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Cryogenic Regenerative Heat Exchangers (International Cryogenics Monograph Series)
by Robert A. AckermannAn in-depth survey of regenerative heat exchangers, this book chronicles the development and recent commercialization of regenerative devices for cryogenic applications. Chapters cover historical background, concepts, practical applications, design data, and numerical solutions, providing the latest information for engineers to develop advanced cryogenic machines. The discussions include insights into the operation of a regenerator; descriptions of the cyclic and fluid temperature distributions in a regenerator; data for various matrix geometries and materials, including coarse and fine bronze, stainless steel-woven wire mesh screens, and lead spheres; and unique operating features of cryocoolers that produce deviations from ideal regenerator theory.
Cryogenic Safety: A Guide to Best Practice in the Lab and Workplace (International Cryogenics Monograph Series)
by Thomas J. Peterson J. G. Weisend IIThis book describes the current state of the art in cryogenic safety best practice, helping the reader to work with cryogenic systems and materials safely. It brings together information from previous texts, industrial and laboratory safety polices, and recent research papers. Case studies, example problems, and an extensive list of references are included to add to the utility of the text. It describes the unique safety hazards posed by cryogenics in all its guises, including issues associated with the extreme cold of cryogenics, the flammability of some cryogenic fluids, the displacement of oxygen by inert gases boiling off from cryogenic fluids, and the high pressures that can be formed during the volume expansion that occurs when a cryogenic fluid becomes a room temperature gas. A further chapter considers the challenges arising from the behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Many materials are inappropriate for use in cryogenics and can fail, resulting in hazardous conditions. Despite these hazards, work at cryogenic temperatures can be performed safely. The book also discusses broader safety issues such as hazard analysis, establishment of a safe work culture and lessons learned from cryogenic safety in accelerator labs. This book is designed to be useful to everyone affected by cryogenic hazards regardless of their expertise in cryogenics.
Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #368)
by John G. Day and Glyn N. StaceyThis widely expanded second edition offers a compilation of robust, reproducible techniques for the conservation of a wide range of biological materials. It includes novel approaches and protocols that were not preservable when the first edition was published. The book begins with a discussion of long term ex situ conservation of biological resources, the role of biological resource centers, and fundamental principles of freeze-drying and cryopreservation. Each chapter focuses on the preservation of specific biological materials, including proteins, mircroorganisms, cell lines, and multicellular structures.
Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #38)
by John G. Day and Michael W. PenningtonThe storage of biological material for regular or future use is a fundamental requirement in many biological and medical sciences. Cryopreservation and freeze-drying are the preferred techniques for achieving long-term storage, and have been applied to a diverse range of biological materials. Though the basis for many methodologies is common, laboratories frequently lack expertise with the correct storage procedures, so that many apply outdated or inappropriate protocols for storing their samples or cultures. Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols is a compilation of the many and varied methodologies that have been developed in expert laboratories. The protocols are reproducible, robust, and in most instances have been transferred quite successfully to other laboratories. Our intended readers are those proposing to establish or improve biostorage systems in their own laboratories or units, whether concerned with culture collections, animal husbandry, aquaculture, or human fertilization programs. Because the emphasis of Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols is on methodology, it is our intention to provide readers with the tools to make practical progress without reference to other sources. Each chapter deals with an organelle, cell, or tissue type: a short int- duction on the status of its biostorage development is followed by a detailed description of the materials required and a methodological p- tocol to be followed, with explanatory notes. This is very much a first edition; we hope and trust that future editions will contain cryopreservation and freeze-drying protocols for ceils, tissues, and organs that are at present still recalcitrant to succe- ful preservation.
Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #1257)
by Willem F. Wolkers and Harriëtte OldenhofThis volume provides a variety of standard protocols used to cryopreserve or freeze-dry different types of specimens. In addition, it provides chapters focused on the fundamental principles of cryopreservation, vitrification, and freeze-drying. Several state of the art microscopic, spectroscopic as well as calorimetric methods are highlighted that can be used to study cellular and macromolecular changes in response to freezing or drying. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and practical, Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols, Third Edition serves as a practical guideline for studies on freezing and drying processes as well as preservation strategies for biological specimens.
Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2180)
by Willem F. Wolkers Harriëtte OldenhofThis fourth edition explores fully up-to-date standardly used cryopreservation, vitrification, and freeze-drying protocols for specimens that are used for research purposes, conservation of genetic reserves, and applications in agriculture and medicine. Beginning with a section on the fundamentals as well as the use of mathematical modeling to solve cryobiological problems, the book continues with sections on technological aspects of freezing and drying, analytical methods to study protectant loading of cells and tissues, cell behavior during freezing and drying, and thermodynamic properties of preservation solutions, as well as cryopreservation, vitrification, and freeze-drying protocols for a wide variety of samples and different applications. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and authoritative, Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols, Fourth Edition serves as an ideal guide for researchers and technical assistants in academia and industry with a background in life sciences, medicine, or engineering who want to investigate freezing and drying of biological systems or set up methods to safely store biological specimens while maintaining their function upon reconstitution.
Cryopreservation of Fish Gametes
by Judith Betsy Stephen KumarUnderstanding the reproductive physiology and endocrinology of fishes is essential for captive maturation and seed production in the field of aquaculture. Studying the spermatology of fishes is a comparatively new focus in aquaculture, which has emerged as an important area of fish research over the past two decades. In this regard, the cryopreservation of fish gametes is a crucial aspect. Moreover, energetics studies of gametes have become essential, considering the loss of vigour in the spermatozoa after cryopreservation.The latest development in this context is the cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cell, which is also covered in the book, along with detailed information on embryo cryopreservation in fishes and crustaceans. The role of cryopreservation in conservation programmes is another important aspect, one that will especially interest biologists.This book addresses central issues in fish gamete cryopreservation and breeding, while also reviewing the history of cryopreservation. Its most unique feature is the breadth of its coverage, from basic information on reproduction in fishes, to such advanced topics as embryo cryopreservation. Chiefly intended as a handy troubleshooting guide, the book represents a valuable resource for research students in related fields.
Cryopreservation of Mammalian Gametes and Embryos: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #1568)
by Zsolt Peter Nagy, Alex C. Varghese and Ashok AgarwalThis volume provides a comprehensive and technical presentation of numerous aspects of reproductive cell tissue cryopreservation, and presents readers with current procedures and detailed discussions of novel techniques and the latest innovations. The chapters in this book are divided into five parts and cover subjects such as: immature oocyte cryopreservation, human sperm vitrification and slow-freezing, directional freezing of ovarian tissue, automated vitrification systems, and detailed protocols on popular and commercially available cryopreservation/vitrification systems. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and practical, Cryopreservation of Mammalian Gametes and Embryos: Methods and Protocols includes chapters written by leading experts in the field and is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the field of cryopreservation.
Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry #32)
by Y. P. BajajThe germ plasm of numerous plant species, especially those of forest trees, some agricultural crops, and medicinal plants, is endangered and threatened with extinction. This depletion of germplasm pools and the shrinkage of naturally occurring genetic resources have caused international concern. Conventionally, the germplasm of plants is conserved through seeds, tubers, roots, corms, rhizomes, bulbs, cuttings, etc. However, the germ plasm of a number of trees and plantation crops (such as coconut, cocao, coffee, oil palm, rubber, mango, horse chestnut, etc. ) cannot be preserved since their seed are short-lived (recalcitrant). Likewise, germplasm of vegetatively propagated crops (such as potato and cassava) cannot be stored on a long term basis and has to be grown and multiplied periodically in nurseries and fields. The plants are thus exposed to unpredictable weather conditions and diseases, with the result that instances are known where entire genetic stocks are lost. Therefore, unconventional methods are being developed for the storage and international exchange of germplasm. For this purpose in vitro cultures have been employed, but they can only enable short-to medium term preservation; moreover, cell cultures upon repeated subculture undergo genetic erosion. In view of the recent developments in the in vitro induction of genetic variability through somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization, recombinant DNA technology, etc. , new methods need to be employed for the storage of desirable cultures. In this regard freeze preservation of cells in liquid nitrogen (-196 0q, like that of semen, enables long-term storage, theoretically, for an indefinite period of time.
Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm II (Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry #50)
by L. E. Towill Y. P. S. BajajEx situ preservation of germplasm for higher plant species has been accom plished using either seeds or clones, but storage of these under typical condi tions does not provide the extreme longevities that are needed to minimize risk of loss. Costs of maintenance and regeneration of stocks are also high. Systems that provide virtually indefinite storage should supplement existing methods and it is within this context that cryopreservation is presented. The use of low temperature preservation was initially more a concern of medicine and animal breeding, and was expanded to plants in the 1970s. Sur vival after cryogenic exposure has now been demonstrated for diverse plant groups including algae, bryophytes, fungi and higher plants. If survival is com monplace, then the eventual application is a cryopreservation system, whereby cells, tissues and organs are held indefinitely for use, often in the unforeseen future. The increasing interest and capabilities for application could not have occurred at a more opportune time since expanding human populations have placed unprecedented pressures on plant diversity. This book emphasizes cry opreservation of higher plants and was initially driven by the concern for loss of diversity in crops and the recognized need that this diversity would be essential for continued improvement of the many plants used by society for food, health and shelter. The interest in cryopreservation has been expanded by conservationists and their concerns for retaining, as much as possible, the diversity of natural populations. The need for cryopreservation, thus, is well established.
Cryosols: Permafrost-Affected Soils
by John M. KimbleCryosols – permafrost – occupy a unique part of the earth and have properties greatly different from other soils. They also occur where the greatest impact of global warming is predicted. This is the first book bring together the leading researchers in the area of permafrost soils to produce a review of the geography, cryogenic soil forming processes, ecological processes, classification and use of soils that are affected by permafrost.
The Cryosphere
by Shawn J. MarshallThe cryosphere encompasses the Earth's snow and ice masses. It is a critical part of our planet's climate system, one that is especially at risk from climate change and global warming. The Cryosphere provides an essential introduction to the subject, written by one of the world's leading experts in Earth-system science. In this primer, glaciologist Shawn Marshall introduces readers to the cryosphere and the broader role it plays in our global climate system. After giving a concise overview, he fully explains each component of the cryosphere and how it works--seasonal snow, permafrost, river and lake ice, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves. Marshall describes how snow and ice interact with our atmosphere and oceans and how they influence climate, sea level, and ocean circulation. He looks at the cryosphere's role in past ice ages and considers the changing cryosphere's future impact on our landscape, oceans, and climate. Accessible and authoritative, this primer also features a glossary of key terms, suggestions for further reading, explanations of equations, and a discussion of open research questions in the field.
The Cryosphere
by Shawn J. MarshallThe cryosphere encompasses the Earth's snow and ice masses. It is a critical part of our planet's climate system, one that is especially at risk from climate change and global warming. The Cryosphere provides an essential introduction to the subject, written by one of the world's leading experts in Earth-system science. In this primer, glaciologist Shawn Marshall introduces readers to the cryosphere and the broader role it plays in our global climate system. After giving a concise overview, he fully explains each component of the cryosphere and how it works--seasonal snow, permafrost, river and lake ice, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves. Marshall describes how snow and ice interact with our atmosphere and oceans and how they influence climate, sea level, and ocean circulation. He looks at the cryosphere's role in past ice ages and considers the changing cryosphere's future impact on our landscape, oceans, and climate. Accessible and authoritative, this primer also features a glossary of key terms, suggestions for further reading, explanations of equations, and a discussion of open research questions in the field.
The Cryosphere and Global Environmental Change
by Olav Slaymaker Richard KellyThis is the first textbook to consider all aspects of the cryosphere system in the context of global environmental change driven by human activity and climate. Considers all six aspects of the cryosphere – ice sheets, glacier ice, permafrost, river and lake ice, sea ice and snow – in the context of global environmental change driven by human activity and climate. Describes a new concept of cryosphere transience and landscape transition which links climate, hydrology, ecology and geomorphology. Looks at the evidence, process, and patterns of cryosphere change, on local and global scales. Provides a wealth of data to inform the current global environmental change debate. Additional resources for this book can be found at: http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&bcsId=5064&itemId=140512976X.
Cryostat Design: Case Studies, Principles and Engineering (International Cryogenics Monograph Series)
by J. G. Weisend IIThis book enables the reader to learn the fundamental and applied aspects of practical cryostat design by examining previous design choices and resulting cryostat performance. Through a series of extended case studies the book presents an overview of existing cryostat design covering a wide range of cryostat types and applications, including the magnet cryostats that comprise the majority of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, space-borne cryostats containing sensors operating below 1 K, and large cryogenic liquid storage vessels. It starts with an introductory section on the principles of cryostat design including practical data and equations. This section is followed by a series of case studies on existing cryostats, describing the specific requirements of the cryostat, the challenges involved and the design choices made along with the resulting performance of the cryostat. The cryostat examples used in the studies are chosen to cover a broad range of cryostat applications and the authors of each case are leading experts in the field, most of whom participated in the design of the cryostats being described. The concluding chapter offers an overview of lessons learned and summarises some key hints and tips for practical cryostat design. The book will help the reader to expand their knowledge of many disciplines required for good cryostat design, including the cryogenic properties of materials, heat transfer and thermal insulation, instrumentation, safety, structures and seals.
Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy
by Rudolf A. Steinbrecht Karl ZieroldTo preserve tissue by freezing is an ancient concept going back pre sumably to the practice of ice-age hunters. At first glance, it seems as simple as it is attractive: the dynamics of life are frozen in, nothing is added and nothing withdrawn except thermal energy. Thus, the result should be more life-like than after poisoning, tan ning and drying a living cell as we may rudely call the conventional preparation of specimens for electron microscopy. Countless mishaps, however, have taught electron microscopists that cryotechniques too are neither simple nor necessarily more life-like in their outcome. Not too long ago, experts in cryotechniques strictly denied that a cell could truly be vitrified, i.e. that all the solutes and macro molecules could be fixed within non-crystalline, glass-like solid water without the dramatic shifts and segregation effects caused by crystallization. We now know that vitrification is indeed pos sible. Growing insight into the fundamentals of the physics of water and ice, as well as increasing experience of how to cool cells rapidly enough have enlivened the interest in cryofixation and pro duced a wealth of successful applications.
Cryotherapy in Chest Medicine
by JEAN-PAUL HOMASSONCryosurgery is a method of therapy that uses treatment could be viewed easily and at frequent freezing temperatures to achieve specific effects intervals. Though endoscopic cryosurgical tech on tissues. Depending upon the technique of niques were used for the treatment of prostatic treatment, the tissue response varies from an in disease and of laryngeal disease, the restricted flammatory reaction, which is associated with a visualization of the lesion, as well as some limi minor freezing injury, to the destructive effect tations in apparatus, precluded continued de which is characteristic of severe freezing injury. velopment at that time. In the following years, some early uses of Cryosurgical treatments require the use of special apparatus cooled by cryogenic agents to produce cryosurgery have fallen into disfavor, mostly be the freezing temperatures necessary in the tissues. cause of effective competing methods of thera As with any other method of therapy, the physi py, but other uses of cryosurgery have become cian must place emphasis on the selection of ap part of standard medical practice, as demonstrat propriate patients, on the careful determination ed by incorporation into textbooks of surgery and its specialities. Today, the commonly accepted of the nature and extent of disease, and on pre cise cryosurgical technique in order to achieve uses of cryosurgery are for the treatment of many types of skin disease, including cancer, for the good results.
The Cryotron Files: The strange death of a pioneering Cold War computer scientist
by Douglas Buck Iain DeyDudley Buck was a brilliant scientist who developed or invented several early pieces of now-common technology (e.g. microchips, flash drives)in the 1950s. Like his Nobel-winning colleagues, he might have benefitted from them greatly, had he not died aged 32 of a mysterious heart attack, just after a high-profile group of Soviet scientists visited his lab on a cold war-era tour of the USA. Buck was not the only scientist to expire that day – his colleague Dr Ridenour, chief scientist at Lockheed, also died of an unexplained heart attack. Both deaths are consistent with KGB contact-poison hits. Recently discovered papers reveal Buck’s extensive career in clandestine government work, that had led to his contact with Russia’s top computer scientists. His work was filed away and rediscovered in the 1980s when it was used in research projects by NASA. A fascinating narrative history of Cold War era computer and tech research, combining social historical elements to produce a brilliant portrait of America in the mid-20th century.
Cryptic Female Choice in Arthropods: Patterns, Mechanisms and Prospects
by Alfredo V. Peretti Anita AisenbergThis timely book revisits cryptic female choice in arthropods, gathering detailed contributions from around the world to address key behavioral, ecological and evolutionary questions. The reader will find a critical summary of major breakthroughs in taxon-oriented chapters that offer many new perspectives and cases to explore and in many cases unpublished data. Many groups of arthropods such as spiders, harvestmen, flies, moths, crickets, earwigs, beetles, eusocial insects, shrimp and crabs are discussed.Sexual selection is currently the focus of numerous and controversial theoretical and experimental studies. Selection in mating and post-mating patterns can be shaped by several different mechanisms, including sperm competition, extreme sexual conflict and cryptic female choice. Discrimination among males during or after copulation is called cryptic female choice because it occurs after intromission, the event that was formerly used as the definitive criterion of male reproductive success and is therefore usually difficult to detect and confirm. Because it sequentially follows intra- and intersexual interactions that occur before copulation, cryptic female choice has the power to alter or negate precopulatory sexual selection. However, though female roles in biasing male paternity after copulation have been proposed for a number of species distributed in many animal groups, cryptic female choice continues to be often underestimated. Furthermore, in recent years the concept of sexual conflict has been frequently misused, linking sexual selection by female choice irrevocably and exclusively with sexually antagonistic co-evolution, without exploring other alternatives.The book offers an essential source of information on how two fields, selective cooperation and individual sex interests, work together in the context of cryptic female choice in nature, using arthropods as model organisms. It is bound to spark valuable discussions among scientists working in evolutionary biology across the world, motivating new generations to unveil the astonishing secrets of sexual biology throughout the animal kingdom.
Cryptoassets: Legal, Regulatory, and Monetary Perspectives
Cryptoassets represent one of the most high profile financial products in the world, and fastest growing financial products in history. From Bitcoin, Etherium and Ripple's XRP-so called "utility tokens" used to access financial services-to initial coin offerings that in 2017 rivalled venture capital in money raised for startups, with an estimated $5.6 billion (USD) raised worldwide across 435 ICOs. All the while, technologists have hailed the underlying blockchain technology for these assets as potentially game changing applications for financial payments and record-keeping. At the same time, cryptoassets have produced considerable controversy. Many have turned out to be lacklustre investments for investors. Others, especially ICOs, have also attracted noticeable fraud, failing firms, and alarming lapses in information-sharing with investors. Consequently, many commentators around the world have pressed that ICO tokens be considered securities, and that concomitant registration and disclosure requirements attach to their sales to the public. This volume assembles an impressive group of scholars, businesspersons and regulators to collectively write on cryptoassets. This volume represents perspectives from across the regulatory ecosystem, and includes technologists, venture capitalists, scholars, and practitioners in securities law and central banking.
CRYPTOASSETS C: Legal, Regulatory, and Monetary Perspectives
by Chris BrummerCryptoassets represent one of the most high profile financial products in the world, and fastest growing financial products in history. From Bitcoin, Etherium and Ripple's XRP-so called "utility tokens" used to access financial services-to initial coin offerings that in 2017 rivalled venture capital in money raised for startups, with an estimated $5.6 billion (USD) raised worldwide across 435 ICOs. All the while, technologists have hailed the underlying blockchain technology for these assets as potentially game changing applications for financial payments and record-keeping. At the same time, cryptoassets have produced considerable controversy. Many have turned out to be lacklustre investments for investors. Others, especially ICOs, have also attracted noticeable fraud, failing firms, and alarming lapses in information-sharing with investors. Consequently, many commentators around the world have pressed that ICO tokens be considered securities, and that concomitant registration and disclosure requirements attach to their sales to the public. This volume assembles an impressive group of scholars, businesspersons and regulators to collectively write on cryptoassets. This volume represents perspectives from across the regulatory ecosystem, and includes technologists, venture capitalists, scholars, and practitioners in securities law and central banking.
Cryptococcus neoformans: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2775)
by Erin E. McClellandThis volume explores the latest developments in the study of Cryptococcus neoformans and its pathology, along with discussion on newly used therapeutics. The chapters in this book cover a wide range of protocols commonly used in Cryptococcus research such as animal models, genetics techniques, virulence factor phenotyping, and microscopy. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Cryptococcus neoformans: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource that will help researchers further enhance their understanding of this pathogenic yeast, and will aid in new discoveries and therapeutics.
Cryptographic Primitives in Blockchain Technology: A mathematical introduction
by Andreas BolfingMany online applications, especially in the financial industries, are running on blockchain technologies in a decentralized manner, without the use of an authoritative entity or a trusted third party. Such systems are only secured by cryptographic protocols and a consensus mechanism. As blockchain-based solutions will continue to revolutionize online applications in a growing digital market in the future, one needs to identify the principal opportunities and potential risks. Hence, it is unavoidable to learn the mathematical and cryptographic procedures behind blockchain technology in order to understand how such systems work and where the weak points are. Cryptographic Primitives in Blockchain Technology provides an introduction to the mathematical and cryptographic concepts behind blockchain technologies and shows how they are applied in blockchain-based systems. This includes an introduction to the general blockchain technology approaches that are used to build the so-called immutable ledgers, which are based on cryptographic signature schemes. As future quantum computers will break some of the current cryptographic primitive approaches, Andreas Bolfing considers their security and presents the current research results that estimate the impact on blockchain-based systems if some of the cryptographic primitive break. Based on the example of Bitcoin, he shows that weak cryptographic primitives pose a possible danger for the ledger, which can be overcome through the use of the so-called post-quantum cryptographic approaches.
Cryptorchidism: Ultrastructure of Normal and Cryptorchid Testis Development (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology #53/3)
by F. HadziselimovicCytological techniques have greatly improved in the last twenty years, largely as a result of further development of the microscope. Electron microscopy, in particular, has opened up great prospects for the study of cell morphology, while the develop ment of radio-immuno-assay has brought great progress in endocrinology. The applica tion of these two techniques, which are complementary to each other and provide mutually supporting evidence, is the subject of this monograph. The work is divided into two parts. The first deals with the ultrastructure of normal testicular development, describing four main elements of the testicle - the germ cells, the Sertoli cells, the peri tubular connective tissue and the Leydig cell- with details of their individual development. To make the electron micrographs more easily understandable, diagrams have been used to explain the most important points. The second part deals with cryptorchid testicles, including the primary and sec ondary changes involved and morphometric studies of the secondary changes. The significance of these ultrastructural observations for the treatment of cryptorchidism is emphasized. With the aid of radio-immuno-assay the level of testosterone in cryp torchid mice was determined and comparisons drawn between the ultrastructural changes in cryptorchidism in mouse and man. The experimental studies served as a basis for the hypothesis that, in all probability, a congenital disturbance of the hy pothalamo-hypophyso-gonadal axis is responsible for cryptorchidism. I hope that this monograph will contribute towards a better understanding of normal and cryptorchid testicular development and of the etiology of cryptorchidism.
Cryptosporidium: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2052)
by Jan R. Mead Michael J. ArrowoodThis book encompasses broad aspects of Cryptosporidium research with established methods that have been improved and expanded over the years as well as recent cutting-edge techniques. Within this collection are numerous molecular methods as well as protocols for genotyping and diagnostics, while also including room for in vitro cell culture techniques to address the issues with growing this difficult organism continuously. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Cryptosporidium: Methods and Protocols serves as an idea guide to the inherent challenges of working with cryptosporidial parasites to provide a foundation for new investigators to build upon.The chapter “Accessing Cryptosporidium Omic and Isolate Data via CryptoDB.org” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.