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Existence and Explanation: Essays presented in Honor of Karel Lambert (The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science #49)
by W. Spohn B. C. Van Fraassen B. SkyrmsThis collection of essays is dedicated to 'Joe' Karel Lambert. The contributors are all personally affected to Joe in some way or other, but they are definitely not the only ones. Whatever excuses there are - there are some -, the editors apologize to whomever they have neglected. But even so the collection displays how influential Karel Lambert has been, personally and through his teaching and his writings. The display is in alphabetical order - with one exception: Bas van Fraassen, being about the earliest student of Karel Lambert, opens the collection with some reminiscences. Naturally, one of the focal points of this volume is Lambert's logical thinking and (or: freed of) ontological thinking. Free logic is intimately connected with description theory. Bas van Fraassen gives a survey of the development of the area, and Charles Daniels points to difficulties with definite descriptions in modal contexts and stories. Peter Woodruff addresses the relation between free logic and supervaluation semantics, presenting a novel condition which recovers desirable metatheoretic properties for free logic under that semantics. Terence Parsons shows how free logic can be utilized in interpreting sentences as purporting to denote events (true ones succeed and false ones fail) and how this helps to understand natural language.
Existence and Machine: The German Philosophy in the Age of Machines (1870-1960) (SpringerBriefs in Philosophy)
by Fabio GrigentiThe aim of this work is to provide a preliminary analysis of a much more far-reaching investigation into the relationship between technology and philosophy. In the context of the contemporary German thought, the author compares the different positions of Karl Marx, Martin Heidegger, Ernst and Friedrich Jünger, Arnold Gehlen and Gunther Anders. The term “machine” is used precisely to mean that complex material device assembled in the last quarter of the 18th century as a result of the definitive modern refinement of certain fundamental technologies, i.e. metallurgy, precision mechanics and hydraulics. The “machine” discussed here arrived on the scene of man’s history when the processes of spinning and weaving were entrusted to semi-automatic means; when the water wheels used in mills, hitherto always made of wood, were supplanted by the metal levers of the steam engine; and especially when the steam engine was connected to the weaving frames, to the metalworking hammers, and to other machines used to manufacture other machines in an endless reiteration of assemblies and applications, the enormous outcome of which is what subsequently came to be described as “mass production”. The philosophers discussed here were also dealing with the type of machine described above and in their works she we can identify three model images of this idea of machine. These images have been drawn on at various times, also outside the realms of philosophy, and they still provide the backdrop for our knowledge of the machine, which has circulated in a great variety of languages.
Existence: Semantics and Syntax (Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy #84)
by Ileana Comorovski Klaus HeusingerThis collection of essays grew out of the workshop ‘Existence: Semantics and Syntax’, which was held at the University of Nancy 2 in September 2002. The workshop, organized by Ileana Comorovski and Claire Gardent, was supported by a grant from the Reseau ´ de Sciences Cognitives du Grand Est (‘Cognitive Science Network of the Greater East’), which is gratefully acknowledged. The ?rst e- tor wishes to thank Claire Gardent, Fred Landman, and Georges Rebuschi for encouraging her to pursue the publication of a volume based on papers presented at the workshop. Among those who participated in the workshop was Klaus von Heusinger, who joined Ileana Comorovski in editing this volume. Besides papers that developed out of presentations at the workshop, the volume contains invited contributions. We are grateful to Wayles Browne, Fred Landman, Paul Portner, and Georges Rebuschi for their help with reviewing some of the papers. Our thanks go also to a Springer reviewer for the careful reading of the book manuscript. We wish to thank all the participants in the workshop, not only those whose contributions appear in this volume, for making the workshop an int- active and constructive event. Ileana Comorovski Klaus von Heusinger vii ILEANA COMOROVSKI AND KLAUS VON HEUSINGER INTRODUCTION The notion of ‘existence’, which we take to have solid intuitive grounding, plays a central role in the interpretation of at least three types of linguistic constructions: copular clauses, existential sentences, and (in)de?nite noun phrases.
An Existential Phenomenology of Law: Maurice Merleau-Ponty (Phaenomenologica #104)
by William S. HamrickThe following pages attempt to develop the main outlines of an existential phenomenology of law within the context of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phe nomenology of the social world. In so doing, the essay addresses the rather narrow scholarly question, If Merleau-Ponty had written a phenomenology of law, what would it have looked like? But this scholarly enterprise, although impeccable in itself, is also transcended by a more complicated concern for a very different sort of question. Namely, if Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological descriptions of the social world are correct-as I believe they largely are-then what are the philosophical consequences for an adequate understanding of law? Such a project may well occasion a certain surprise amongst observers of the contemporary philosophical landscape, at least in what concerns the terrain of continental thought, and for two different reasons. The first is that, although interest in Merleau-Ponty's work remains strong in the· United States and Can ada, his philosophical standing in his own country has been largely eclipsed! by that of, first, his friend/estranged acquaintance, Jean-Paul Sartre; by various Marxist philosophies and critical social theories; and finally by those doing her meneutics of language. In my view, current neglect of Merleau-Ponty's thought in France is most regrettable.
Existential Psychotherapy: (instructor's Version)
by Irvin D. YalomThe definitive account of existential psychotherapy.Existential therapy is practiced throughout the world. But until now, it has lacked a coherent structure. In Existential Psychotherapy, Irvin Yalom finds the essence of existential psychotherapy, synthesizing its historical background, core tenets, and usefulness to the practice.Organized around what Yalom identifies as the four "ultimate concerns of life" -- death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness -- the book takes up the meaning of each existential concern and the type of conflict that springs from our confrontation with each. He shows how these concerns are manifested in personality and psychopathology, and how treatment can be helped by our knowledge of them.Drawing from clinical experience, empirical research, philosophy, and great literature, Yalom provides an intellectual home base for those psychotherapists who have sensed the incompatibility of orthodox theories with their own clinical experience, and opens new doors for empirical research. The fundamental concerns of therapy and the central issues of human existence are woven together here as never before, with intellectual and clinical results that will surprise and enlighten all readers.
Existentialist Ontology and Human Consciousness (Sartre and Existentialism: Philosophy, Politics, Ethics, the Psyche, Literature, and Aesthetics)
by William L. McBrideExistentialist Ontology and Human ConsciousnessThe majority of the distinguished scholarly articles in this volume focus on Sartre's early philosophical work, which dealt first with imagination and the emotions, then with the critique of Husserl's notion of a transcendental ego, and finally with systematic ontology presented in his best-known book, Being and Nothingness. In addition, since his preoccupation with ontological questions and especially with the meanings of ego, self, and consciousness endured throughout his career, other essays discuss these themes in light of later developments both in Sartre's own thought and in the phenomenological, hermeneutic, and analytic traditions.
Existentialist Ontology and Human Consciousness: Philosophy, Politics, Ethics, The Psyche, Literature, And Aesthetics: Existentialist Ontology And Human Consciousness (Sartre and Existentialism: Philosophy, Politics, Ethics, the Psyche, Literature, and Aesthetics)
by William L. McBrideExistentialist Ontology and Human ConsciousnessThe majority of the distinguished scholarly articles in this volume focus on Sartre's early philosophical work, which dealt first with imagination and the emotions, then with the critique of Husserl's notion of a transcendental ego, and finally with systematic ontology presented in his best-known book, Being and Nothingness. In addition, since his preoccupation with ontological questions and especially with the meanings of ego, self, and consciousness endured throughout his career, other essays discuss these themes in light of later developments both in Sartre's own thought and in the phenomenological, hermeneutic, and analytic traditions.
Expedition Medicine: Revised Edition
by David Warrell Sarah AndersonFirst Published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Expedition Medicine: Revised Edition (Oxford Medical Handbooks Ser.)
by David Warrell Sarah AndersonFirst Published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Experience and Beyond: The Outline of A Darwinian Metaphysics
by Jan FayeThis book presents a persuasive argument in favour of evolutionary naturalism and outlines what such a stance means for our capacity of observation and understanding reality. The author discusses how our capacity of knowledge is adapted to handle sensory information about the environment in the light of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The implication of this is that much of our thinking in science and philosophy that goes beyond our immediate experience rests on abstractions and hypostatization. This book rejects the possibility of having any knowledge of reality as it is in itself, while not denying that our capacity of conceptual abstractions is of great benefit for our survival.
Experience, Reality, and Scientific Explanation: Workshop in Honour of Merrilee and Wesley Salmon (The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science #61)
by AlessandroPagnini Maria CarlaGalavottiThe papers collected here comprise the proceedings of a Workshop in honor ofMerrilee and Wes Salmon, held in Florence on May 17-18, 1996. The aim of the meeting was to pay homage to these two American scholars, whose contact with Italian and European Universities and Institutes had a major influence on "Continental" thought in the field of epistemology and probability. In fact, Merrilee and Wes spent various periods lecturing at the Universities of Bologna, Florence, Rome, Trieste, Catania and Pisa, as well as in the University of Constance, where they helped to build a strong cultural "bridge" with the Pittsburgh Center for the Philosophy of Science. The Florence Center for the History and Philosophy of Science is particularly thankful to the Salmons for their ongoing cooperation and frequent visits. We must not forget that Wes Salmon was in the Florence Center and at the Philosophy Department of Florence, as visiting scholar, on many occasions, and that he made important contributions which have later appeared in Italian journals, such as Iride and Rivista di jilosojia. Merrilee was a speaker at the Conference on "Genetics, Linguistics, and Archaeology" (May 20-24,1991), organized by the Florence Center. Both Wes and Merrilee often enlivened the arguments of the initiatives they took part in.
Experiencing and Envisioning Food: Designing for Change
by Ricardo BonachoExperiencing and Envisioning Food: Designing for Change contains papers on gastronomy, food design, sustainability, and social practices research as presented at the 3rd International Food Design and Food Studies Conference (EFOOD 2022, Lisbon, Portugal, 28-30 April 2022). The contributions explore potential solutions to current problems in the food system, and outline scenarios on the future of food and nutrition. The book aims at academics and professionals that interact with the food sector.
Experiencing and Envisioning Food: Designing for Change
by Ricardo Bonacho Mariana Eidler Sonia Massari Maria José PiresExperiencing and Envisioning Food: Designing for Change contains papers on gastronomy, food design, sustainability, and social practices research as presented at the 3rd International Food Design and Food Studies Conference (EFOOD 2022, Lisbon, Portugal, 28-30 April 2022). The contributions explore potential solutions to current problems in the food system, and outline scenarios on the future of food and nutrition. The book aims at academics and professionals that interact with the food sector.
Experiencing Special Educational Needs and Disability: Lessons for Practice (UK Higher Education Humanities & Social Sciences Education)
by Brahm NorwichCovering a wide range of special educational needs and disabilities this book examines the perspectives of teachers, teaching assistants, children and parents with a focus on specific educational aspects, such as curriculum and pedagogy. Referencing recent policy changes in the special needs and inclusive education context, the book offers an introduction to the special needs and inclusive education field for teachers, SEN Coordinators and other allied professionals (e.g. speech and communication therapists, educational psychologists) as well as parents and policy makers, by:• Examining the lived experience of parents, teachers and children/young people with special educational needs/ disability in education• Illustrating some of their experienced tensions and how they deal with them• Exploring the significance of these experiences for policy and practiceThe book features 12 engaging case studies that are based on in-depth interviews with parents, teachers or teaching assistants and children or young people, exploring their experiences as regards their education. These accounts emphatically highlight positive models of practice as well as negative practices to avoid. In this way the book contributes to the professional learning of teachers and allied professionals."In this thoughtful book, real people's stories told are direct and share the tensions, dilemmas, balances and dynamics of life. It is a very thought provoking book and an excellent addition to the field."Dr. Graeme Douglas, Professor of Disability and Special Educational Needs, University of Birmingham, UK“An invaluable book about the importance of getting to know each and every child, comprising up to date case studies that contextualise the experiences of 12 learners identified with special educational needs.”Professor Lani Florian, Bell Chair of Education, University of Edinburgh, UK“In the era of person-centred planning, this book is a timely and essential key text for both general and specialist practitioners working for children and young people with special educational needs and/ or disability. Professor Norwich is to be highly commended for providing this original, scholarly and useful research to the international field of special education.”Professor Kevin Woods, Professor of Educational and Child Psychology, University of Manchester, UK“Norwich skilfully presents the perspectives of the young people themselves, their parents, and the teachers and teaching assistants who support them. These careful, illuminating accounts bring to life the realities, complexities, challenges - and also the positive aspects - of the young people themselves and those that care and support them. Required reading for all who work with children with SEND.”Professor Geoff Lindsay, Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, UK
Experiential Visualization in Architectural Design Media: How It Actually Works (Routledge Research in Architecture)
by Vincent B. CanizaroExperimental Visualization in Architectural Design Media: How It Actually Works is a theoretical, practical, and interdisciplinary account of the tools used by architects and designers. The book focuses on the how these tools influence their ability to envision and craft the future experiential reality of buildings and environments. The book is structured around two parallel sets of questions. The first, concerns the effects of various media on the designer's understanding of their work in experiential terms. The media considered include the process of design-build, standard media such as scale model building, hand drawing, drafting, and extends into the now dominant digitally based design media of BIM, digital modeling, and emerging VR technologies, such as Enscape. The second line of questioning seeks patterns of use and other attributes designers deploy in practice to achieve an experiential and meaningful understanding of their work, with and through each medium. To answer these questions, the author provides a detailed assessment of the pros and cons (affordance and constraint) of each form of mediation, and a set of recommendations documenting how experienced designers enhance their visualization skills to support such experiential design. This work is interwoven with interdisciplinary consideration of technology, perception, media studies, history and bolstered by the direct experiences of design professionals. This book will be of interest to researchers working in the field of architecture and design, as well as practising architects, designers and students who are seeking guidance on how to effectively design and consider the experience of their future built environments.
Experiential Visualization in Architectural Design Media: How It Actually Works (Routledge Research in Architecture)
by Vincent B. CanizaroExperimental Visualization in Architectural Design Media: How It Actually Works is a theoretical, practical, and interdisciplinary account of the tools used by architects and designers. The book focuses on the how these tools influence their ability to envision and craft the future experiential reality of buildings and environments. The book is structured around two parallel sets of questions. The first, concerns the effects of various media on the designer's understanding of their work in experiential terms. The media considered include the process of design-build, standard media such as scale model building, hand drawing, drafting, and extends into the now dominant digitally based design media of BIM, digital modeling, and emerging VR technologies, such as Enscape. The second line of questioning seeks patterns of use and other attributes designers deploy in practice to achieve an experiential and meaningful understanding of their work, with and through each medium. To answer these questions, the author provides a detailed assessment of the pros and cons (affordance and constraint) of each form of mediation, and a set of recommendations documenting how experienced designers enhance their visualization skills to support such experiential design. This work is interwoven with interdisciplinary consideration of technology, perception, media studies, history and bolstered by the direct experiences of design professionals. This book will be of interest to researchers working in the field of architecture and design, as well as practising architects, designers and students who are seeking guidance on how to effectively design and consider the experience of their future built environments.
Experimental Methods for Social Policy Research: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies
by George W. Fairweather Louis G. TornatzkyExperimental Methods for Social Policy Research explains how experimental methods can be used in social policy research to help solve contemporary human problems and to preserve and improve the world's physical and social climates. This book argues that scientists can make a major contribution to the solution of social problems by aiding the society in incorporating scientific methods into the social decision-making process. Two principal methods required for solving social problems are highlighted: methods for evaluating social models aimed at solving particular problems, and methods for disseminating those models that are beneficial to the state, the region, and the nation. This book is comprised of 14 chapters and begins with the argument that contemporary social policy decision making is inadequate for the late 20th and 21st centuries. It then defines the basic ingredients for an adequate social policy decision-making apparatus and explains how it can be accomplished. The next chapter outlines the basic parameters of social models and dissemination processes from a conceptual point of view. The remaining chapters describe general experimental procedures from the inception of the ideas to the implementation of social models found to be beneficial. The final chapter is reserved for a discussion of a proposed center for experimental social innovation that would provide research and training. This monograph will be a valuable resource for social scientists and researchers as well as social policymakers, public officials, and citizens who are committed to the improvement of living conditions for all members of society.
Experimental Philosophy of Language: Perspectives, Methods, and Prospects (Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning #33)
by David Bordonaba-PlouThis book presents the current state of experimental philosophy of language, drawing attention to corpus methods. The volume highlights new trends in experimental philosophy of language, thus exploring the future’s discipline. It includes cross-linguistics studies that reveal the differences and similarities in how speakers of different languages use specific terms, and scrutinizes methodological advances used in experimental philosophy of language. The book also includes politically engaged experimental philosophy of language studies focusing on slurs, pejoratives, and hate speech. The topic’s interdisciplinary nature makes the volume of interest to a broad range of scholars across disciplines including philosophy, linguistics, philology, psychology, and computational linguistics.
Experimental Soil Fertility and Biology
by A.S. MailappaSoil fertility and plant nutrition is an applied science that integrates knowledge across all disciplines of soil and plant sciences to provide nutrients effectively and efficiently to plants. Efficient use of nutrients is required not only to maximize agricultural production but also to protect air, soil, and water quality as well as the natural resources involved in providing fertilizers to support agricultural production. This book, Experimental Soil Biology and Fertility, by Dr. A. S. Mailappa, is truly a tour de force of condensation of the essentials of scientific knowledge and approaches to soil science and discusses the various aspects of soil fertility and crop nutrition with a focus on collection, preparation, and analysis of essential plant nutrients in soil, plant, and water. This book is unique, written in a simple and lucid manner and covering all aspects of soil fertility and biology in comprehensive chapters. This book is organized to facilitate rapid location of information, while being written in a readable style. The topics and discussion in this self-contained book are practical and user-friendly, yet comprehensive enough to cover material presented in upper-level soil and plant science courses. It allows practitioners with general background knowledge to feel confident applying the principles presented to soil/crop production systems. Readership: students / teachers / researchers / practitioners of agricultural universities/ institutes, engaged in teaching, research and extension activities related to agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and other allied disciplines.
Experimental Soil Fertility and Biology
by A.S. MailappaSoil fertility and plant nutrition is an applied science that integrates knowledge across all disciplines of soil and plant sciences to provide nutrients effectively and efficiently to plants. Efficient use of nutrients is required not only to maximize agricultural production but also to protect air, soil, and water quality as well as the natural resources involved in providing fertilizers to support agricultural production. This book, Experimental Soil Biology and Fertility, by Dr. A. S. Mailappa, is truly a tour de force of condensation of the essentials of scientific knowledge and approaches to soil science and discusses the various aspects of soil fertility and crop nutrition with a focus on collection, preparation, and analysis of essential plant nutrients in soil, plant, and water. This book is unique, written in a simple and lucid manner and covering all aspects of soil fertility and biology in comprehensive chapters. This book is organized to facilitate rapid location of information, while being written in a readable style. The topics and discussion in this self-contained book are practical and user-friendly, yet comprehensive enough to cover material presented in upper-level soil and plant science courses. It allows practitioners with general background knowledge to feel confident applying the principles presented to soil/crop production systems. Readership: students / teachers / researchers / practitioners of agricultural universities/ institutes, engaged in teaching, research and extension activities related to agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and other allied disciplines.
Explaining Evil [3 volumes]: [3 volumes] (Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality)
by J. Harold EllensIn this three-volume set, international scholars from across a broad spectrum of scholarly fields examine the concept of evil throughout history and world cultures from religious, scientific, psychological, and political perspectives.The manifestation of evil has provided a convenient theme for popular culture entertainment, ranging from the classic film The Exorcist, to almost all of Stephen King's horror novels, to video games such as Resident Evil. Unfortunately, dealing with—and attempting to overcome—the forces of evil is a pervasive problem in the real world as well.Explaining Evil addresses incidents of evil from ancient times to modern day around the globe. Concepts of evil within the big three religions—Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—are examined, as well as in Chinese philosophy and Native American beliefs. The political or national expressions of evil are explored, such as the "axis of evil" that culminated in World War II. These volumes identify the causes and effects of evil, and suggest possible remedies to humanity's inescapable flaw.
Explaining Photosynthesis: Models of Biochemical Mechanisms, 1840-1960 (History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences #8)
by Kärin NickelsenRecounting the compelling story of a scientific discovery that took more than a century to complete, this trail-blazing monograph focuses on methodological issues and is the first to delve into this subject. This book charts how the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of photosynthesis were teased out by succeeding generations of scientists, and the author highlights the reconstruction of the heuristics of modelling the mechanism—analyzed at both individual and collective levels.Photosynthesis makes for an instructive example. The first tentative ideas were developed by organic chemists around 1840, while by 1960 an elaborate proposal at a molecular level, for both light and dark reactions, was established. The latter is still assumed to be basically correct today. The author makes a persuasive case for a historically informed philosophy of science, especially regarding methodology, and advocates a history of science whose narrative deploys philosophical approaches and categories. She shows how scientists’ attempts to formulate, justify, modify, confirm or criticize their models are best interpreted as series of coordinated research actions, dependent on a network of super- and subordinated epistemic goals, and guided by recurrent heuristic strategies.With dedicated chapters on key figures such as Otto Warburg, who borrowed epistemic fundamentals from other disciplines to facilitate his own work on photosynthesis, and on more general topics relating to the development of the field after Warburg, this new work is both a philosophical reflection on the nature of scientific enquiry and a detailed history of the processes behind one of science’s most important discoveries.
Explanation in Biology: An Enquiry into the Diversity of Explanatory Patterns in the Life Sciences (History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences #11)
by Pierre-Alain Braillard Christophe MalaterrePatterns of explanation in biology have long been recognized as different from those deployed in other scientific disciplines, especially that of physics. Celebrating the diversity of interpretative models found in biology, this volume details their varying types as well as explaining their relationships to one another. It covers the key differentials with other sciences in the nature of explanation, such as the existence in biology of varieties unheard of in the physical sciences, such as teleological, evolutionary and even functional explanations.Offering a wealth of fresh analysis of the phenomenon, chapters examine aspects ranging from the role of mathematics in explaining cell development to the complexities thrown up by evolutionary-developmental biology, where explanation is altered by multidisciplinarity itself. They cover major domains such as ecology and systems biology, as well as contemporary trends, such as the mechanistic explanations spawned by progress in molecular biology. With contributions from researchers of many different nationalities, the book provides a many-angled perspective on a revealing feature of the discipline of biology.
Explanation in the Special Sciences: The Case of Biology and History (Synthese Library #367)
by Andreas Hüttemann Marie I. Kaiser Oliver R. Scholz Daniel PlengeBiology and history are often viewed as closely related disciplines, with biology informed by history, especially in its task of charting our evolutionary past. Maximizing the opportunities for cross-fertilization in these two fields requires an accurate reckoning of their commonalities and differences—precisely what this volume sets out to achieve. Specially commissioned essays by a team of recognized international researchers cover the full panoply of topics in these fields and include notable contributions on the correlativity of evolutionary and historical explanations, applying to history the latest causal-mechanical approach in the philosophy of biology, and the question of generalized laws that might pertain across the two subjects. The collection opens with a vital interrogation of general issues on explanation that apart from potentially fruitful areas of interaction (could the etiology of the causal-mechanical perspective in biology account for the historical trajectory of the Roman Empire?) this volume also seeks to chart relative certainties distinguishing explanations in biology and history. It also assesses techniques such as the use of probabilities in biological reconstruction, deployed to overcome the inevitable gaps in physical evidence on early evolution. Methodologies such as causal graphs and semantic explanation receive in-depth analysis. Contributions from a host of prominent and widely read philosophers ensure that this new volume has the stature of a major addition to the literature.
Explanation, Prediction, and Confirmation (The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective #2)
by Dennis Dieks Wenceslao J. Gonzalez Stephan Hartmann Thomas Uebel Marcel WeberThis volume, the second in the Springer series Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective, contains selected papers from the workshops organised by the ESF Research Networking Programme PSE (The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective) in 2009. Five general topics are addressed: 1. Formal Methods in the Philosophy of Science; 2. Philosophy of the Natural and Life Sciences; 3. Philosophy of the Cultural and Social Sciences; 4. Philosophy of the Physical Sciences; 5. History of the Philosophy of Science. This volume is accordingly divided in five sections, each section containing papers coming from the meetings focussing on one of these five themes. However, these sections are not completely independent and detached from each other. For example, an important connecting thread running through a substantial number of papers in this volume is the concept of probability: probability plays a central role in present-day discussions in formal epistemology, in the philosophy of the physical sciences, and in general methodological debates---it is central in discussions concerning explanation, prediction and confirmation. The volume thus also attempts to represent the intellectual exchange between the various fields in the philosophy of science that was central in the ESF workshops.