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Electrical and Optoelectronic Properties of the Nanodevices Composed of Two-Dimensional Materials: Graphene and Molybdenum (IV) Disulfide (Springer Theses)
by Cheng-Hua LiuThis thesis focuses on the transport and magneto-transport properties of graphene p-n-p junctions, such as the pronounced quantum Hall effect, a well-defined plateau–plateau transition point, and scaling behavior. In addition, it demonstrates persistent photoconductivity (PPC) in the monolayer MoS2 devices, an effect that can be attributed to random localized potential fluctuations in the devices. Further, it studies scaling behavior at zeroth Landau level and high performance of fractional values of quantum Hall plateaus in these graphene p-n-p devices. Moreover, it demonstrates a unique and efficient means of controlling the PPC effect in monolayer MoS2. This PPC effect may offer novel functionalities for MoS2-based optoelectronic applications in the future.
Electrical and Related Properties of Organic Solids (NATO Science Partnership Subseries: 3 #24)
by R. W. Munn Andrzej Miniewicz Bogdan KuchtaOrganic solids exhibit a wide range of electrical and related properties. They occur as crystals, glasses, polymers and thin films; they may be insulators, semiconductors, conductors or superconductors; and they may show luminescence, nonlinear optical response, and complex dynamical behaviour. The book provides a broad survey of this area, written by international experts, one third being drawn from Eastern Europe. Electrical, optical, spectroscopic and structural aspects are all treated in a way that gives an excellent introduction to current themes in this highly interdisciplinary and practically important area. The coverage is especially strong in the areas where electrical and optical properties overlap, such as photoconductivity, electroluminescence, electroabsorption, electro-optics and photorefraction.
Electrical Atomic Force Microscopy for Nanoelectronics (NanoScience and Technology)
by Umberto CelanoThe tremendous impact of electronic devices on our lives is the result of continuous improvements of the billions of nanoelectronic components inside integrated circuits (ICs). However, ultra-scaled semiconductor devices require nanometer control of the many parameters essential for their fabrication. Through the years, this created a strong alliance between microscopy techniques and IC manufacturing. This book reviews the latest progress in IC devices, with emphasis on the impact of electrical atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques for their development. The operation principles of many techniques are introduced, and the associated metrology challenges described. Blending the expertise of industrial specialists and academic researchers, the chapters are dedicated to various AFM methods and their impact on the development of emerging nanoelectronic devices. The goal is to introduce the major electrical AFM methods, following the journey that has seen our lives changed by the advent of ubiquitous nanoelectronics devices, and has extended our capability to sense matter on a scale previously inaccessible.
Electrical Biosignals in Biomedical Engineering: Medical Sensors, Measurement Technology and Signal Processing
by Peter Husar Gabriel GašparDas grundlegende Kompendium führt in das zunehmend wichtiger werdende Thema der Biosginalverarbeitung ein. Der inhaltliche Aufbau orientiert sich an der Abfolge der diagnostischen Kette: von Sensorik, Signalverstärkung und -konditionierung über Signalabtastung und -digitalisierung, Methoden der Biosignalverarbeitung bis zu Auswertung und Diagnosevorschlag. Dabei liefert jedes Kapitel das entsprechende theoretische und methodische Wissen, behandelt Realisierungsalternativen und stellt Praxisbeispiele sowie die aktuell verfügbare Technik vor.
Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
by Bahman Zohuri Patrick J. McDanielIn this book, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, the authors present their embodiment for a closed loop, feedback controlled, non-invasive application of electrical stimulation of the brain to enhance individual/group performance or to treat neurological disorders. Using a combination of modeling and experimental work, the authors have developed a unique approach to the field in combination with new technology from the perspectives of electro-magnetic and electrical engineering, computation of image processing, machine learning and neural networking, and in conjunction with the medicine of neurology and understanding of neuron behavior. They claim that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) will provide new treatment methods with much greater simplicity, lower cost, improved safety, and in some cases, possibly greater effectiveness than well-established pharmacological methods or more recent invasive electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) techniques. The authors explain their techniques and the results of their experimental studies and assert that the application of tailored and individualized control of their approach can be combined with other therapy methods to treat neurological disorders while minimizing or even eliminating the use of pharmaceuticals.
Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
by Bahman Zohuri Patrick J. McDanielIn this book, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, the authors present their embodiment for a closed loop, feedback controlled, non-invasive application of electrical stimulation of the brain to enhance individual/group performance or to treat neurological disorders. Using a combination of modeling and experimental work, the authors have developed a unique approach to the field in combination with new technology from the perspectives of electro-magnetic and electrical engineering, computation of image processing, machine learning and neural networking, and in conjunction with the medicine of neurology and understanding of neuron behavior. They claim that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) will provide new treatment methods with much greater simplicity, lower cost, improved safety, and in some cases, possibly greater effectiveness than well-established pharmacological methods or more recent invasive electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) techniques. The authors explain their techniques and the results of their experimental studies and assert that the application of tailored and individualized control of their approach can be combined with other therapy methods to treat neurological disorders while minimizing or even eliminating the use of pharmaceuticals.
Electrical Breakdown and Discharges in Gases: Part B Macroscopic Processes and Discharges (NATO Science Series B: #89b)
by Erich E. KunhardtThis volume contains the lectures and seminars on Coronas, Gas Discharges, Diagnostics, Plasma Chemistry, and Applications pre sented at the Advanced Study Institute on Breakdown and Discharges in Gases. The Institute was held in Les Arcs, France, during June 28 to July 10, 1981. The first volume has been devoted to the areas of Basic Discharge Processes, Kinetic Theory and Gas Break down. This collection is both tutorial and representative of the state of the field. We hope it will be useful both to beginners and experienced researchers. We are grateful to a number of organizations for providing financial assistance. The Scientific Affiars Division of NATO provided the major contribution for the Institute. The Office of Naval Research, the Naval Surface Weapons Center at Dahlgren, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Air Force Weapons Laboratory provided additional support. The National Science Foun dation financed the travel of one student. We would like to acknowledge the many people who helped us organize and carry the Institute to its successful completion.
Electrical Breakdown and Discharges in Gases: Part A Fundamental Processes and Breakdown (Nato Science Series B: #89a)
by Erich E. Kunhardt Lawrence H. LuessenThe Advanced Study Institute on Breakdown and Discharges in Gases was held in Les Arcs, France, June 28 to July 10, 1981. The object of the Institute was to provide a broad but compre hensive presentation of the various topics in the field of Gaseous electronics. To achieve this goal, a number of lectures, seminars, and panel discussions were scheduled. Each topic was developed by two tutorial and/or review lectures, and brought to the present state of the topic by seminars and panel discussions. The program of topics and speakers was selected with the assistance of the advisory committee composed of: J. A. Rees, European Coordinator, England; M. Goldman, French Coordinator, France; A. H. Guenther, USA; M. Kristiansen, USA; and A. V. Phelps, USA. The most memorable aspect of the Institute was the sustained high interest of the faculty and participants for the two week period. The daily schedule was demanding: five hours of lectures, two hours of seminars and one of discussion. These sessions were often extended because of presentation by the participants of im proptu seminars. The discussions were intense. Majestic }10nt Blanc provided the backdrop for the lecture hall, and these surroundings and the weather contributed to the overall positive mood. It was a wonderful occasion. The lectures and seminars have been collected into two volumes.
Electrical Conduction in Graphene and Nanotubes
by Shigeji Fujita Akira SuzukiWritten in a self-contained manner, this textbook allows both advanced students and practicing applied physicists and engineers to learn the relevant aspects from the bottom up. All logical steps are laid out without omitting steps. The book covers electrical transport properties in carbon based materials by dealing with statistical mechanics of carbon nanotubes and graphene - presenting many fresh and sometimes provoking views. Both second quantization and superconductivity are covered and discussed thoroughly. An extensive list of references is given in the end of each chapter, while derivations and proofs of specific equations are discussed in the appendix. The experienced authors have studied the electrical transport in carbon nanotubes and graphene for several years, and have contributed relevantly to the understanding and further development of the field. The content is based on the material taught by one of the authors, Prof Fujita, for courses in quantum theory of solids and quantum statistical mechanics at the University at Buffalo, and some topics have also been taught by Prof. Suzuki in a course on advanced condensed matter physics at the Tokyo University of Science. For graduate students in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering and material sciences, with a knowledge of dynamics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and solid-state physics at the senior undergraduate level. Includes a large numbers of exercise-type problems.
Electrical Conduction in Graphene and Nanotubes
by Shigeji Fujita Akira SuzukiWritten in a self-contained manner, this textbook allows both advanced students and practicing applied physicists and engineers to learn the relevant aspects from the bottom up. All logical steps are laid out without omitting steps. The book covers electrical transport properties in carbon based materials by dealing with statistical mechanics of carbon nanotubes and graphene - presenting many fresh and sometimes provoking views. Both second quantization and superconductivity are covered and discussed thoroughly. An extensive list of references is given in the end of each chapter, while derivations and proofs of specific equations are discussed in the appendix. The experienced authors have studied the electrical transport in carbon nanotubes and graphene for several years, and have contributed relevantly to the understanding and further development of the field. The content is based on the material taught by one of the authors, Prof Fujita, for courses in quantum theory of solids and quantum statistical mechanics at the University at Buffalo, and some topics have also been taught by Prof. Suzuki in a course on advanced condensed matter physics at the Tokyo University of Science. For graduate students in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering and material sciences, with a knowledge of dynamics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and solid-state physics at the senior undergraduate level. Includes a large numbers of exercise-type problems.
Electrical Conquest: New Approaches to the History of Electrification (Archimedes #67)
by W. Bernard Carlson Erik M. ConwayThis book, drawing on fresh scholarship, investigates electrification in new places and across different time periods. While much of our understanding of electrification as a historical process is based on the seminal work done by Thomas P. Hughes in Networks of Power (1983), the scholars in this volume expand and revise Hughes’ systems approach to suggest that electrification is a heterogeneous and contingent process. Moreover, the contributors suggest that the conquest of the world by electricity remains incomplete despite more than a century elapsing. Above all, though, this book provides context for thinking about what lies ahead as humans continue their conquest of the earth through electricity. As we become increasingly dependent on electricity to power our lights, heat and cool our homes, turn the wheels of industry, and keep our information systems humming, so we are ever more vulnerable when the grid runs into trouble.Chapter "Surveying the Landscape: The Oil Industry and Alternative Energy in the 1970s" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Electrical Control and Quantum Chaos with a High-Spin Nucleus in Silicon (Springer Theses)
by Serwan AsaadNuclear spins are highly coherent quantum objects that were featured in early ideas and demonstrations of quantum information processing. In silicon, the high-fidelity coherent control of a single phosphorus (31-P) nuclear spin I=1/2 has demonstrated record-breaking coherence times, entanglement, and weak measurements. In this thesis, we demonstrate the coherent quantum control of a single antimony (123-Sb) donor atom, whose higher nuclear spin I = 7/2 corresponds to eight nuclear spin states. However, rather than conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we employ nuclear electric resonance (NER) to drive nuclear spin transitions using localized electric fields produced within a silicon nanoelectronic device. This method exploits an idea first proposed in 1961 but never realized experimentally with a single nucleus, nor in a non-polar crystal such as silicon. We then present a realistic proposal to construct a chaotic driven top from the nuclear spin of 123-Sb. Signatures of chaos are expected to arise for experimentally realizable parameters of the system, allowing the study of the relation between quantum decoherence and classical chaos, and the observation of dynamical tunneling. These results show that high-spin quadrupolar nuclei could be deployed as chaotic models, strain sensors, hybrid spin-mechanical quantum systems, and quantum-computing elements using all-electrical controls.
Electrical Distribution Systems
by Dale R. Patrick Stephen W. FardoFirst published in 2009. Comprehensive in scope, this book, now in its fully updated second edition, takes an applications-oriented approach to electrical distribution systems. All critical aspects of power production, distribution, control, conversion and measurement are presented. The authors place emphasis on real-world applications, examining electrical distribution and associated system operation from a user's or technician's point of view. The use of an ‘electrical power systems' model facilitates the reader's comprehensive understanding of electrical distribution, utilizing power distribution as a key starting point, and then applying that relationship to other important associated systems. The final chapter of this new edition is re-focused to emphasize the economics of distribution systems, computer power requirements and current environmental considerations. The book provides a valuable desk reference for the working engineer, contractor or technician who needs a thorough application-based guide for finding the best solutions to today's electrical distribution challenges.
Electrical Double Layer at a Metal-dilute Electrolyte Solution Interface (Lecture Notes in Chemistry #33)
by G.A. Martynov R.R. SalemMost of the properties of a metal-electrolyte interface, even the spe cific nature of an electrode reaction, proneness of a metal to cor rosion, etc., are primarily determined by the electrical double layer (EDL) at this boundary. It is therefore no surprise that for the last, at least, one hundred years intent attention should have been centered on EDL. So much of material has been gathered to date that we are easi ly lost in this maze of information. A substantial part of the attempts to systematize these facts is made at present within the framework of thermodynamics. Such a confined approach is undoubtedly inadequate. The Gouy-Chapman theory and the Stern-Grahame model of the dense part of EDL developed 40-70 years ago, tailored appropriately to suit the occasion, inevitably underlie any description of EDL. This route is rather too narrow to explain all the facts at our disposal. A dire necessity has thus arisen for widening the principles of the micros copic theory. This is precisely the objective of our monograph. Fur thermore, we shall dwell at length on the comparison of the theory with experiment: without such a comparative analysis, any theory, however elegant it may be, is just an empty drum.
Electrical Double Layers in Biology
by Konrad BachA number of apparently unrelated phenomena in biological systems (e.g., biopolymer aggregation, cell-cell interactions, ion transport across membranes) arise from the special properties of charged surfaces. A sym posium entitled "Electrical Double Layers in Biology", which took place at the Toronto meeting of the Electrochemical Society, 12-17 May 1985, focused on the common features of these phenomena. The papers presented at that symposium are collected here and they illustrate ways in which an under standing of electrical double layers can elucidate a problem in Biology. An example of this approach can be seen from the paper I presented on ion transport and excitation, where the "unusual" ion flows during nerve excitation are actually expected if one includes the effects of electrical double layers at membrane surfaces. Furthermore, the selectivity of the ion channels in these membranes can be better understood on this basis. Other presentations account for such observations as the changes in spacing between muscle proteins during contraction, the interactions of red cells to form rouleaux, the electrical properties of algal cell membranes, electrokinetic potentials during blood flow in arteries, etc. I trust that these papers will indicate the value of electrochemistry in the study of biological systems, an area of research usually called Bioelectrochemistry, and will encourage biologists to use these ideas when approaching related problems.
Electrical Energy Generation in Europe: The Current and Future Role of Conventional Energy Sources in the Regional Generation of Electricity
by Jorge Morales PedrazaMaximizing reader insights into the current use of conventional energy sources (such as fossil fuels) in the generation of electricity in the European region, this book addresses several key issues including: potential ways European countries could expand their energy sector in the coming years; the impact on the climate, the level of energy reserves, different efficiency measures that could be adopted to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the generation of electricity, and current and future energy production and consumption trends, amongst other topics. Covering both how the use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity can be reduced, and how to increase the current level of participation of those energy sources with a minimum negative impact on the environment in the energy balance of the different European countries, this book describes the main economic aspects related to the use of conventional energy sources for electricity generation and provides information on possible regional energy integration mechanisms and their potential impact on the generation of electricity. ‘Electrical Energy Generation in Europe’ is designed as a useful tool for government officials, energy experts, and the private and public power industry, among others, during the preparation of future energy plans and in the identification of the possible role that the different types of conventional energy sources available in the region could play in the production of electricity during the coming decades. The book is also suitable for use as teaching material in pre-graduated and post-graduate studies on the use of different types of conventional energy sources for electricity production within different European countries.
Electrical Energy Storage for Buildings in Smart Grids
by Benoît Robyns Christophe Saudemont Arnaud Davigny Hervé Barry Sabine Kazmierczak Dhaker Abbes Bruno FrançoisCurrent developments in the renewable energy field, and the trend toward self-production and self-consumption of energy, has led to increased interest in the means of storing electrical energy; a key element of sustainable development. This book provides an in-depth view of the environmentally responsible energy solutions currently available for use in the building sector. It highlights the importance of storing electrical energy, demonstrates the many services that the storage of electrical energy can bring, and discusses the important socio-economic factors related to the emergence of smart buildings and smart grids. Finally, it presents the methodological tools needed to build a system of storage-based energy management, illustrated by concrete, pedagogic examples.
Electrical Energy Storage for Buildings in Smart Grids
by Benoît Robyns Christophe Saudemont Arnaud Davigny Hervé Barry Sabine Kazmierczak Dhaker Abbes Bruno FrançoisCurrent developments in the renewable energy field, and the trend toward self-production and self-consumption of energy, has led to increased interest in the means of storing electrical energy; a key element of sustainable development. This book provides an in-depth view of the environmentally responsible energy solutions currently available for use in the building sector. It highlights the importance of storing electrical energy, demonstrates the many services that the storage of electrical energy can bring, and discusses the important socio-economic factors related to the emergence of smart buildings and smart grids. Finally, it presents the methodological tools needed to build a system of storage-based energy management, illustrated by concrete, pedagogic examples.
Electrical Energy Storage in Transportation Systems
by Benoît Robyns Christophe Saudemont Daniel Hissel Xavier Roboam Bruno Sareni Julien PougetThis book deals with the management and valuation of energy storage in electric power grids, highlighting the interest of storage systems in grid applications and developing management methodologies based on artificial intelligence tools. The authors highlight the importance of storing electrical energy, in the context of sustainable development, in "smart cities" and "smart transportation", and discuss multiple services that storing electrical energy can bring. Methodological tools are provided to build an energy management system storage following a generic approach. These tools are based on causal formalisms, artificial intelligence and explicit optimization techniques and are presented throughout the book in connection with concrete case studies.
Electrical Energy Storage in Transportation Systems
by Benoît Robyns Christophe Saudemont Daniel Hissel Xavier Roboam Bruno Sareni Julien PougetThis book deals with the management and valuation of energy storage in electric power grids, highlighting the interest of storage systems in grid applications and developing management methodologies based on artificial intelligence tools. The authors highlight the importance of storing electrical energy, in the context of sustainable development, in "smart cities" and "smart transportation", and discuss multiple services that storing electrical energy can bring. Methodological tools are provided to build an energy management system storage following a generic approach. These tools are based on causal formalisms, artificial intelligence and explicit optimization techniques and are presented throughout the book in connection with concrete case studies.
Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers
by S. Bobby RaufEngineers and non-engineers often eschew electrical engineering because it is premised on concepts and mathematical techniques that are somewhat more abstract and elusive than those employed in disciplines like civil, mechanical, and industrial engineering. Yet, because of the ubiquitous nature of electrical and electronic equipment and devices, and the indispensable role electricity plays in various facets of lives, a basic understanding of electrical engineering is essential. Engineers and non-engineers find themselves interfacing with electrical apparatus and dealing with matters that permeate into the electrical realm. Therein lies the purpose and objective of this book. This edition includes numerous updated pictures, diagrams, tables, charts, graphs, and improved explanation of certain concepts.
Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers
by S. Bobby RaufEngineers and non-engineers often eschew electrical engineering because it is premised on concepts and mathematical techniques that are somewhat more abstract and elusive than those employed in disciplines like civil, mechanical, and industrial engineering. Yet, because of the ubiquitous nature of electrical and electronic equipment and devices, and the indispensable role electricity plays in various facets of lives, a basic understanding of electrical engineering is essential. Engineers and non-engineers find themselves interfacing with electrical apparatus and dealing with matters that permeate into the electrical realm. Therein lies the purpose and objective of this book. This edition includes numerous updated pictures, diagrams, tables, charts, graphs, and improved explanation of certain concepts.
Electrical Fluctuations in Polyelectrolytes (SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science)
by José Antonio FornésThis brief is the result of the research the author has performed in recent years covering electrical fluctuations in numerous systems, including molecular electrical fluctuations, ionic fluctuations, ionic dielectric relaxation, spherical and cylindrical polyelectrolytes, ionic polarizability in polyelectrolytes, pH fluctuation in vesicles and electrical fluctuations in proteins. The importance of estimating electrical fluctuations resides in its richness of information and omnipresence in biological systems. In order to understand how these systems work it is vital to know the magnitude of their electrical fluctuations. Electromagnetic fluctuations are the origin of London (Van der Waals) forces between molecules, and Lifshitz forces between macro objects. Protonic fluctuations are the origin of Kirkwood and Shumaker forces between molecules and pH fluctuations. Furthermore, protonic fluctuations could be the cause of the dielectric increment of proteins in solution. Local electrical fluctuations can influence chemical reactions and so on. This book addresses the interplay of these pervasive phenomena. .
Electrical Impedance Tomography: Methods, History and Applications (Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering)
by Andy Adler David HolderWith contributions from leading international researchers, this second edition of Electrical Impedance Tomography: Methods, History and Applications has been fully updated throughout and contains new developments in the field, including sections on image interpretation and image reconstruction. Providing a thorough review of the progress of EIT, the present state of knowledge, and a look at future advances and applications, this accessible reference will be invaluable for mathematicians, physicists dealing with bioimpedance, electronic engineerers involved in developing and extending its applications, and clinicians wishing to take advantage of this powerful imaging method. Key Features: Fully updated throughout, with new sections on image interpretation and image reconstruction Overview of the current state of experimental and clinical use of EIT as well as active research developments Overview of related research in geophysics, industrial process tomography, magnetic-resonance and magnetic-inductionimpedance imaging
Electrical Impedance Tomography: Methods, History and Applications (Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering)
by David HolderWith contributions from leading international researchers, this second edition of Electrical Impedance Tomography: Methods, History and Applications has been fully updated throughout and contains new developments in the field, including sections on image interpretation and image reconstruction. Providing a thorough review of the progress of EIT, the present state of knowledge, and a look at future advances and applications, this accessible reference will be invaluable for mathematicians, physicists dealing with bioimpedance, electronic engineerers involved in developing and extending its applications, and clinicians wishing to take advantage of this powerful imaging method. Key Features: Fully updated throughout, with new sections on image interpretation and image reconstruction Overview of the current state of experimental and clinical use of EIT as well as active research developments Overview of related research in geophysics, industrial process tomography, magnetic-resonance and magnetic-inductionimpedance imaging