured areas of coverage include:· Parental migration.· Parental incarceration.· Parental military deployment.· Undocumented migration and deportation.· Child-parent relationship and child resilience and adjustment.Parent-Child Separation is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, clinicians, professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology, family studies, public health, clinical social work, educational policy, and migration studies as well as all interrelated disciplines, including sociology, criminology, demography, prevention science, political science, and economics.
The Parent Revolution: Rescuing Your Kids from the Radicals Ruining Our Schools
by Dr. Corey A. DeAngelisFrom the leader of the online army in America's parental rights movement comes the real story of how moms and dads across the country are turning the tide against radical activists in public schools. It&’s no secret that our government-run public education system has held generations of Americans hostage. The teachers unions—the government&’s stormtroopers—have been hard at work running a mass misinformation campaign to convince parents that because this is how it has always been, this is how it has to be. But here&’s what you may not realize: the parents are winning, and we have entered the death spiral of the education dictatorship. The school choice revolution is here, and moms and dads are successfully restoring parental rights in education, one state, one school district at a time. In The Parent Revolution, Dr. Corey A. DeAngelis–public enemy #1 of the teachers' unions – takes readers inside this movement like no one else can. As Vox reported in late 2023, DeAngelis has become &“the public face&” of the effort, &“traveling from state to state, holding rallies, making media appearances, and tweeting constantly.&” Or as another education voice put it, &“No one in education policy, advocacy, or activism has ever lived rent-free in more heads at once than Corey DeAngelis.&” As America&’s most prominent and influential advocate of school choice, DeAngelis unapologetically argues why parents and political leaders must lean into the culture war taking place in schools. He exposes the hypocritical elites who are content to hold other people&’s children captive to poorly run government schools while sending their own children to the best private and charter schools out there. And most importantly, he equips readers with the ability to make sure the potent forces of the educational industrial complex don&’t regain their footing.
Parental Involvement on Children’s Education: What Works in Hong Kong (SpringerBriefs in Education)
by Esther Sui-Chu Ho Wai-Man KwongThis book is based on the empirical work of a large-scale project to investigate the possible impacts of diversified forms of parental involvement on children and school by first exploring through a series of ethnographic case studies how principals, teachers and parents perceive and act on parental involvement in the primary schools of Hong Kong and, then, examining how the different forms and levels of parental involvement are related to individual and institutional factors through a series of survey studies on all these stakeholders in children’s education. Finally, the book assesses the extent to which different forms of parental involvement affect student performance based on student survey results and available school records.
Parental Life Courses after Separation and Divorce in Europe (Life Course Research and Social Policies #12)
by Michaela Kreyenfeld Heike TrappeThis open access book assembles landmark studies on divorce and separation in European countries, and how this affects the life of parents and children. It focuses on four major areas of post-separation lives, namely (1) economic conditions, (2) parent-child relationships, (3) parent and child well-being, and (4) health. Through studies from several European countries, the book showcases how legal regulations and social policies influence parental and child well-being after divorce and separation. It also illustrates how social policies are interwoven with the normative fabric of a country. For example, it is shown that father-child contact after separation is more intense in those countries which have adopted policies that encourage shared parenting. Correspondingly, countries that have adopted these regulations are at the forefront of more egalitarian gender role attitudes. Apart from a strong emphasis on the legal and social policy context, the studies in this volume adopt a longitudinal perspective and situate post-separation behaviour and well-being in the life course. The longitudinal perspective opens up new avenues for research to understand how behaviour and conditions prior or at divorce and separation affect later behaviour and well-being. As such this book is of special appeal to scholars of family research as well as to anyone interested in the role of divorce and separation in Europe in the 21st century.
Parent–Child Interaction: Theory, Research, and Prospects
by Ronald W. HendersonParent-Child Interaction: Theory, Research, and Prospects is intended (a) to provide a synthesis of a segment of this growing body of literature on interrelationships between children and their parents; (b) to examine the theoretical implications of this research; (c) to review and assess common methodological approaches to the study of home environmental influences on the development of children; and (d) to identify directions future research must take if our understanding of family influences and their place in a broader sociocultural context is to be extended. The book is organized into three parts. Part I examines theory and research on major aspects of parent-child influence processes. Part II examines the methods employed in research on family environments and considers the unique features that distinguish research on home environmental influences from traditional educational research. Part III provides different perspectives on the application of psychological knowledge to socialization processes. This book is intended for educational and developmental psychologists with interests in socialization processes as well as for practitioners who design parental programs that minimize discontinuities between competing socialization influences. This volume will also prove useful in graduate courses in educational, developmental, and community psychology; as a reference for professionals involved in school psychology, school administration, and pupil personnel work; and for psychologists and social workers involved in youth service agencies, child guidance, diagnostic clinics, parent education, and family therapy.
Parenthood and Open Adoption: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
by Mandi MacDonaldThis book explores what it is like to be involved in contemporary open adoption, characterised by varying forms of contact with birth relatives, from an adoptive parent point of view. The author’s fine-grained interpretative phenomenological analysis of adopters’ accounts reveals the complexity of kinship for those whose most significant relationships are made, unmade and permanently altered through adoption. MacDonald distinctively connects adoption to wider sociological theories of relatedness and personal life, and focuses on domestic non-kin adoption of children from state care, including compulsory adoption. The book also addresses current child welfare concerns, and suggestions are made for adoption practice. The book will be of interest to scholars and students with an interest in adoption, social work, child welfare, foster care, family and sociology.
Parenthood in America [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] (The American Family)
by Lawrence Balter Robert B. McCallCritically acclaimed and highly authoritative collection of parenting issues, featuring a unique balance of practical and scholarly information.This illustrated, A–Z encyclopedia on parenthood in America offers fresh insights and solid information, all based on the latest research. Parenthood in America is the work of the nation's real authorities, the heavy-hitters in psychology, health, sociology, anthropology, and family history. It aims to fill the gap between how-to books (which generally blend popular notions and authors' pet theories) and specialized texts aimed at scholars.Parents, teachers, students, and professionals working in the field will find something here to inform, surprise, and even entertain. Entries are concise, carefully illustrated, and accompanied by suggestions for further reading. Readers will find entries on the superstars of the field, both popular (Dr. Spock, Dr. Seuss, Mr. Rogers) and scholarly (Ainsworth, Bowlby, Erikson).
Parenting and Children's Resilience in Military Families (Risk and Resilience in Military and Veteran Families)
by Abigail H. Gewirtz Adriana M. YoussefThis reference examines the wide-ranging impact of military life on families, parenting, and child development. It examines the complex family needs of this diverse population, especially as familiar issues such as trauma, domestic violence, and child abuse manifest differently than in civilian life. Expert contributors review findings on deployed mothers, active-duty fathers, and other military parents while offering evidence for interventions and prevention programs to enhance children’s healthy adjustment in this highly structured yet uncertain context. Its emphasis on resource and policy improvements keeps the book focused on the evolution of military families in the face of future change and challenges. Included in the coverage: Impacts of military life on young children and their parents. Parenting school-age children and adolescents through military deployments. Parenting in military families faced with combat-related injury, illness, or death. The special case of civilian service members: supporting parents in the National Guard and Reserves. Interventions to support and strengthen parenting in military families: state of the evidence. Military parenting in the digital age: existing practices, new possibilities. Addressing a major need in family and parenting studies, Parenting and Children’s Resilience in Military Families is necessary reading for scholars and practitioners interested in parenting and military family research.
Parenting and Family Processes in Child Maltreatment and Intervention (Child Maltreatment Solutions Network)
by Douglas M. TetiThis clear-sighted reference offers a transformative new lens for understanding the role of family processes in creating — and stopping — child abuse and neglect. Its integrative perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of forms of abuse, the diverse mechanisms of family violence, and a child/family-centered, strengths-based approach to working with families.Chapters review evidence-based interventions and also model collaboration between family professionals for effective coordination of treatment and other services. This powerful ecological framework has major implications for improving assessment, treatment, and prevention as well as future research on child maltreatment.Included among the topics:• Creating a safe haven following child maltreatment: the benefits and limits of social support.• “Why didn’t you tell?” Helping families and children weather the process following a sexual abuse disclosure.• Environments recreated: the unique struggles of children born to abused mothers.• Evidence-based intervention: trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and families.• Preventing the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment through relational interventions.• Reducing the risk of child maltreatment: challenges and opportunities.Professionals and practitioners particularly interested in family processes, child maltreatment, and developmental psychology will find Parenting and Family Processes in Child Maltreatment and Intervention a major step forward in breaking entrenched abuse cycles and keeping families safe.
Parenting and Inclusive Education: Discovering Difference, Experiencing Difficulty
by Chrissie RogersThis tells of twenty-four couples negotiating the emotional and practical journey of parenting their learning 'disabled' child. The author, a researcher, sociologist and mother of a learning disabled daughter, questions the weak inclusive education discourse and unpacks parents' narratives in relation to denial, disappointment and social exclusion.
Parenting and the State in Britain and Europe, c. 1870-1950: Raising the Nation
by Hester Barron Claudia SiebrechtThis innovative collection draws on original research to explore the dynamic interactions between parents, governments and their representatives across a range of European contexts; from democratic Britain and Finland, to Stalinist Russia and Fascist Italy. The authors pay close attention to the various relationships and dynamics between parents and the state, showing that the different parties were defined not solely by coercion or manipulation, but also by collaboration and negotiation. Parents were not passive recipients of government direction: rituals and cultures of parenting could both affirm and undermine state politics. Readers will find this collection crucial to understanding family life and the role of the state during a period when both underwent significant change.
Parenting and the State in Britain and Europe, c. 1870-1950: Raising the Nation
by Hester Barron Claudia SiebrechtThis innovative collection draws on original research to explore the dynamic interactions between parents, governments and their representatives across a range of European contexts; from democratic Britain and Finland, to Stalinist Russia and Fascist Italy. The authors pay close attention to the various relationships and dynamics between parents and the state, showing that the different parties were defined not solely by coercion or manipulation, but also by collaboration and negotiation. Parents were not passive recipients of government direction: rituals and cultures of parenting could both affirm and undermine state politics. Readers will find this collection crucial to understanding family life and the role of the state during a period when both underwent significant change.
Parenting Children with Learning Disabilities
by Jane Utley Adelizzi Diane B. GossIn a straightforward and empathetic tone, Adelizzi and Goss sensitively offer support to parents of children with learning disabilities who wish to see their children grow to their full potential. While juggling the complex expectations imposed upon them, parents often combat confusion, anger, fear, sadness, and frustration. This book will help diffuse these overwhelming feelings, empowering parents with the ability to provide the academic and personal support their children need to thrive.Adelizzi and Goss, who contribute to a unique and highly successful collegiate program for adults with LD/ADD, demystify the very fuzzy world of LD terminology and theory and clarify the complicated process of diagnosis and treatment. They shed light on the way children and adolescents with learning disabilities function in the home environment, in social relationships, and at school. Parents will find new understanding and hope as the authors--with the collective voice of parents and children who deal with LD every day--lead them through the maze of issues they must confront.
Parenting Culture Studies
by Jennie Bristow Jan Macvarish Ellie Lee Charlotte FairclothWhy have the minutiae of how parents raise their children become routine sources of public debate and policy making? This book provides in-depth answers to these features drawing on a wide range of sources from sociology, history, anthropology and psychology, covering developments in both Europe and North America.
Parenting Culture Studies
by Ellie Lee Jennie Bristow Charlotte Faircloth Jan MacvarishNow in its second edition, Parenting Culture Studies seeks to understand how parenting is taken as a particular mode of childrearing that reflects broader social trends. Ten years after the initial volume's groundbreaking publication, the authors once again closely examine how the main aspects of parenting have been established, explored, and critically evaluated. Chapters revisit phenomena such as intensive parenting and politics around parenting, as well as controversial issues including policing pregnant women's bodies and parental determinism. In addition to updates throughout the volume, including those addressing literature that has built from the book’s original publication, the book features a new third part discussing parents dealing with risk assessment, school closures, contradictory care arrangements, and vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Parenting, Family Policy and Children's Well-Being in an Unequal Society: A New Culture War for Parents (Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Family and Intimate Life)
by D. HartasWestern societies face many challenges. The growing inequality and the diminishing role of the welfare state and the rapid accumulation of the resources of a finite planet at the top 1% have made the world an inhospitable place to many families. Parents are left alone to deal with the big societal problems and reverse their impact on their children's educational achievement and life chances. The 'average' working family is sliding down the social ladder with a significant impact on children's learning and wellbeing. We now know that parental involvement with children's learning (although important in its own right) is not the primary mechanism through which poverty translates to underachievement and reduced social mobility. Far more relevant to children's learning and emotional wellbeing is their parents' income and educational qualifications. The mantra of 'what parents do matters' is hypocritical considering the strong influence that poverty has on parents and children. We can no longer argue that we live in a classless society, especially as it becomes clear that most governmental reforms are class based and affect poor families disproportionately. In this book, Dimitra Hartas explores parenting and its influence on children's learning and wellbeing while examining the impact of social class amidst policy initiatives to eradicate child poverty in 21st Century Britain.
The Parenting Journey: From Conception through the Teen Years
by Gregory K. MoffattA father of three and long-time child psychologist, author Gregory Moffatt offers information on dozens of topics couples will face as they make the decision to conceive and take on the most challenging and rewarding role of their lives: parenthood. Each chapter is divided into psychological, social/emotional, and physical developments at the stage being discussed. Topics range from deciding to conceive and potential problems, to anticipating the developments and challenges for adolescents from age 13 to 18. Included are illustrative vignettes from Moffatt's experience as a child therapist, as a university teacher, and as a father. An extensive bibliography is included to assist readers seeking additional information on a particular topic.The author emphasizes the importance of commitment in parenting and the need for parents to invest themselves thoughtfully in the raising of their children. Topics include the development of self-esteem, the importance of play, imaginary playmates, language development, teaching consequences, and developing discipline.
Parents of the World, Unite!: How to Save Our Schools from the Left's Radical Agenda
by Ian PriorThis essential playbook reveals the winning strategies for successfully fighting a radical woke agenda in your kids&’ schools. Ian Prior is one of the most articulate and successful parent-activists in the United States. Armed with 12 inspiring battle-tested rules and revealing stories about sparring with self-righteous Woke neighbors (the &“Chardonnay Antifa&”), Ian shares secrets about what fellow parents can do in their own school districts to stop the Left's dark vision from taking root. Get ready to laugh. This is not a boring education book. With real world lessons and funny anecdotes readers can connect with, Ian explains how families can win the battle to stop divisive and dangerous concepts rooted in critical race theory and other dangerous left-wing ideologies from spreading to their schools. He convincingly makes the case that the Left envisions a public education system in America where children are no longer the responsibility of their parents but rather mere wards of the state. You&’ll be shocked and amused by the outrageous stories in Ian&’s suburban county that unexpectedly became ground zero for the parents&’ rights movement. This sign-of-the times book helpfully explains the confusing and infuriating cultural moment we find ourselves in.Parents of the World, Unite! is an indispensable book for American families who believe they should be able to raise their children without government interference in their moral, religious, and ethical choices -- and are ready to join a revolution of parents.
Parents Who Misuse Drugs and Alcohol: Effective Interventions in Social Work and Child Protection (Wiley Child Protection & Policy Series #30)
by Donald Forrester Judith HarwinThis book presents original research outlining the key elements in responding to parental misuse of drugs and alcohol. Offers a definition of “misuse” and “addiction” and the factors that influence the nature of misuse or addiction Reviews extensively the nature and impact of parental substance misuse on children and families using the latest evidence Explores how research and theories might help inform professionals or non-professionals assessing families affected by parents who misuse drugs or alcohol Provides an in-depth discussion of Motivational Interviewing, including a critical discussion of the challenges and limitations involved in using it in child and family settings Considers the wider implications of the findings for practice and policy and argues that these responses can be used across the field of work with vulnerable children and their families
Parents Who Misuse Drugs and Alcohol: Effective Interventions in Social Work and Child Protection (Wiley Child Protection & Policy Series #28)
by Donald Forrester Judith HarwinThis book presents original research outlining the key elements in responding to parental misuse of drugs and alcohol. Offers a definition of “misuse” and “addiction” and the factors that influence the nature of misuse or addiction Reviews extensively the nature and impact of parental substance misuse on children and families using the latest evidence Explores how research and theories might help inform professionals or non-professionals assessing families affected by parents who misuse drugs or alcohol Provides an in-depth discussion of Motivational Interviewing, including a critical discussion of the challenges and limitations involved in using it in child and family settings Considers the wider implications of the findings for practice and policy and argues that these responses can be used across the field of work with vulnerable children and their families