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Electrical Instruments / Elektrische Instrumente (Handbuch der Physik Encyclopedia of Physics #4 / 23)

Electrical Machine Drives Control: An Introduction

This comprehensive text examines existing and emerging electrical drive technologies. The authors clearly define the most basic electrical drive concepts and go on to explain the most important details while maintaining a solid connection to the theory and design of the associated electrical machines. Also including links to a number of industrial applications, the authors take their investigation of electrical drives beyond theory to examine a number of practical aspects of electrical drive control and application. Key features: * Provides a comprehensive summary of all aspects of controlled-speed electrical drive technology including control and operation. * Handling of electrical drives is solidly linked to the theory and design of the associated electrical machines. Added insight into problems and functions are illustrated with clearly understandable figures. * Offers an understanding of the main phenomena associated with electrical machine drives. * Considers the problem of bearing currents and voltage stresses of an electrical drive. * Includes up-to-date theory and design guidelines, taking into account the most recent advances. This book’s rigorous coverage of theoretical principles and techniques makes for an excellent introduction to controlled-speed electrical drive technologies for Electrical Engineering MSc or PhD students studying electrical drives. It also serves as an excellent reference for practicing electrical engineers looking to carry out design, analyses, and development of controlled-speed electrical drives.

Electrical Machine Drives Control: An Introduction

This comprehensive text examines existing and emerging electrical drive technologies. The authors clearly define the most basic electrical drive concepts and go on to explain the most important details while maintaining a solid connection to the theory and design of the associated electrical machines. Also including links to a number of industrial applications, the authors take their investigation of electrical drives beyond theory to examine a number of practical aspects of electrical drive control and application. Key features: * Provides a comprehensive summary of all aspects of controlled-speed electrical drive technology including control and operation. * Handling of electrical drives is solidly linked to the theory and design of the associated electrical machines. Added insight into problems and functions are illustrated with clearly understandable figures. * Offers an understanding of the main phenomena associated with electrical machine drives. * Considers the problem of bearing currents and voltage stresses of an electrical drive. * Includes up-to-date theory and design guidelines, taking into account the most recent advances. This book’s rigorous coverage of theoretical principles and techniques makes for an excellent introduction to controlled-speed electrical drive technologies for Electrical Engineering MSc or PhD students studying electrical drives. It also serves as an excellent reference for practicing electrical engineers looking to carry out design, analyses, and development of controlled-speed electrical drives.

Electrical Machines and Their Applications

This popular, easy-to-read book offers a comprehensive yet unique treatment of electrical machines and their historical development. Electrical Machines and Their Applications, Third Edition covers an in-depth analysis of machines augmented with ample examples, which makes it suitable for both those who are new to electric machines and for those who want to deepen their knowledge of electric machines. This book provides a thorough discussion of electrical machines. It starts by reviewing the basics of concepts needed to fully understand the machines, e.g., three-phase circuits and fundamentals of energy conversion, and continues to discuss transformers, induction machines, synchronous machines, dc machines, and other special machines and their dynamics. This natural progression creates a unifying theme and helps the reader appreciate how the same physical laws of energy conversion govern the operation and dynamics of different machine types. The text is sprinkled with ample examples to further solidify the discussed concepts. Several well-placed appendices make the book self-contained and even easier to follow. This book is part of a series on power system topics originally authored by the late Turan Gönen. The book has been edited by Ali Mehrizi-Sani to bring it up to date while maintaining its original charm. Both new and seasoned readers for Gönen’s books will find this new edition a much-awaited update to the second edition.

Electrical Machines and Their Applications

This popular, easy-to-read book offers a comprehensive yet unique treatment of electrical machines and their historical development. Electrical Machines and Their Applications, Third Edition covers an in-depth analysis of machines augmented with ample examples, which makes it suitable for both those who are new to electric machines and for those who want to deepen their knowledge of electric machines. This book provides a thorough discussion of electrical machines. It starts by reviewing the basics of concepts needed to fully understand the machines, e.g., three-phase circuits and fundamentals of energy conversion, and continues to discuss transformers, induction machines, synchronous machines, dc machines, and other special machines and their dynamics. This natural progression creates a unifying theme and helps the reader appreciate how the same physical laws of energy conversion govern the operation and dynamics of different machine types. The text is sprinkled with ample examples to further solidify the discussed concepts. Several well-placed appendices make the book self-contained and even easier to follow. This book is part of a series on power system topics originally authored by the late Turan Gönen. The book has been edited by Ali Mehrizi-Sani to bring it up to date while maintaining its original charm. Both new and seasoned readers for Gönen’s books will find this new edition a much-awaited update to the second edition.

Electrical Machines with MATLAB

Electrical Machines with MATLAB encapsulates the invaluable insight and experience that eminent instructor Turan Gonen has acquired in almost 40 years of teaching. With simple, versatile content that separates it from other texts on electrical machines, this book is an ideal self-study tool for advanced students in electrical and other areas of eng

Electrical Manipulation of Cells

Electrical Manipulation of Cells provides an authoritative and up-to-date review of the field, covering all the major techniques in a single source. The book features broad coverage that ranges from the mechanisms of action of external electrical fields on biological material to the ways in which electrical stimuli are employed to manipulate cells. Bringing together the work of leading international authorities, the book covers membrane breakdown, gene delivery, electroporation, electrostimulation, cell movement, hybridoma production, plant protoplasts, electrorotation and stimulation, and electromagnetic stimulation. For each topic, the authors discuss the relevance of the approach to the current state of the art of biotechnology. Electrical Manipulation of Cells is an unmatched source of information for anyone involved in the manipulation of cells, particularly biotechnologists, cell biology, microbiologists, biophysicists and plant scientists. For researchers, the book provides technical material that ccan be employed in their own work. Students will gain thorough appreciation of the applications of this important technique.

Electrical Materials: Performance Improvement, Recent Advances and Engineering Applications (Engineering Materials)

This book highlights the latest advances in advanced insulating materials. Energy crisis and environmental pollution are two major themes currently faced by the human society. It is of unprecedented strategic importance to construct a strong smart grid with super/ultra-high voltage network as the backbone and clean energy transmission as the leading force. However, the performance of electrical equipment and devices is greatly determined by the properties of their insulating materials, especially when they have to work in extreme circumstances including high-temperature differences, intense radiation, and strong electric fields. The key advantage of polymers is that their properties could be adjusted by changing their chemical composition and molecular structure. Research on polymer insulating materials has been highly successful as progress has been made in characterizing these properties, designing molecular structures, and studying polymers’ specialized properties. On the other hand, nanodielectrics are prepared by adding certain nanoscale fillers into a polymer matrix to yield better electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. When the particle pretreatment methods and the content or category of fillers are adjusted, nanodielectrics tend to have greater breakdown strength as well as better high-temperature resistance and space charge suppression. Therefore, this book covers investigations of properties of insulating materials that explore their interface effects and composite structures and introduces findings in methods that improve the performance of electrical devices. The book is not only used as a timely reference for engineering and technical personnel in related fields but also as a comprehensive textbook for college students.

Electrical Measurements in the Laboratory Practice (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)

This book covers the basic theory of electrical circuits, describes analog and digital instrumentation, and applies modern methods to evaluate uncertainties in electrical measurements. It is comprehensive in scope and is designed specifically to meet the needs of students in physics and electrical engineering who are attending laboratory classes in electrical measurements. The topics addressed in individual chapters include the analysis of continuous current circuits; sources of measurement uncertainty and their combined effect; direct current measurements; analysis of alternating current circuits; special circuits including resonant circuits, frequency filters and impedance matching networks; alternating current measurements; analog and digital oscilloscopes; non-sinusoidal waveforms and circuit excitation by pulses; distributed parameter components and transmission lines. Each chapter is equipped with a number of problems. A special appendix describes a series of nine experiments, in each case providing a plan of action for students and guidance for tutors to assist in the preparation and illustration of the experiment.

Electrical Nerve Stimulation: Theory, Experiments and Applications

Functional electrical stimulation is the most important application in the field of clinical treatment with currents or magnetism. This technique artificially generates neural activity in order to overcome lost functions of the paralized, incontinent or sensory handicapped patient. Electricity and magnetism is also used in many cases, e.g., to stimulate bone growth or wound healing. Nevertheless, the basic mechanism of the artificial excitation of nerve and muscle fibers has become known only in the last few years. Although many textbooks are concerned with the natural excitation process there is a lack of information on the influence of an applied electrical or magnetic field. This book, written for students and biomedical engineers, should close the gap and, furthermore, it should stimulate the design of new instrumentation using optimal strategies.

Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces: Fundamentals: Measurements, and Applications

Revising, updating and expanding information on developments since the late 1980s, the second edition of this work presents practical, fundamental material on interfacial electric phenomena in acqueous and nonaqueous systems, as well as their relation to colloid stability. The book includes 15 additional chapters that reflect collaborative efforts with new experts in the field.

Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces: Fundamentals: Measurements, and Applications

Revising, updating and expanding information on developments since the late 1980s, the second edition of this work presents practical, fundamental material on interfacial electric phenomena in acqueous and nonaqueous systems, as well as their relation to colloid stability. The book includes 15 additional chapters that reflect collaborative efforts with new experts in the field.

Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces and Biointerfaces: Fundamentals and Applications in Nano-, Bio-, and Environmental Sciences (Wiley Series On Surface And Interfacial Chemistry Ser.)

This book bridges three different fields: nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental sciences. It starts with fundamental electrostatics at interfaces and includes a detailed description of fundamental theories dealing with electrical double layers around a charged particle, electrokinetics, and electrical double layer interaction between charged particles. The stated fundamentals are provided as the underpinnings of sections two, three, and four, which address electrokinetic phenomena that occur in nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental science. Applications in nanomaterials, fuel cells, electronic materials, biomaterials, stems cells, microbiology, water purificiaion, and humic substances are discussed.

Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces and Biointerfaces: Fundamentals and Applications in Nano-, Bio-, and Environmental Sciences

This book bridges three different fields: nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental sciences. It starts with fundamental electrostatics at interfaces and includes a detailed description of fundamental theories dealing with electrical double layers around a charged particle, electrokinetics, and electrical double layer interaction between charged particles. The stated fundamentals are provided as the underpinnings of sections two, three, and four, which address electrokinetic phenomena that occur in nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental science. Applications in nanomaterials, fuel cells, electronic materials, biomaterials, stems cells, microbiology, water purificiaion, and humic substances are discussed.

Electrical Potentials in Biological Membrane Transport (Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Molekularbiologie, Biochemie und Biophysik #33)

The material of this volume was originally planned to be incorporated in the preceding monograph Mechanics and Energetics of Biological Transport. A separate and coherent treatment ofthe variety of bioelectrical phenomena was considered preferable, mainly for didactic reasons. Usually, the biologist has to gather the principles of bioelectricity he needs from different sources and on different levels. The present book intends to provide these principles in a more uniform context and in a form adjusted to the problems of a biol­ ogist, rather than of a physicist or electrical engineer. The main emphasis is put on the molecular aspect by relating the bioelectrical phenomena, such as the membrane diffusion potentials, pump potentials, or redox potentials, to the properties of the membrane concerned, and, as far as pOSSible, to specific steps of transport and metabolism of ions and nonelectrolytes. Little space is devoted to the familiar and widely used representation of bioelectrical phe­ nomena in terms of electrical networks, of equivalent circuits with batteries, resistances, capacities etc. In order to elucidate the basic principles, the formal treatment is kept as simple as pOSSible, using highly Simplified models, based on biological systems. The corresponding equations are derived in two ways: kinetically, i. e. in terms of the Law of Mass Action, as well as energetically, i. e. , in terms of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.

Electrical Power Engineering: Current State, Problems and Perspectives (Green Energy and Technology)

This book provides the short history, current state, main problems and historical perspective for the development of electrical power engineering. The focus of the textbook is on the two most important issues related to meeting of the growing needs of humanity in electricity: "Hunger for energy" and “Ecological infarct”. In the book are discussed the methods of their solution: optimization of energy balance, use of renewable energy resources, new methods of electricity production, increase of the efficiency of production, accumulation, transmission, distribution and consumption electricity. The third issue – social and geopolitical threats due to the increasing need for energy – in the textbook is not considered inasmuch it details in non-stop regime discussed in the mass media. Choosing the structure and content of the textbook is based on the ten years of the author experience of giving lectures to Tomsk Polytechnic University students who study according to the program Electric Power Engineering. This textbook is addresed to students, masters and post-graduates. It can be interesting for everyone who is thinking about the future of our civilization, in general, and meeting of human needs in electric power, in particular.

Electrical Power System Essentials

The electrical power supply is about to change; future generation will increasingly take place in and near local neighborhoods with diminishing reliance on distant power plants. The existing grid is not adapted for this purpose as it is largely a remnant from the 20th century. Can the grid be transformed into an intelligent and flexible grid that is future proof? This revised edition of Electrical Power System Essentials contains not only an accessible, broad and up-to-date overview of alternating current (AC) power systems, but also end-of-chapter exercises in every chapter, aiding readers in their understanding of the material introduced. With an original approach the book covers the generation of electric energy from thermal power plants as from renewable energy sources and treats the incorporation of power electronic devices and FACTS. Throughout there are examples and case studies that back up the theory or techniques presented. The authors set out information on mathematical modelling and equations in appendices rather than integrated in the main text. This unique approach distinguishes it from other text books on Electrical Power Systems and makes the resource highly accessible for undergraduate students and readers without a technical background directly related to power engineering. After laying out the basics for a steady-state analysis of the three-phase power system, the book examines: generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric energy wind energy, solar energy and hydro power power system protection and circuit breakers power system control and operation the organization of electricity markets and the changes currently taking place system blackouts future developments in power systems, HVDC connections and smart grids The book is supplemented by a companion website from which teaching materials can be downloaded.

Electrical Power System Essentials

The electrical power supply is about to change; future generation will increasingly take place in and near local neighborhoods with diminishing reliance on distant power plants. The existing grid is not adapted for this purpose as it is largely a remnant from the 20th century. Can the grid be transformed into an intelligent and flexible grid that is future proof? This revised edition of Electrical Power System Essentials contains not only an accessible, broad and up-to-date overview of alternating current (AC) power systems, but also end-of-chapter exercises in every chapter, aiding readers in their understanding of the material introduced. With an original approach the book covers the generation of electric energy from thermal power plants as from renewable energy sources and treats the incorporation of power electronic devices and FACTS. Throughout there are examples and case studies that back up the theory or techniques presented. The authors set out information on mathematical modelling and equations in appendices rather than integrated in the main text. This unique approach distinguishes it from other text books on Electrical Power Systems and makes the resource highly accessible for undergraduate students and readers without a technical background directly related to power engineering. After laying out the basics for a steady-state analysis of the three-phase power system, the book examines: generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric energy wind energy, solar energy and hydro power power system protection and circuit breakers power system control and operation the organization of electricity markets and the changes currently taking place system blackouts future developments in power systems, HVDC connections and smart grids The book is supplemented by a companion website from which teaching materials can be downloaded.

Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution: Aging and Life Extension Techniques

Electrical distribution and transmission systems are complex combinations of various conductive and insulating materials. When exposed to atmospheric corrosive gases, contaminants, extreme temperatures, vibrations, and other internal and external impacts, these systems deteriorate, and sooner or later their ability to function properly is destroyed. Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution: Aging and Life Extension Techniques offers practical guidance on ways to slow down the aging of these electrical systems, improve their performance, and extend their life. Recognize the Signs of Aging in Equipment—and Learn How to Slow It A reference manual for engineering, maintenance, and training personnel, this book analyzes the factors that cause materials to deteriorate and explains what you can do to reduce the impact of these factors. In one volume, it brings together extensive information previously scattered among manufacturers’ documentation, journal papers, conference proceedings, and general books on plating, lubrication, insulation, and other areas. Shows you how to identify the signs of equipment aging Helps you understand the causes of equipment deterioration Suggests practical techniques for protecting electrical apparatus from deterioration and damage Supplies information that can be used to develop manuals on proper maintenance procedures and choice of materials Provides numerous examples from industry This book combines research and engineering material with maintenance recommendations given in layperson’s terms, making it useful for readers from a range of backgrounds. In particular, it is a valuable resource for personnel responsible for the utilization, operation, and maintenance of electrical transmission and distribution equipment at power plants and industrial facilities.

Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution: Aging and Life Extension Techniques

Electrical distribution and transmission systems are complex combinations of various conductive and insulating materials. When exposed to atmospheric corrosive gases, contaminants, extreme temperatures, vibrations, and other internal and external impacts, these systems deteriorate, and sooner or later their ability to function properly is destroyed. Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution: Aging and Life Extension Techniques offers practical guidance on ways to slow down the aging of these electrical systems, improve their performance, and extend their life. Recognize the Signs of Aging in Equipment—and Learn How to Slow It A reference manual for engineering, maintenance, and training personnel, this book analyzes the factors that cause materials to deteriorate and explains what you can do to reduce the impact of these factors. In one volume, it brings together extensive information previously scattered among manufacturers’ documentation, journal papers, conference proceedings, and general books on plating, lubrication, insulation, and other areas. Shows you how to identify the signs of equipment aging Helps you understand the causes of equipment deterioration Suggests practical techniques for protecting electrical apparatus from deterioration and damage Supplies information that can be used to develop manuals on proper maintenance procedures and choice of materials Provides numerous examples from industry This book combines research and engineering material with maintenance recommendations given in layperson’s terms, making it useful for readers from a range of backgrounds. In particular, it is a valuable resource for personnel responsible for the utilization, operation, and maintenance of electrical transmission and distribution equipment at power plants and industrial facilities.

Electrical Properties of Graphite Nanoparticles in Silicone: Flexible Oscillators and Electromechanical Sensing (Springer Theses)

This thesis examines a novel class of flexible electronic material with great potential for use in the construction of stretchable amplifiers and memory elements. Most remarkably the composite material produces spontaneous oscillations that increase in frequency when pressure is applied to it. In this way, the material mimics the excitatory response of pressure-sensing neurons in the human skin. The composites, formed of silicone and graphitic nanoparticles, were prepared in several allotropic forms and functionalized with naphthalene diimide molecules. A systematic study is presented of the negative differential resistance (NDR) region of the current-voltage curves, which is responsible for the material’s active properties. This study was conducted as a function of temperature, graphite filling fraction, scaling to reveal the break-up of the samples into electric field domains at the onset of the NDR region, and an electric-field induced metal-insulator transition in graphite nanoparticles. The effect of molecular functionalization on the miscibility threshold and the current-voltage curves is demonstrated. Room-temperature and low-temperature measurements were performed on these composite films under strains using a remote-controlled, custom-made step motor bench.

Electrical Properties of Indium Arsenide Nanowires and Their Field-Effect Transistors (Springer Theses)

This book explores the impacts of important material parameters on the electrical properties of indium arsenide (InAs) nanowires, which offer a promising channel material for low-power electronic devices due to their small bandgap and high electron mobility. Smaller diameter nanowires are needed in order to scale down electronic devices and improve their performance. However, to date the properties of thin InAs nanowires and their sensitivity to various factors were not known. The book presents the first study of ultrathin InAs nanowires with diameters below 10 nm are studied, for the first time, establishing the channel in field-effect transistors (FETs) and the correlation between nanowire diameter and device performance. Moreover, it develops a novel method for directly correlating the atomic-level structure with the properties of individual nanowires and their device performance. Using this method, the electronic properties of InAs nanowires and the performance of the FETs they are used in are found to change with the crystal phases (wurtzite, zinc-blend or a mix phase), the axis direction and the growth method. These findings deepen our understanding of InAs nanowires and provide a potential way to tailor device performance by controlling the relevant parameters of the nanowires and devices.

Electrical Properties of Solids: Surface Preparation and Methods of Measurement (Solid State Physics Literature Guides)

Since 1963 the Research Materials Information Center has been answering inquiries on the availability, preparation, and properties of ultrapure inorganic research specimens. It has been possible to do this with reasonable efficiency by searching an automated coded microfilm collection of the report and open literature and of data sheets and question­ naires provided by commercial and research producers of pure materials. With the growth of the collection to over 70,000 documents and the increase in the demand for more general background information, it has been necessary to compile bibliographies on an increasing variety of subjects. These have been used as indexes to the microfilmed documents for more efficient searching, and in the past distributed in response to individual requests. However, their size and number no longer permit so casual and uneconomic a method of distribution. The "ORNL Solid State Physics Literature Guides" is a practical alternative. Organization The subject organization of the bibliography is given by the Table of Contents. Each section is preceded by a collection of reviews, bibliographies, and "general" papers (i.e., those dealing with methods or equipment rather than single materials, or with such a wide variety of materials that no subsection was appropriate). Coverage is generally from 1960 to mid-1970. Emphasis is on inorganic materials.

Electrical Properties of the Earth’s Mantle (Pageoph Topical Volumes)

Table 1 Earth conductivity profiles Figure File Name Apx. Depth Remarks References 1. Global Models 1939-69 LAPR39 0--1250 global Sq, Dst LAHIRI and PRICE, 1939; PRICE, 1973 RIKI50 0--1400 misc. data sources RIKITAKE. 1950; 1966 MCD057 0--2900 LAPR39 + secular change McDoNALD, 1957 CANT60 100--600 see ECKHARDT et a!. , 1963 CANTWELL, 1960 YUKU65 380--1900 ring current YUKUTAKE, 1965 BANK69 0--1700 ring current BANKS, 1969; 1972 2. Global Models 1970--74 BFRS70 100--700 Sq, Dst 27-d variations BERDICHEVSKY et a!. , 1970; 1973 PRKR70 0--3200 rework BANKS, 1969, data PARKER, 1970 SCJA72 0--1000 pulsations, bays, Sq, Dst SCHMUCKER and JANKOWSKI, 1972 BANK72 230--1250 model summary BANKS, 1972 JADY74 0--2951 Sq, 27-d, annual variations JADY, 1974 FAR074 300--1500 with BFRS70 FAINBERG and ROTANOVA, 1974 SCHM74 0--1000 see HAAK, 1980 SCHMUCKER, 1974 DMRB77 0--1450 all available data DMITRIEV et al. , 1977 Global Models 1974-1983 3. PRKN74 60-430 Sq PARKINSON, 1974 DUCM80 0--2900 annual means DUCRUIX et a!. , 1980 ISIK80 320--2020 Sq, Dst, annual, solar cycle ISIKARA, 1980 ACMC81 0--2875 secular impulse ACACHE et a!. , 1980 ROKI82 350--1200 various methods ROKITYANSKY. 1982 JAPA83 0--1200 Dst JADY and PATERSON, 1983 4. Pacific Models LAUN74 0--500 near Calif. ; see DRURY, 1978 LAUNAY, 1975 LARSEN, 1975 LAHA75 0--800 Hawaii 7-1350 FILL80 NE Pacific FILLOUX, 1980 LAW and GREENHOUSE, LWGR81 0--200 Juan de Fuca 1981 0--250 Juan de Fuca OLDENBURG et a!. , 1984 OLJA84 OLCA84 0-250 near Calif. OLDENBURG et al. , 1984 OLNC84 0--250 N. cent. Pacific OLDENBURG et ai.

Electrical Properties of Tissues: Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Mapping (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1380)

This book covers the latest developments in tissue electrical conductivity and current density imaging, increasingly popular as well as challenging applications of MRI. These applications are enabled by the acquisition of high-quality MR phase images. This book provides a practical description of the MRI physics needed to understand and acquire phase images in MRI and the key details required to reconstruct them into conductivity, current density or electric field distributions. Comprehensive details are provided about the electrical properties of biological tissues, computational modeling considerations, experimental methods, construction of non-biological and biological phantoms and MRI pulse sequences. An inclusive review of image reconstruction algorithms, and their potential applications is provided for applications directed at determining current density or electric fields, such as in transcranial DC or AC stimulation techniques; as well as electrical conductivity reconstructions that may be of use in quantitative MRI applications used to detect cancer or other pathologies. This is an excellent book for undergraduate and graduate students beginning to explore phase, current density, and conductivity imaging in MRI, and will also be of great use to researchers interested in the area of MR-based electrical property imaging.