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Effective Electron Mass in Low-Dimensional Semiconductors (Springer Series in Materials Science #167)
by Sitangshu Bhattacharya Kamakhya Prasad GhatakThis book deals with the Effective Electron Mass (EEM) in low dimensional semiconductors. The materials considered are quantum confined non-linear optical, III-V, II-VI, GaP, Ge, PtSb2, zero-gap, stressed, Bismuth, carbon nanotubes, GaSb, IV-VI, Te, II-V, Bi2Te3, Sb, III-V, II-VI, IV-VI semiconductors and quantized III-V, II-VI, IV-VI and HgTe/CdTe superlattices with graded interfaces and effective mass superlattices. The presence of intense electric field and the light waves change the band structure of optoelectronic semiconductors in fundamental ways, which have also been incorporated in the study of the EEM in quantized structures of optoelectronic compounds that control the studies of the quantum effect devices under strong fields. The importance of measurement of band gap in optoelectronic materials under strong electric field and external photo excitation has also been discussed in this context. The influence of crossed electric and quantizing magnetic fields on the EEM and the EEM in heavily doped semiconductors and their nanostructures is discussed. This book contains 200 open research problems which form the integral part of the text and are useful for both Ph. D aspirants and researchers in the fields of solid-state sciences, materials science, nanoscience and technology and allied fields in addition to the graduate courses in modern semiconductor nanostructures. The book is written for post graduate students, researchers and engineers, professionals in the fields of solid state sciences, materials science, nanoscience and technology, nanostructured materials and condensed matter physics.
Effective Environmental Emergency Responses: A Holistic Response
by Paul A. EricksonThis book focuses on the variety of subsequent consequences that may follow the conclusion of the immediate emergency response effort, consequences that require multi-disciplinary efforts and most likely may require a revamping of the historical interplay of national and other political authorities. The book is essentially a critique of contemporary emergency response which, in both the public perception and, unfortunately, in the mind-set of many practicing professionals emphasizes an emergency as a singular event. It is a mistaken view: an emergency is actually a sequence of multiple, singular events that unfold over time, sometimes measured in days and weeks and, most often, in months, years and decades. This book focuses on the need, in the current and recent past generation to revamp our thinking about planning for and responding comprehensively to those periodic disruptions to daily routine we call "emergencies".
Effective Environmental Regulation: Learning from Poland's Experience
by David P. Angel Halina Szejnwald Brown Patrick G. DerrChallenging views prevalent among Western and Polish scholars, this book explains Poland's surprising success in developing effective environmental and occupational regulatory systems while achieving remarkable socioeconomic growth, despite the toxic legacy of the Communist era. It offers rich insights into the questions of how one can achieve both economic growth and improved environmental and safety protection, and of the extent to which regulatory systems can be transferred across national and cultural boundaries. The authors develop a theoretical framework for assessing regulatory success, then use it to analyze Poland's recent experience. Grounded in five case studies of recently privatized firms, the analysis also presents a new survey of privately owned firms, extensive policy and data analysis, and interviews with key policy leaders, entrepreneurs, and intellectuals.The book points to case-specific decision making and information richness as key dimensions of an effective regulatory system and considers in depth the extent to which information richness is culturally dependent, and hence its portability as a policy tool. Addressing regulatory issues that are specific to both the United States and the international development community, the book makes a significant contribution to advancing the theoretical and conceptual frameworks used to explain the success, or lack of success, of regulatory systems.
Effective Evolution Equations from Quantum Dynamics (SpringerBriefs in Mathematical Physics #7)
by Niels Benedikter Marcello Porta Benjamin SchleinThese notes investigate the time evolution of quantum systems, and in particular the rigorous derivation of effective equations approximating the many-body Schrödinger dynamics in certain physically interesting regimes. The focus is primarily on the derivation of time-dependent effective theories (non-equilibrium question) approximating many-body quantum dynamics. The book is divided into seven sections, the first of which briefly reviews the main properties of many-body quantum systems and their time evolution. Section 2 introduces the mean-field regime for bosonic systems and explains how the many-body dynamics can be approximated in this limit using the Hartree equation. Section 3 presents a method, based on the use of coherent states, for rigorously proving the convergence towards the Hartree dynamics, while the fluctuations around the Hartree equation are considered in Section 4. Section 5 focuses on a discussion of a more subtle regime, in which the many-body evolution can be approximated by means of the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Section 6 addresses fermionic systems (characterized by antisymmetric wave functions); here, the fermionic mean-field regime is naturally linked with a semiclassical regime, and it is proven that the evolution of approximate Slater determinants can be approximated using the nonlinear Hartree-Fock equation. In closing, Section 7 reexamines the same fermionic mean-field regime, but with a focus on mixed quasi-free initial data approximating thermal states at positive temperature.
Effective Expert Witnessing: Practices for the 21st Century
by Jack V. Matson S. Ravi JagannathanThe testimony of an expert witness can lead to success or failure in cases that hinge on the presentation‘s impact on a jury. Effective Expert Witnessing, Fifth Edition: Practices for the 21st Century explores the fundamentals of litigation, trial preparation, courtroom presentation, and the business of expert witnessing. Extensively updated to ref
Effective Expert Witnessing: Practices for the 21st Century (Routledge Revivals Ser.)
by Jack V. Matson S. Ravi JagannathanThe testimony of an expert witness can lead to success or failure in cases that hinge on the presentation‘s impact on a jury. Effective Expert Witnessing, Fifth Edition: Practices for the 21st Century explores the fundamentals of litigation, trial preparation, courtroom presentation, and the business of expert witnessing. Extensively updated to ref
Effective Field Theories for Heavy Majorana Neutrinos in a Thermal Bath (Springer Theses)
by Simone BiondiniIn this thesis we discuss the construction of an effective field theory (EFT) for non-relativistic Majorana fermions, show how to use it to calculate observables in a thermal medium, and derive the effects of these thermal particles on the CP asymmetry. The methods described in this thesis allow a systematic and effective description of the non-relativistic dynamics of a heavy Majorana fermion at finite temperature. The CP asymmetry is studied for hierarchical and nearly degenerate heavy-neutrino masses and the analysis includes the treatment of lepton-flavor effects. Heavy Majorana neutrinos are involved in many scenarios of physics beyond the standard model and, in the leptogenesis framework, they are at the root of the baryon asymmetry in the Universe. Besides simplifying existing results, the EFT approach provides useful tools for addressing even more involved observables. Indeed, taken together, the approach and the material presented here represent an important step toward a systematic improvement of our knowledge of the CP asymmetry in heavy-neutrino decays at finite temperature.
Effective Field Theories in Flavour Physics (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics #203)
by Thomas MannelThe book constitutes a compact review of the applications of effective field theory methods in flavour physics, with emphasis on heavy quark physics. Some of the relevant applications are discussed to illustrate the method. It covers the full range of theoretical tools related to the application of the effective field theory idea: Starting from the weak interactions as an effective theory derived from the standard model, well-established methods such as heavy quark effective theory, the heavy quark mass expansion and chiral perturbation theory are addressed. Also more recent ideas such as QCD factorization and soft collinear effective theory are outlined. Finally the standard model itself is viewed as an effective theory, allowing a model-independent look at the results of the new physics. The book should be useful for the advanced graduate student as well as for scientists who are interested in the theoretical toolkit used in the context of flavour physics. It is not meant as a complete review of the subject, rather it should be useful as an introduction to the basic ideas.
Effective Field Theory for Spontaneously Broken Symmetry (Lecture Notes in Physics #1023)
by Tomáš BraunerThis open access book is about spontaneous symmetry breaking, which is a classic area of theoretical physics that lies at the core of many fascinating phenomena such as ferromagnetism, superfluidity, superconductivity, or the Higgs mechanism. The book brings an up-to-date overview of spontaneous symmetry breaking and of modern effective field theory description thereof. The topics covered include the classification of Nambu–Goldstone bosons, nonlinear realization of internal and spacetime symmetries and the construction of the corresponding effective actions, and selected applications. With in-depth exposition of conceptual foundations and numerous illustrative examples, the book is accessible to anybody having taken a basic course on quantum field theory. It serves as a self-contained text for graduate students and junior researchers in diverse areas of physics, but also as a useful reference for experts.
Effective Field Theory in Particle Physics and Cosmology: Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School: Volume 108, July 2017 (Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School #108)
The topic of the CVIII session of the Ecole de Physique des Houches, held in July 2017, was Effective Field Theory in Particle Physics and Cosmology. Effective Field Theory (EFT) is a general method for describing quantum systems with multiple length scales in a tractable fashion. It allows to perform precise calculations in established models (such as the Standard Models of particle physics and cosmology), as well as to concisely parametrise possible effects from physics beyond the Standard Models. The goal of this school was to offer a broad introduction to the foundations and modern applications of Effective Field Theory in many of its incarnations. This is all the more important as there are preciously few textbooks covering the subject, none of them in a complete way. In this book, the lecturers present the concepts in a pedagogical way so that readers can adapt some of the latest developments to their own problems. The chapters cover almost all the lectures given at the school and will serve as an introduction to the topic and as a reference manual to students and researchers.
Effective Industrial Membrane Processes: Benefits and Opportunities
by M. K. TurnerThe aim of the Technical Advisory Committee, in planning the c~:>Dtent of this meeting, was to illustrate the range of separation processes in which the use of membranes was practical and effective at an industrial scale. As Professor Strathmann reveals, the market for process equipment built around membranes is now worth about $5x1(f annually, and it seemed important to review this technology, and to point the direction of future technical advances. All but the most critical reader should find some items of interest. The Committee would admit to not fulftlling all of thier aims, although those delegates who attended the meeting in Edinburgh judged it a success. In the event it provided representative examples of processes from the food and beverage industry, from water treatment, and from the chemical industry, of which the removal of alcohol from fermented beverages, shipboard desalination and solvent recovery are three. The major uses of charged membranes and sterile processes are not covered, nor 9 is the largest market, $1.2x10 annually, for artificial kidney dialysis. However, it is interesting to see artificial kidney now finding an alternative use as a reactor for the production of monoclonal antibodies. We are also reminded by Professor Michel of the importance and efficiency of natural membranes in the kidney under conditions where fouling is crucial to their performance and enhances their selectivity.
Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques
by Nathan J. Gordon William L. FleisherEffective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques, Second Edition, is completely revised and updated so as to cover all the information a student needs to know to obtain answers from a witness, a victim, or a suspect and how to interpret these answers with the utmost accuracy. Building on the previous edition's ground-breaking search for truth in criminal and non-criminal investigations, this book contains five new chapters which include coverage of false confessions, interviewing the mentally challenged, and the ethics of interrogation in a post 9/11 world. This new edition includes highly illustrated chapters with topics ranging from the psycho-physiological basis of the forensic assessment to preparation for the interview/interrogation; question formulation; projective analysis of unwitting verbal clues; interviewing children and the mentally challenged; and pre-employment interviewing. Also included are several model worksheets and documents, case studies, and complete instructions for using the authors' Integrated Interrogation Technique, a 10-point, highly successful approach to obtaining confessions that can stand up in court. The book concludes with an insightful look at the future of truth verification. This book will be of benefit to attorneys, coroners, detectives, educators, forensic psychophysiologists (lie detection), human resource professionals, intelligence professionals, and investigators as well as journalists/authors, jurists, medical professionals, psychological professionals, researchers, and students. - Expanded coverage of Statement Analysis, including actual statements from real cases.- New photos to aid in assessing nonverbal behavior.- Added section on assessment of written statements.
Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques
by Nathan J. Gordon William L. FleisherEffective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques believably answers the question, How do you know when someone is lying? It also provides a guide for interviewing probable suspects and interrogating likely perpetrators on techniques and tradecraft. This book covers topics about searching for truth and revealing lies. It presents forensic assessments based on psychophysiology, and assessments on the basis of non-verbal behavior. The book also covers interview and interrogation preparation, as well as question formulation. It discusses the Morgan Interview Theme Technique or MITT, and the Forensic Assessment Interview or FAINT. The book addresses techniques for interviewing children and the mentally challenged, and offers information about pre-employment interviews. It also explains how to understand aggressive behavior and how to deal with angry people. The book concludes by presenting future methods for searching for the truth. Law enforcement and security professionals, as well as prosecutors, criminal defense lawyers, and civil litigators will find this book invaluable. - The only book to address FAINT, IIT, and MITT in one source - Enables the interviewer to obtain a confession that can stand up in court - Includes an online workbook with practical exercises to assist the reader
Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques
by Nathan J. Gordon William L. FleisherEffective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques believably answers the question, How do you know when someone is lying? It also provides a guide for interviewing probable suspects and interrogating likely perpetrators on techniques and tradecraft. This book covers topics about searching for truth and revealing lies. It presents forensic assessments based on psychophysiology, and assessments on the basis of non-verbal behavior. The book also covers interview and interrogation preparation, as well as question formulation. It discusses the Morgan Interview Theme Technique or MITT, and the Forensic Assessment Interview or FAINT. The book addresses techniques for interviewing children and the mentally challenged, and offers information about pre-employment interviews. It also explains how to understand aggressive behavior and how to deal with angry people. The 4th Edition adds several Chapters on how to ascertain maximum information from victims and witnesses. The book concludes by presenting future methods for searching for the truth. Law enforcement and security professionals, as well as prosecutors, criminal defense lawyers, and civil litigators will find this book invaluable. - The only book to address FAINT, Integrated Interrogation Technique, Forensic Statement Analysis and MITT in one source - Several Chapters on ascertaining information from witnesses and victims - Enables the interviewer to obtain a confession that can stand up in court
Effective Lagrangians for the Standard Model (Theoretical and Mathematical Physics)
by Antonio Dobado Angel Gomez-Nicola Antonio L. Maroto Jose R. PelaezThis book is devoted to some recently developed techniques in quantum field theory (QFT), as well as to their main applications to different areas of parti cle physics. All together they are known as the effective or phenomenological Lagrangian formalism. Motivated by the enormous amount of work carried out in this field during the last years, our purpose when writing this book has been to give a modern and pedagogical exposition of the most relevant as pects of the topic. We hope that our efforts will be useful, both for graduated students in the search for a solid theoretical background in modern phe nomenology and for more experimented particle physicists willing to learn about this field or to start working on it. Even though we have tried to keep the book as self-contained as possible, it has been written assuming that the reader is familiar, at least, with the most basic concepts and techniques of QFT, gauge theories, the standard model (SM) and differential geometry, at the level of graduate studies. It is therefore possible that senior high-energy physicists may find the book too detailed and so they could probably omit several sections. The book is divided into two main parts and the appendices. In the first part we introduce the fundamentals of the effective Lagrangian formalism and other basic topics such as Ward identities, non-linear sigma models (NLSM), spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), anomalies, the SM symmetries, etc.
Effective Learning after Acquired Brain Injury: A practical guide to support adults with neurological conditions
by Beth Wicks Graham LowingsEffective Learning After Acquired Brain Injury provides clear guidance on delivering productive educational programmes for adolescents and adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). Written for the non-specialist, the book provides an accessible overview of the neuropsychological deficits resulting from ABI and the ways in which these can affect an individual’s ability to learn and to benefit from educational programmes. This is the first book of its kind to focus on the adaptation of educational programmes for adults rather than children. The authors explain how to take the results of a neuropsychological assessment as a guide in order to construct a cognitive profile and to create individually tailored educational plans and rehabilitation programmes. They also describe specific strategies that can be taught or utilised, and ways in which they can be set out in a simple plan. The book includes an extensive collection of resources which can be reproduced for the reader’s own use. Effective Learning After Acquired Brain Injury will be an invaluable resource for general facilitators, clinicians and practitioners who provide educational opportunities in rehabilitation centres for individuals with a variety of neurological conditions, and also for those delivering education in forensic settings. It will maximise the quality of teaching, and the person’s potential to learn, and improve the success rate of rehabilitation programmes and those aimed at reducing offending.
Effective Learning after Acquired Brain Injury: A practical guide to support adults with neurological conditions
by Beth Wicks Graham LowingsEffective Learning After Acquired Brain Injury provides clear guidance on delivering productive educational programmes for adolescents and adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). Written for the non-specialist, the book provides an accessible overview of the neuropsychological deficits resulting from ABI and the ways in which these can affect an individual’s ability to learn and to benefit from educational programmes. This is the first book of its kind to focus on the adaptation of educational programmes for adults rather than children. The authors explain how to take the results of a neuropsychological assessment as a guide in order to construct a cognitive profile and to create individually tailored educational plans and rehabilitation programmes. They also describe specific strategies that can be taught or utilised, and ways in which they can be set out in a simple plan. The book includes an extensive collection of resources which can be reproduced for the reader’s own use. Effective Learning After Acquired Brain Injury will be an invaluable resource for general facilitators, clinicians and practitioners who provide educational opportunities in rehabilitation centres for individuals with a variety of neurological conditions, and also for those delivering education in forensic settings. It will maximise the quality of teaching, and the person’s potential to learn, and improve the success rate of rehabilitation programmes and those aimed at reducing offending.
Effective Learning in the Life Sciences: How Students Can Achieve Their Full Potential
by David J. AdamsEffective Learning in the Life Sciences is intended to help ensure that each student achieves his or her true potential by learning how to solve problems creatively in laboratory, field or other workplace setting. Each chapter describes state of the art approaches to learning and teaching and will include case studies, worked examples and a section that lists additional online and other resources. All of the chapters are written from the perspective both of students and academics and emphasize and embrace effective scientific method throughout. This title also draws on experience from a major project conducted by the Centre for Bioscience, with a wide range of collaborators, designed to identify and implement creative teaching in bioscience laboratories and field settings. With a strong emphasis on students thinking for themselves and actively learning about their chosen subject Effective Learning in the Life Sciences provides an invaluable guide to making the university experience as effective as possible.
Effective Learning in the Life Sciences: How Students Can Achieve Their Full Potential
by David J. AdamsEffective Learning in the Life Sciences is intended to help ensure that each student achieves his or her true potential by learning how to solve problems creatively in laboratory, field or other workplace setting. Each chapter describes state of the art approaches to learning and teaching and will include case studies, worked examples and a section that lists additional online and other resources. All of the chapters are written from the perspective both of students and academics and emphasize and embrace effective scientific method throughout. This title also draws on experience from a major project conducted by the Centre for Bioscience, with a wide range of collaborators, designed to identify and implement creative teaching in bioscience laboratories and field settings. With a strong emphasis on students thinking for themselves and actively learning about their chosen subject Effective Learning in the Life Sciences provides an invaluable guide to making the university experience as effective as possible.
Effective Medium Theory: Principles and Applications (International Series of Monographs on Physics #165)
by Tuck C. ChoyEffective medium theory dates back to the early days of the theory of electricity. Faraday 1837 proposed one of the earliest models for a composite metal-insulator dielectric, and around 1870 Maxwell and later Garnett (1904) developed models to describe a composite or mixed material medium. The subject has been developed considerably since and while the results are useful for predicting materials performance, the theory can also be used in a wide range of problems in physics and materials engineering. This book develops the topic of effective medium theory by bringing together the essentials of both the static and the dynamical theory. Electromagnetic systems are thoroughly dealt with, as well as related areas such as the CPA theory of alloys, liquids, the density functional theory etc, with applications to ultrasonics, hydrodynamics, superconductors, porous media and others, where the unifying aspects of the effective medium concept are emphasized. In this new second edition two further chapters have been added to deal with the theory of electrolytes and the exciting frontiers in electromagnetic and related areas of cloaking research all from the perspective of effective medium theory. In addition, a new appendix with notes on the example problems makes this an ideal graduate level text book and research reference source.
Effective Model-Based Systems Engineering
by John M. Borky Thomas H. BradleyThis textbook presents a proven, mature Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methodology that has delivered success in a wide range of system and enterprise programs. The authors introduce MBSE as the state of the practice in the vital Systems Engineering discipline that manages complexity and integrates technologies and design approaches to achieve effective, affordable, and balanced system solutions to the needs of a customer organization and its personnel. The book begins with a summary of the background and nature of MBSE. It summarizes the theory behind Object-Oriented Design applied to complex system architectures. It then walks through the phases of the MBSE methodology, using system examples to illustrate key points. Subsequent chapters broaden the application of MBSE in Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), real-time systems, cybersecurity, networked enterprises, system simulations, and prototyping. The vital subject of system and architecture governance completes the discussion. The book features exercises at the end of each chapter intended to help readers/students focus on key points, as well as extensive appendices that furnish additional detail in particular areas. The self-contained text is ideal for students in a range of courses in systems architecture and MBSE as well as for practitioners seeking a highly practical presentation of MBSE principles and techniques.
Effective Non-Hermiticity and Topology in Markovian Quadratic Bosonic Dynamics (Springer Theses)
by Vincent Paul FlynnThis thesis provides an in-depth investigation of effective non-Hermiticity and topology in many-mode, non-interacting, bosonic systems. It also establishes the extent to which one must move beyond the Hamiltonian, closed-system setting, in order to uncover signatures of genuine symmetry-protected topological (SPT) physics in "free" (mean-field) bosons. While SPT phases of free fermionic matter and their associated zero-energy boundary-localized modes have been thoroughly explored, similar physics in free bosonic systems still remains elusive. No fermionic counterpart exists for the distinctive dynamical behavior that arises from the effective non-Hermiticity, intrinsic even at equilibrium, to bosonic Hamiltonians. Therefore, a much needed paradigm shift is required to address major conceptual roadblocks in the search for SPT bosonic phases.The analysis within develops, in particular, the notion of topological metastability in quadratic bosonic systems subject to Markovian dissipation. The resulting dynamical paradigm was found to be characterized by both a sharp separation between transient and asymptotic dynamics and non-trivial topological invariants. It also features long-lived boundary-localized "Majorana boson" and "Dirac boson" modes, which realize tight bosonic analogues to the edge modes characteristic of fermionic SPT phases. This comprehensive look into non-interacting bosonic systems breaks important new ground for re-imagining quantum phenomena beyond equilibrium, with novel applications in quantum science.
Effective Parameters of Hydrogeological Models (SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences)
by Vikenti GorokhovskiModels of geological objects are tools for interpolation and extrapolation of available data in space and time continuously. Real structures of the objects are unknown, and their models and simulated results carry uncertainty which cannot be evaluated in a provable way. The real issue is obtaining effective predictions in a reasonably defined sense. This requires a knowledge of mechanisms that convert actual geological properties into effective model parameters. These mechanisms are introduced in the book. They reveal that effective parameters are not statistics but characteristics optimizing the system made up by geological surroundings, their models, predictive problem formulations, including mathematical models of the simulated processes, boundary conditions, monitoring networks, criteria of efficiency and even by time. Examples of evaluating and applying transformation for assigning effective parameters and solving inverse problems are presented.
Effective Properties of Heterogeneous Materials (Solid Mechanics and Its Applications #193)
by Mark Kachanov and Igor SevostianovThe book contains state-of the-art reviews in the area of effective properties of heterogeneous materials - the classical field at interface of materials science and solid mechanics. The primary focus is on thermo-mechanical properties, materials science applications, as well as computational aspects and new opportunities provided by rapidly increasing computer powers. The reviews are at the level that is appropriate for a substantial community of researchers working in this field, both at universities and in the industry, and to graduate students. The book can be used as supplementary reading to graduate level courses.
Effective Risk Communication: A Message-Centered Approach (Food Microbiology and Food Safety)
by Robert Littlefield Robert R. Ulmer Matthew W. Seeger Timothy L. SellnowCoordination of risk assessments and risk communication strategies requires information sharing and establishing networks of working relationships between groups and agencies. Establishing these relationships necessitates overcoming - stitutional, cultural, and political boundaries. Signi?cant barriers exist between r- ulatory agencies and industry groups. Traditionally, these groups have mistrusted one another, and cooperation and collaboration, including sharing information, c- respondingly has been limited. The adoption of radio frequency identi?cation te- nology for tracking livestock, for example, has been met with signi?cant resistance due in part to mistrust between regulatory agencies and producers (Veil, 2006). In the food industry, the need for coordination has been enhanced by industry in- gration and globalization of both markets and production. In the case of GM foods discussed earlier, disagreements between U. S. , European Union, and Canadian r- ulatory agencies fueled the debate over the safety of GM crops. Overcoming institutional and cultural barriers, and mistrust is necessary to create consistency in risk messages. Open communication and information sharing can help clarify where risk perceptions diverge and identify points of convergence. The outcome may not be universal agreement about risks, but convergence around the general parameters of risk. Summary These best practice strategies of risk communication are not designed to function as distinct steps or isolated approaches. Rather than being mutually exclusive, they serve to complement one another and create a coherent approach to confronting risk communication problems.