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Equations of Motion in Relativistic Gravity (Fundamental Theories of Physics #179)
by Bernard Schutz Dirk Puetzfeld Claus LämmerzahlThe present volume aims to be a comprehensive survey on the derivation of the equations of motion, both in General Relativity as well as in alternative gravity theories. The topics covered range from the description of test bodies, to self-gravitating (heavy) bodies, to current and future observations.Emphasis is put on the coverage of various approximation methods (e.g., multipolar, post-Newtonian, self-force methods) which are extensively used in the context of the relativistic problem of motion. Applications discussed in this volume range from the motion of binary systems -- and the gravitational waves emitted by such systems -- to observations of the galactic center. In particular the impact of choices at a fundamental theoretical level on the interpretation of experiments is highlighted.This book provides a broad and up-do-date status report, which will not only be of value for the experts working in this field, but also may serve as a guideline for students with background in General Relativity who like to enter this field.
Equations of State for Solids at High Pressures and Temperatures
by V. N. ZharkovWe started our work on theoretical methods in the phys ics of high pressures (in connec tion with geophysical applications) in 1956, and we immediately encountered many problems. Naturally, we searched the published Iiterature for solutions to these problems but whenever we failed to find a solution or when the solution did not satisfy us, we attempted to solve the problern ourselves. We realized that other investigators working in the physics of high pres sures would probably encounter the same problems and doubts. Therefore, we decided to write this book in order to save our colleagues time and effort. Apart from the descriptions of ex perimental methods, the book deals only with those problems which we encountered in our own work. Allproblems in high-pressure physics have, at present, only approximate solutions, which are very rough. Therefore, it is not surprising that different investigators approach the same problems in different ways. Our approach does not prejudge the issue and we are fully aware that there are other points of view. Our aim was always to solve a glven problern on a physical basis. For example, the concept of the Grüneisenparameter needs further develop ment but it is based on reliable physical ideas. On the other hand, Simon's equation for the melting curve has, in our opinion, no clear physical basis and is purely empirical. Equations of this type are useful in systematic presentation of the experimental material but they are un suitable for any major extrapolation.
Equatorial Electrojet
by CAgodi OnwumechikliThis is the first book to review all the fields of equatorial electrojet phenomena and their relevant theories in one volume. In certain relevant sections, the book discusses both the equatorial electrojet and the world-wide parts of the Sq current systems. Onwumwchili is an internationally known and highly respected expert in the equatorial electrojet field- a brand of geomagnetism.
Equatorial Electrojet
by CAgodi OnwumechikliThis is the first book to review all the fields of equatorial electrojet phenomena and their relevant theories in one volume. In certain relevant sections, the book discusses both the equatorial electrojet and the world-wide parts of the Sq current systems. Onwumwchili is an internationally known and highly respected expert in the equatorial electrojet field- a brand of geomagnetism.
Equidosimetry: Ecological Standardization and Equidosimetry for Radioecology and Environmental Ecology (Nato Security through Science Series C: #Vol. 2)
by F. Bréchignac G. DesmetConsiderable experience with radioecological and related ecological research on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has been achieved, especially after the Chernobyl accident. The combined effects of the radiation, chemical and biological factors, after a contamination of the environment and during its remediation have shown an interactive complexity that highlights the need for equidosimetrical evaluations of the influence of the various stressors and the need for their ecological normalization. In radioecology and radiation protection, methods of radiation dosimetry are key for dose assessment. It is therefore highly desirable to develop a clear theoretical approach as well as a practical method of equidosimetry that would allow for an ecological normalization of the different stressors in unified uniform units, especially for comparison purposes.
The Equids: A Suite of Splendid Species (Fascinating Life Sciences)
by Herbert H. T. Prins Iain J. GordonThe narrative of the progression of the ‘horse family’ through geological time, from dog-sized fruit-eating animals with four toes on their front and three toes on their hind legs, to the valiant long-legged, single-toed modern grazing horses, beloved by racing enthusiasts, is the poster child of evolution. However, like the rhinos or tapirs, the horse-like zebras, wild asses, kulans, kiangs, onagers, and the real horses are often portrayed as being past their evolutionary peak as compared to the more recently evolved ruminants (especially bovids and deer) which now dominate the grazing niche. That story of a species group over its evolutionary zenith is compelling, but anyone who has travelled in the remote savannas of Africa or the cold wild deserts of Central Asia is awed with herds of glorious animals that clearly do not ruminate. It appears as though these, so-named ‘hind-gut fermenters’, are perhaps much better adapted to these environments than one is led to believe. The purpose of this book is to dispel the myth of the inferior Equidae by describing, and investigating, the evolutionary and ecological journey of the horse family in all its glory.
Equilibria and Kinetics of Biological Macromolecules
by Prof. Jan Hermans Barry LentzProgressively builds a deep understanding of macromolecular behavior Based on each of the authors' roughly forty years of biophysics research and teaching experience, this text instills readers with a deep understanding of the biophysics of macromolecules. It sets a solid foundation in the basics by beginning with core physical concepts such as thermodynamics, quantum chemical models, molecular structure and interactions, and water and the hydrophobic effect. Next, the book examines statistical mechanics, protein-ligand binding, and conformational stability. Finally, the authors address kinetics and equilibria, exploring underlying theory, protein folding, and stochastic models. With its strong emphasis on molecular interactions, Equilibria and Kinetics of Biological Macromolecules offers new insights and perspectives on proteins and other macromolecules. The text features coverage of: Basic theory, applications, and new research findings Related topics in thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and molecular simulations Principles and applications of molecular simulations in a dedicated chapter and interspersed throughout the text Macromolecular binding equilibria from the perspective of statistical mechanics Stochastic processes related to macromolecules Suggested readings at the end of each chapter include original research papers, reviews and monographs, enabling readers to explore individual topics in greater depth. At the end of the text, ten appendices offer refreshers on mathematical treatments, including probability, computational methods, Poisson equations, and defining molecular boundaries. With its classroom-tested pedagogical approach, Equilibria and Kinetics of Biological Macromolecules is recommended as a graduate-level textbook for biophysics courses and as a reference for researchers who want to strengthen their understanding of macromolecular behavior.
Equilibria and Kinetics of Biological Macromolecules
by Prof. Jan Hermans Barry LentzProgressively builds a deep understanding of macromolecular behavior Based on each of the authors' roughly forty years of biophysics research and teaching experience, this text instills readers with a deep understanding of the biophysics of macromolecules. It sets a solid foundation in the basics by beginning with core physical concepts such as thermodynamics, quantum chemical models, molecular structure and interactions, and water and the hydrophobic effect. Next, the book examines statistical mechanics, protein-ligand binding, and conformational stability. Finally, the authors address kinetics and equilibria, exploring underlying theory, protein folding, and stochastic models. With its strong emphasis on molecular interactions, Equilibria and Kinetics of Biological Macromolecules offers new insights and perspectives on proteins and other macromolecules. The text features coverage of: Basic theory, applications, and new research findings Related topics in thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and molecular simulations Principles and applications of molecular simulations in a dedicated chapter and interspersed throughout the text Macromolecular binding equilibria from the perspective of statistical mechanics Stochastic processes related to macromolecules Suggested readings at the end of each chapter include original research papers, reviews and monographs, enabling readers to explore individual topics in greater depth. At the end of the text, ten appendices offer refreshers on mathematical treatments, including probability, computational methods, Poisson equations, and defining molecular boundaries. With its classroom-tested pedagogical approach, Equilibria and Kinetics of Biological Macromolecules is recommended as a graduate-level textbook for biophysics courses and as a reference for researchers who want to strengthen their understanding of macromolecular behavior.
Equilibrium Activity Diagrams: For Coexisting Minerals and Aqueous Solutions at Pressures and Temperatures to 5 kb and 600 °C
by T. S. Bowers K. J. Jackson H. C. HelgesonThis book represents a revision and expansion of an earlier set of diagrams for tempera 0 0 tures from 25 to 300 C along the equilibrium vapor-liquid curve for H 0 (Helgeson, Brown, 2 and Leeper, 1969). The activity diagrams summarized in the following pages were generated over a six year period from 1977 to 1983 in the Laboratory of Theoretical Geochemistry (oth erwise known as Prediction Centra!) at the University of California, Berkeley. They represent the culmination of research efforts to generate a comprehensive and internally consistent set of thermodynamic data and equations for minerals, gases, and aqueous solutions at high pres sures and temperatures. Among the many who contributed to the successful completion of this book, we are especially indebted to David Kirkham, John Walther, and George Flowers, who wrote program SUPCRT, Tom Brown, who created program DIAGRAM, and Eli Mess inger, who generated the Tektronix plot routine to construct the diagrams. Ken Jackson and Terri Bowers both devoted an enormous amount of time and effort over the past six years to produce the diagrams in the following pages; some of which went through many stages of revision. Consequently, they appear as senior authors of this volume. It should be mentioned in this regard that their equal dedication to the project made it necessary to determine their order of authorship by flipping a coin.
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Aspects of Phase Transitions in Quantum Physics (Springer Theses)
by Ricardo PueblaIn this book, the equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of continuous phase transitions are studied in various systems, with a special emphasis on understanding how well-established universal traits at equilibrium may be extended into the dynamic realm, going beyond the paradigmatic Kibble–Zurek mechanism of defect formation. This book reports on the existence of a quantum phase transition in a system comprising just a single spin and a bosonic mode (the quantum Rabi model). Though critical phenomena are inherent to many-body physics, the author demonstrates that this small and ostensibly simple system allows us to explore the rich phenomenology of phase transitions, both in- and out-of-equilibrium. Moreover, the universal traits of this quantum phase transition may be realized in a single trapped-ion experiment, thus avoiding the need to scale up the number of constituents. In this system, the phase transition takes place in a suitable limit of system parameters rather than in the conventional thermodynamic limit – a novel notion that the author and his collaborators have dubbed the finite-component system phase transition. As such, the results gathered in this book will open promising new avenues in our understanding and exploration of quantum critical phenomena.
Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter: Supplemental Text for Materials Science and High-Pressure Geophysics
by M.H.G. Jacobs H.A.J. OonkThe Second Volume of “Equilibrium between Phases of Matter”, when compared with the First Volume, by H.A.J. Oonk and M.T. Calvet, published in 2008, amounts to an extension of subjects, and a deepening of understanding. In the first three sections of the text an extension is given of the theory on isobaric binary systems. The fourth section gives an account of the thermodynamic analyses of four isobaric binary key systems, highlighting the power of empirical, (exo)thermodynamic correlations. The fifth section is devoted to the thermodynamic description of ternary systems. The last three sections concentrate on the properties of materials, and the phase behaviour of systems under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure – conditions that prevail in the interior of the Earth. A new equation of state is the subject of the sixth section. In the seventh section a move is made to statistical thermodynamics and vibrational models; the description of the systems has changed from mathematical to physical. The last section is on the system MgO – SiO2, looked upon from a geophysical point of view.Throughout the work high priority is given to the thermodynamic assessment of experimental data; numerous end-of-section exercises and their solutions are included. Along with the First Volume, the work is useful for materials scientists and geophysicists as a reference text.AudienceVolume II is a lecture book for postgraduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering, geology and metallurgy. It is highly useful as a recommended text for teachers and researchers in all fields of materials science.
Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter: Phenomenology and Thermodynamics
by H.A.J. Oonk M.T. CalvetThe first volume of this work is organized in three levels, so that the portion and importance of thermodynamics and mathematics increase from level to level. The ground level shows that basics of phase equilibria can be understood without thermodynamics provided the concept of chemical potential is introduced early. The intermediate level introduces thermodynamics, culminating in the Gibbs energy as the arbiter for equilibrium. At the third level the accent is on binary systems, where one or more phases are solutions of the components. Priority is given throughout to the thermodynamic assessment of experimental data. 200 exercises are included with solutions.
Equilibrium Capillary Surfaces (Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften #284)
by Robert FinnCapillarity phenomena are all about us; anyone who has seen a drop of dew on a plant leaf or the spray from a waterfall has observed them. Apart from their frequently remarked poetic qualities, phenomena of this sort are so familiar as to escape special notice. In this sense the rise of liquid in a narrow tube is a more dramatic event that demands and at first defied explanation; recorded observations of this and similar occur rences can be traced back to times of antiquity, and for lack of expla nation came to be described by words deriving from the Latin word "capillus", meaning hair. It was not until the eighteenth century that an awareness developed that these and many other phenomena are all manifestations of some thing that happens whenever two different materials are situated adjacent to each other and do not mix. If one (at least) of the materials is a fluid, which forms with another fluid (or gas) a free surface interface, then the interface will be referred to as a capillary surface.
Equilibrium Compound Nucleus Post-Fission Theory
by Qing-Biao Shen Ye TianThis book proposes and develops the equilibrium compound nucleus post-fission theory, a powerful tool for studying the fission process and making numerical calculations of post-fission nuclear data. It begins with a detailed historical background on fission theory and covers fundamental concepts, such as the Bohr-Wheeler formula and time dependent nuclear density functional theory.The authors explain the kinematics of heavy-ion collisions and develop a heavy-ion spherical optical model. They also present the theoretical methods for calculating the yield, kinetic energy distribution, and angular distribution of fission fragments in the initial state of fission. In addition, readers are provided with the method for calculating the prompt neutron and prompt gamma-ray data as well as the proportion of the isomeric state nucleus and independent yield from the initial yield of the fission fragments. Using the nuclear decay data of the fission products, a method for calculating the cumulative yield and decay heat of the fission fragments is also given. A fission delayed neutron simplification model is proposed and the theoretical method for calculating the total contribution of three fission channels to post-fission nuclear data is provided.This book concludes with a step-by-step guide on numerical calculations for post-fission nuclear data and a Fortran program for optimizing the best theoretical model parameters. It is ideal for both junior and senior researchers in nuclear physics, as well as graduate students who are interested learning about the subject. Given the current interest in post-fission and the tremendous experimental and theoretical efforts in studying it, this book serves as a timely and comprehensive resource for the nuclear physics community.
Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Models (Theoretical and Mathematical Physics)
by David A. LavisMost interesting and difficult problems in equilibrium statistical mechanics concern models which exhibit phase transitions. For graduate students and more experienced researchers this book provides an invaluable reference source of approximate and exact solutions for a comprehensive range of such models.Part I contains background material on classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, together with a classification and survey of lattice models. The geometry of phase transitions is described and scaling theory is used to introduce critical exponents and scaling laws. An introduction is given to finite-size scaling, conformal invariance and Schramm—Loewner evolution.Part II contains accounts of classical mean-field methods. The parallels between Landau expansions and catastrophe theory are discussed and Ginzburg--Landau theory is introduced. The extension of mean-field theory to higher-orders is explored using the Kikuchi--Hijmans--De Boer hierarchy of approximations. In Part III the use of algebraic, transformation and decoration methods to obtain exact system information is considered. This is followed by an account of the use of transfer matrices for the location of incipient phase transitions in one-dimensionally infinite models and for exact solutions for two-dimensionally infinite systems. The latter is applied to a general analysis of eight-vertex models yielding as special cases the two-dimensional Ising model and the six-vertex model. The treatment of exact results ends with a discussion of dimer models. In Part IV series methods and real-space renormalization group transformations are discussed. The use of the De Neef—Enting finite-lattice method is described in detail and applied to the derivation of series for a number of model systems, in particular for the Potts model. The use of Pad\'e, differential and algebraic approximants to locate and analyze second- and first-order transitions is described. The realization of the ideas of scaling theory by the renormalization group is presented together with treatments of various approximation schemes including phenomenological renormalization. Part V of the book contains a collection of mathematical appendices intended to minimise the need to refer to other mathematical sources.
Equilibrium Statistical Physics: Phases of Matter and Phase Transitions
by M. Baus Carlos F. TejeroThis is a textbook which gradually introduces the student to the statistical mechanical study of the different phases of matter and to the phase transitions between them. Throughout, only simple models of both ordinary and soft matter are used but these are studied in full detail. The subject is developed in a pedagogical manner, starting from the basics, going from the simple ideal systems to the interacting systems, and ending with the more modern topics. The textbook provides the student with a complete overview, intentionally at an introductory level, of the theory of phase transitions. All equations and deductions are included.
Equilibrium Statistical Physics: Phases, Phase Transitions, and Topological Phases
by Marc Baus Carlos F. TejeroThis is a textbook which gradually introduces the student to the statistical mechanical study of the different phases of matter and to the phase transitions between them. Throughout, only simple models of both ordinary and soft matter are used but these are studied in full detail. The subject is developed in a pedagogical manner, starting from the basics, going from the simple ideal systems to the interacting systems, and ending with the more modern topics. The textbook provides the student with a complete overview, intentionally at an introductory level, of the theory of phase transitions. All equations and deductions are included.
Equilibrium Structure and Properties of Surfaces and Interfaces (Nato Science Series B: #300)
by A. Gonis G. M. StocksIt is almost self-evident that surface and interface science, coupled with the electronic structure of bulk materials, playa fundamental role in the understanding of materials properties. If one is to have any hope of understanding such properties as catalysis, microelectronic devices and contacts, wear, lubrication, resistance to corrosion, ductility, creep, intragranular fracture, toughness and strength of steels, adhesion of protective oxide scales, and the mechanical properties of ceramics, one must address a rather complex problem involving a number of fundamental parameters: the atomic and electronic structure, the energy and chemistry of surface and interface regions, diffusion along and across interfaces, and the response of an interface to stress. The intense need to gain an understanding of the properties of surfaces and interfaces is amply attested to by the large number of conferences and workshops held on surface and interface science. Because of this need, the fields of surface and interface science have been established in their own right, although their development presently lags behind that of general materials science associated with bulk, translationally invariant systems. There are good reasons to expect this situation to change rather dramatically in the next few years. Existing techniques for investigating surfaces and interfaces have reached maturity and are increasingly being applied to systems of practical relevance. New techniques are still being created, which drastically widen the scope of applicability of surface and interface studies. On the experimental side, new microscopies are bearing fruit.
Equilibrium Structure of Free Molecules: Theory, Experiment, and Data Analysis (Lecture Notes in Chemistry #111)
by Natalja Vogt Jean DemaisonThe properties of chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological compounds depend mainly on their molecular structure, whose determination is of fundamental interest. This book examines and systematizes more than three hundred striking structural determinations of free molecules. Featuring high-quality structural data and presenting modern techniques of their determinations by quantum chemistry, high-resolution spectroscopy and electron diffraction, the book is an indispensable resource for graduate students and professional scientists specializing in structural chemistry and other related fields.
Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Graduate Texts in Physics)
by Mário J. de OliveiraThis textbook provides an exposition of equilibrium thermodynamics and its applications to several areas of physics with particular attention to phase transitions and critical phenomena. The applications include several areas of condensed matter physics and include also a chapter on thermochemistry. Phase transitions and critical phenomena are treated according to the modern development of the field, based on the ideas of universality and on the Widom scaling theory. For each topic, a mean-field or Landau theory is presented to describe qualitatively the phase transitions. These theories include the van der Waals theory of the liquid-vapor transition, the Hildebrand-Heitler theory of regular mixtures, the Griffiths-Landau theory for multicritical points in multicomponent systems, the Bragg-Williams theory of order-disorder in alloys, the Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, the Néel theory of antiferromagnetism, the Devonshire theory for ferroelectrics and Landau-de Gennes theory of liquid crystals. This textbook is intended for students in physics and chemistry and provides a unique combination of thorough theoretical explanation and presentation of applications in both areas. Chapter summaries, highlighted essentials and problems with solutions enable a self sustained approach and deepen the knowledge.
Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Graduate Texts in Physics)
by Mário J. de OliveiraThis textbook provides an exposition of equilibrium thermodynamics and its applications to several areas of physics with particular attention to phase transitions and critical phenomena. The applications include several areas of condensed matter physics and include also a chapter on thermochemistry. Phase transitions and critical phenomena are treated according to the modern development of the field, based on the ideas of universality and on the Widom scaling theory. For each topic, a mean-field or Landau theory is presented to describe qualitatively the phase transitions. These theories include the van der Waals theory of the liquid-vapor transition, the Hildebrand-Heitler theory of regular mixtures, the Griffiths-Landau theory for multicritical points in multicomponent systems, the Bragg-Williams theory of order-disorder in alloys, the Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, the Néel theory of antiferromagnetism, the Devonshire theory for ferroelectrics and Landau-de Gennes theory of liquid crystals.This new edition presents expanded sections on phase transitions, liquid crystals and magnetic systems, for all problems detailed solutions are provided. It is intended for students in physics and chemistry and provides a unique combination of thorough theoretical explanation and presentation of applications in both areas. Chapter summaries, highlighted essentials and problems with solutions enable a self sustained approach and deepen the knowledge. It is intended for students in physics and chemistry and provides a unique combination of thorough theoretical explanation and presentation of applications in both areas. Chapter summaries, highlighted essentials and problems with solutions enable a self sustained approach and deepen the knowledge.
Equine Genomics
by Bhanu P. ChowdharyAnalysis of the equine genome began just over a decade ago, culminating in the recent complete sequencing of the horse genome. The availability of the equine whole genome sequence represents the successful completion of an important era of equine genome analysis, and the beginning of a new era where the sequence information will catalyze the development of new tools and resources that will permit study of a range of traits that are economically important and are significant to equine health and welfare. Equine Genomics provides a timely comprehensive overview of equine genomic research. Chapters detail key accomplishments and the current state of research, as well as looking forward to possible applications of genomic technologies to horse breeding, health, and welfare. Equine Genomics delivers a global overview of the topic and is seamlessly edited by a leading equine genomics researcher. Equine Genomics is an indispensible source of information for anyone with an interest in this increasingly important field of study, including equine genomic researchers, clinicians, animal science professionals and equine field veterinarians.
Equine Genomics
by Bhanu P. ChowdharyAnalysis of the equine genome began just over a decade ago, culminating in the recent complete sequencing of the horse genome. The availability of the equine whole genome sequence represents the successful completion of an important era of equine genome analysis, and the beginning of a new era where the sequence information will catalyze the development of new tools and resources that will permit study of a range of traits that are economically important and are significant to equine health and welfare. Equine Genomics provides a timely comprehensive overview of equine genomic research. Chapters detail key accomplishments and the current state of research, as well as looking forward to possible applications of genomic technologies to horse breeding, health, and welfare. Equine Genomics delivers a global overview of the topic and is seamlessly edited by a leading equine genomics researcher. Equine Genomics is an indispensible source of information for anyone with an interest in this increasingly important field of study, including equine genomic researchers, clinicians, animal science professionals and equine field veterinarians.
Equipment for Diagnostic Radiography
by E. ForsterI hope this book, which covers the Equipment section of With the help of the Superintendent find out which quality the DCR and HDCR syllabuses, will be of help not only assurance tests are carried out on the equipment and ask to those students preparing for these examinations, but for permission to participate in the procedures. also for those taking the modular HDCR to be introduced Remember, radiography is a practical subject - learning sometime in the near future, and indeed to those returning from books is of little value unless you apply it to the to radiography after a break in service. work you are doing - unless of course you are preparing In addition to reading a wide range of technical litera for a change of job or promotion! ture, I would hope that students will relate this knowledge Finally, whether you are using this book to refresh your to the equipment they use in the Department. For example knowledge prior to returning to radiography after a break what type of equipment are they using? Who was the in service, or as part of your preparation for the DCR or manufacturer? What sort of generator is it? What inter HDCR, or indeed if you are using it in conjunction with locks are present? What is the maximum loading of the a distanced learning course, may I wish you good luck and tube? Is it a falling load generator? success in your endeavours.