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An Internet for the People: The Politics and Promise of craigslist (Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology #26)
by Professor Jessa LingelHow craigslist champions openness, democracy, and other vanishing principles of the early webBegun by Craig Newmark as an e-mail to some friends about cool events happening around San Francisco, craigslist is now the leading classifieds service on the planet. It is also a throwback to the early internet. The website has barely seen an upgrade since it launched in 1996. There are no banner ads. The company doesn't profit off your data. An Internet for the People explores how people use craigslist to buy and sell, find work, and find love—and reveals why craigslist is becoming a lonely outpost in an increasingly corporatized web.Drawing on interviews with craigslist insiders and ordinary users, Jessa Lingel looks at the site's history and values, showing how it has mostly stayed the same while the web around it has become more commercial and far less open. She examines craigslist's legal history, describing the company's courtroom battles over issues of freedom of expression and data privacy, and explains the importance of locality in the social relationships fostered by the site. More than an online garage sale, job board, or dating site, craigslist holds vital lessons for the rest of the web. It is a website that values user privacy over profits, ease of use over slick design, and an ethos of the early web that might just hold the key to a more open, transparent, and democratic internet.
An Internet for the People: The Politics and Promise of craigslist (Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology #26)
by Professor Jessa LingelHow craigslist champions openness, democracy, and other vanishing principles of the early webBegun by Craig Newmark as an e-mail to some friends about cool events happening around San Francisco, craigslist is now the leading classifieds service on the planet. It is also a throwback to the early internet. The website has barely seen an upgrade since it launched in 1996. There are no banner ads. The company doesn't profit off your data. An Internet for the People explores how people use craigslist to buy and sell, find work, and find love—and reveals why craigslist is becoming a lonely outpost in an increasingly corporatized web.Drawing on interviews with craigslist insiders and ordinary users, Jessa Lingel looks at the site's history and values, showing how it has mostly stayed the same while the web around it has become more commercial and far less open. She examines craigslist's legal history, describing the company's courtroom battles over issues of freedom of expression and data privacy, and explains the importance of locality in the social relationships fostered by the site. More than an online garage sale, job board, or dating site, craigslist holds vital lessons for the rest of the web. It is a website that values user privacy over profits, ease of use over slick design, and an ethos of the early web that might just hold the key to a more open, transparent, and democratic internet.
Internet Gambling: Current Research Findings and Implications (SpringerBriefs in Behavioral Medicine)
by Sally GainsburyInternet gambling is one of the fastest growing forms of gambling. Global Internet gambling expenditure is predicted to reach US$33.6 billion in 2011. This is higher than worldwide movie box office revenues and represents 9% of the international gambling market. The rapid increase in expenditure of 354% since 2003 has occurred despite Internet gambling being prohibited in several key markets, including the US and China. It also suggests that current regulation may be somewhat outdated and ineffective as more and more people turn to this mode of gambling. Internet gambling is highly accessible with over 2,400 sites available 24/7 through computers, mobile phones, wireless devices and even interactive televisions. Gamblers can now play casino games, bingo, cards and poker, bet on races, sports and even celebrity weddings using over 199 means of electronic payments without leaving the house. Increasing international jurisdictions are legalizing Internet gambling and the constant accessibility of online gambling has critical social implications. Gambling operators are using aggressive advertising campaigns to move into new markets. Internet gambling appears to be particularly appealing to youth, who are gambling online at substantially higher rates than adults. Furthermore, Internet gambling appears to be related to problem gambling, with rates of problem gambling three to four times higher among Internet than non-Internet gamblers, indicating that it may have a substantial social cost. The anonymity of online sports betting poses a significant threat to the integrity of sport at all levels with increasing allegations of match-fixing and cheating. Estimates suggested that 50% of all bets on the 2010 FIFA World Cup were placed online, worth an estimated £500 million. These figures represent a 700% rise in online betting since the 2006 tournament and included many new players that opened online accounts. It is essential that appropriate responses are made by governments, industry professionals and the public in response to Internet gambling. This book will provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of Internet gambling, including the social impact and regulatory options. A global outline will include the characteristics and features of the many forms of Internet gambling, including the current market, and participation, and differences between Internet and non-Internet gambling. Specific regional considerations will be explored including regulatory responses and options. Importantly, the social consequences and costs of Internet gambling will be examined, including the impact of online gambling on sports, youth and problem gambling. Strategies for prevention and responsible gambling will be considered as well as expected trends.
Internet Gambling Offshore: Caribbean Struggles over Casino Capitalism (International Political Economy Series)
by A. CooperIn the aftermath of the financial crisis, Cooper locates the WTO-focused struggle between the US and the very small island state of Antigua on Internet gambling in the wider International Political Economy. He draws connections between gambling and offshore and/or enclave cultures and points out the stigmatization of 'Casino Capitalism'.
Internet Governance: Wer regiert wie das Internet?
by Joachim Betz Hans-Dieter KüblerÜber die politische Einschätzung und den Regelungsbedarf des Internets ist im Laufe seiner kurzen Geschichte weltweit schon viel und unterschiedlich debattiert worden. Wiederholt sind diverse Themen in den Vordergrund geschoben worden: etwa digital divide, Netzneutralität, Cyberkriminalität, Datenschutz etc. Jeweils verschiedene Akteure haben sich dafür engagiert und ihre Interessen vertreten. Diese Einführung arbeitet die relevanten Handlungsfelder, die maßgeblichen Akteure international, regional und national sowie die getroffenen Regelungen und die sich aktuell und künftig abzeichnenden Regelungsbedarfe systematisch auf und erläutert sie an Fallbeispielen. Damit leistet sie zugleich einen grundsätzlichen Beitrag zur anhaltenden Globalisierung medial-digitaler Kommunikation.
Internet Governance and the Global South: Demand for a New Framework (Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business)
by A. BhuiyanA welcome addition to Palgrave's Global Media Policy and Business series, Internet Governance and the Global South documents the role of the global south in Internet policymaking and challenges the globalization theories that declared the death of the state in global decision-making. Abu Bhuiyan argues that the global Internet politics is primarily a conflict between the states - the United States of America and the states of the global south - because the former controls Internet policymaking. The states of the global south have been both oppositional and acquiescing to the sponsored policies of the United States on Internet issues such as digital divide, multilingualism, intellectual property rights and cyber security. They do not oppose the neoliberal underpinnings of the policies promoted by the United States, but ask for an international framework to govern the Internet so that they can work as equal partners in setting norms for the global Internet.
Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women
by M Sandra WoodLearn to use the Internet to find important information on cosmetic surgery procedures-and the right surgeon to do it!Hundreds of thousands are considering cosmetic surgery of some sort. The question is where can you go to find out what is right for you? The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women gives you the advantage of finding out everything you want to know about cosmetic surgery-from the comfort and privacy of your own home. This comprehensive resource guides you through the mountains of information on the Internet, providing a thorough listing of Web sites detailing every aspect of plastic and cosmetic surgery for every body part, as well as presenting strategies for finding specific information you are looking for. The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women gives you the tools to find information about a specific procedure, learn the surgery&’s advantages as well as risks-even how to locate the best surgeons for the procedure. The book provides screen shots to illustrate Web sites, information on where to find the latest important statistics and data, and helpful definitions for cosmetic surgery terms.The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women not only lists Internet addresses and basic sites on cosmetic surgery, but also reveals where to find quality information on: the costs of surgery selecting a cosmetic surgeon liposuction calf implants tummy tucks thigh lifts buttock liposculpture buttock augmentation belt lipectomy breast surgeries, including enlargement, lifts, reconstruction, and reduction cheek implants facelifts jaw augmentation laser skin resurfacing lip augmentation nose surgery cellulite treatment Botox injections hair removal hair transplantation scar revision wrinkle treatment chemical peels cosmetic dentistry and much more!The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women is an essential guide for anyone interested in or considering plastic and cosmetic surgery procedures.
Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women
by M Sandra WoodLearn to use the Internet to find important information on cosmetic surgery procedures-and the right surgeon to do it!Hundreds of thousands are considering cosmetic surgery of some sort. The question is where can you go to find out what is right for you? The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women gives you the advantage of finding out everything you want to know about cosmetic surgery-from the comfort and privacy of your own home. This comprehensive resource guides you through the mountains of information on the Internet, providing a thorough listing of Web sites detailing every aspect of plastic and cosmetic surgery for every body part, as well as presenting strategies for finding specific information you are looking for. The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women gives you the tools to find information about a specific procedure, learn the surgery&’s advantages as well as risks-even how to locate the best surgeons for the procedure. The book provides screen shots to illustrate Web sites, information on where to find the latest important statistics and data, and helpful definitions for cosmetic surgery terms.The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women not only lists Internet addresses and basic sites on cosmetic surgery, but also reveals where to find quality information on: the costs of surgery selecting a cosmetic surgeon liposuction calf implants tummy tucks thigh lifts buttock liposculpture buttock augmentation belt lipectomy breast surgeries, including enlargement, lifts, reconstruction, and reduction cheek implants facelifts jaw augmentation laser skin resurfacing lip augmentation nose surgery cellulite treatment Botox injections hair removal hair transplantation scar revision wrinkle treatment chemical peels cosmetic dentistry and much more!The Internet Guide to Cosmetic Surgery for Women is an essential guide for anyone interested in or considering plastic and cosmetic surgery procedures.
Internet Health Report 2019
by Mozilla FoundationThis annual report is a call to action to recognize the things that are having an impact on the internet today, and to embrace the notion that we as humans can change how we make money, govern societies, and interact with one another online. We invite you to participate in setting an agenda for how we can work together to create an internet that truly puts people first. This book is neither a country-level index nor a doomsday clock. Our intention is to show that while the worldwide consequences of getting things wrong with the internet could be huge - for peace and security, for political and individual freedoms, for human equality - the problems are never so great that nothing can be done. More people than you imagine are working to make the internet healthier by applying their skills, creativity, and personal bravery to business, technology, activism, policy and regulation, education, and community development.
Internet Histories
by Niels Brügger Gerard Goggin Ian Milligan Valérie SchaferIn 2017, the new journal Internet Histories was founded. As part of the process of defining a new field, the journal editors approached leading scholars in this dynamic, interdisciplinary area. This book is thus a collection of eighteen short thought-provoking pieces, inviting discussion about Internet histories. They raise and suggest current and future issues in the scholarship, as well as exploring the challenges, opportunities, and tensions that underpin the research terrain. The book explores cultural, political, social, economic, and industrial dynamics, all part of a distinctive historiographical and theoretical approach which underpins this emerging field.The international specialists reflect upon the scholarly scene, laying out the field’s research successes to date, as well as suggest the future possibilities that lie ahead in the field of Internet histories. While the emphasis is on researcher perspectives, interviews with leading luminaries of the Internet’s development are also provided. As histories of the Internet become increasingly important, Internet Histories is a useful roadmap for those contemplating how we can write such works. One cannot write many histories of the 1990s or later without thinking of digital media – and we hope that Internet Histories will be an invaluable resource for such studies. This book was originally published as the first issue of the Internet Histories journal.
Internet Histories
by Niels Brügger, Gerard Goggin, Ian Milligan and Valérie SchaferIn 2017, the new journal Internet Histories was founded. As part of the process of defining a new field, the journal editors approached leading scholars in this dynamic, interdisciplinary area. This book is thus a collection of eighteen short thought-provoking pieces, inviting discussion about Internet histories. They raise and suggest current and future issues in the scholarship, as well as exploring the challenges, opportunities, and tensions that underpin the research terrain. The book explores cultural, political, social, economic, and industrial dynamics, all part of a distinctive historiographical and theoretical approach which underpins this emerging field.The international specialists reflect upon the scholarly scene, laying out the field’s research successes to date, as well as suggest the future possibilities that lie ahead in the field of Internet histories. While the emphasis is on researcher perspectives, interviews with leading luminaries of the Internet’s development are also provided. As histories of the Internet become increasingly important, Internet Histories is a useful roadmap for those contemplating how we can write such works. One cannot write many histories of the 1990s or later without thinking of digital media – and we hope that Internet Histories will be an invaluable resource for such studies. This book was originally published as the first issue of the Internet Histories journal.
The Internet in China: From Infrastructure to a Nascent Civil Society
by Gianluigi NegroThis book aims to identify the most important political, socio-economic, and technical determinants of Internet development in China, through a historical approach that combines political economy, cultural, and public studies. Firstly, the book looks at the most important strategies that compelled the Chinese government to invest in the construction of the Internet infrastructure. Secondly, it examines the relationships between the development of the Internet in China and the emergence of a nascent civil society. Finally, attention is given to three different Chinese online platforms in three different historical periods. This three-pronged approach presents a coherent set of analyses and case studies which are committed to the investigation of the complex process of change undergone by Internet development in China.
The Internet in China: From Infrastructure to a Nascent Civil Society
by Gianluigi NegroThis book aims to identify the most important political, socio-economic, and technical determinants of Internet development in China, through a historical approach that combines political economy, cultural, and public studies. Firstly, the book looks at the most important strategies that compelled the Chinese government to invest in the construction of the Internet infrastructure. Secondly, it examines the relationships between the development of the Internet in China and the emergence of a nascent civil society. Finally, attention is given to three different Chinese online platforms in three different historical periods. This three-pronged approach presents a coherent set of analyses and case studies which are committed to the investigation of the complex process of change undergone by Internet development in China.
Internet in der Schule: Ein Medium für alle! (Forschung Erziehungswissenschaft #75)
by Hiltrud WestramDie Schulen sind aufgefordert, Medienkompetenz zu vermitteln. Dies erfolgt bisher erst in zwei Ansätzen. Das Buch schildert die aktuelle Situation an Schulen und zeigt Wege auf, wie das Internet in den Unterricht integriert werden kann. Projekte aus verschiedenen Fächern zeigen exemplarisch interessante Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Dabei wird großer Wert auf eine gleichberechtigte Teilnahme von Lehrerinnen und Schülerinnen gelegt. Das Buch richtet sich an alle, die den Einsatz des Internets als neues Medium in Schulen unterstützen wollen.
The Internet in Everything: Freedom and Security in a World with No Off Switch
by Laura DeNardisA compelling argument that the Internet of things threatens human rights and security and that suggests policy prescriptions to protect our future The Internet has leapt from human-facing display screens into the material objects all around us. In this so-called Internet of Things—connecting everything from cars to cardiac monitors to home appliances—there is no longer a meaningful distinction between physical and virtual worlds. Everything is connected. The social and economic benefits are tremendous, but there is a downside: an outage in cyberspace can result not only in a loss of communication but also potentially a loss of life. Control of this infrastructure has become a proxy for political power, since countries can easily reach across borders to disrupt real-world systems. Laura DeNardis argues that this diffusion of the Internet into the physical world radically escalates governance concerns around privacy, discrimination, human safety, democracy, and national security, and she offers new cyber-policy solutions. In her discussion, she makes visible the sinews of power already embedded in our technology and explores how hidden technical governance arrangements will become the constitution of our future.
Internet in Nairobi, Kenia: Medienaneignung als Konstruktion (Digitale Gesellschaft #24)
by Johanna RießDie »Erfindung« des Internets und die damit verbundene Digitalisierung galt als ein modernes Phänomen des globalen Nordens. Doch wie steht es um die weniger reichen Länder des Südens? Johanna Rieß untersucht, wie sich Nutzer_innen aus drei verschiedenen Internetcafés in Nairobi/Kenia das Internet aneignen und welche Einsichten sich über dieses Medium ergeben. Erzählt wird außerdem eine ausführliche Digitalisierungsgeschichte Kenias. Dabei zeigt sich, dass gängige Annahmen bezüglich einer digitalen Kluft zwischen Ländern des globalen Nordens und des globalen Südens längst nicht mehr zutreffen. Die interdisziplinäre Herangehensweise ermöglicht einen differenzierten Blick auf Mediennutzung in einer anderen Weltregion und steht für eine Internationalisierung der Medienwissenschaft.
Internet in Russia: A Study of the Runet and Its Impact on Social Life (Societies and Political Orders in Transition)
by Sergey DavydovThis book presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the Internet in Russia and its impact on various aspects of social life. The contributions discuss topics such as the features of the Russian media system and digitization processes, the history of the Runet, national Internet markets and the Internet economy, as well as legal aspects. By presenting the results of relevant case studies, it illustrates the process of integrating the Russian segment of the Internet into the international system, offering insights into various country-specific features of the Runet’s functioning and development.The first part of the book focuses on the Internet in the context of development of the Russian media system with respect to historical features and digital inequalities. The second part then discusses economic and legal aspects of the Runet, while the third and the fourth parts offer an analysis of digital culture, including the role of journalism and regional diversities as well as online representations and discussions. The chapter "Runet in Crisis Situations" is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.
Internet in the Post-Soviet Area: Technological, Economic and Political Aspects (Societies and Political Orders in Transition)
by Sergey DavydovThis book offers a comparative perspective on the technological, economic, and political aspects of Internet development in the post-Soviet countries. In doing so, international experts analyze similarities and differences in various countries throughout the chapters.The volume consists of two parts. The chapters of the first part examine the post-Soviet area as a whole. The second part includes specific case studies on the development of the Internet, either in individual countries or in groups of countries. Countries analyzed are Estonia, Ukraine, Russia as well as three Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Topics covered in the volume include, but are not limited to measurement, dynamics, and structure of each national Internet audience; the history of the Internet in the post-Soviet countries; development of infrastructure; Internet regulation and institutional aspects; online markets such as telecommunications, online advertising, e-commerce, and digital content; social and cultural aspects; as well as the transformation of the national media systems. This book is a must-read for students, researchers, and scholars of political science and economics, as well as policymakers and practitioners interested in a better understanding of Internet development in the post-Soviet area.
Internet Infidelity: An Interdisciplinary Insight in a Global Context
by Sanjeev P. Sahni Garima JainThis volume discusses the phenomenon of internet infidelity by looking at the psychological, social, legal, and technological aspects involved in such behaviour. The rise of social media as well as technological advancements that create ‘real’ experiences online have made it possible for people to engage in multiple kinds of online relationships. These create concerns about regulating such activities via national and international law, as well as psychological and social concerns of understanding the overall impact of such behaviour. Therefore, this volume, which includes perspectives from across the world, asks and addresses some fundamental questions: Does internet infidelity amount to cheating? How is virtual infidelity different from actual infidelity? What are the social, interpersonal and psychological impacts of internet infidelity? Do people in different cultures view online infidelity differently? What are the myths associated with online infidelity? What are the various intervention measures or therapeutic techniques for treating people who are addicted to cybersex or pornography? The legal dimensions of internet cheating are equally important since adultery is considered as a criminal offence in some countries. As yet, there is no universally accepted definition of internet infidelity and legal perspectives become very important in understanding the phenomenon. This volume includes grand theory approaches as well as detailed case studies and provides unique and multidisciplinary insights into internet cheating. It is ideal for marital therapists, counsellors, criminologists, legislators, and both researchers and students.
The Internet is Not the Answer
by Andrew KeenIn this sharp and witty book, long-time Silicon Valley observer and author Andrew Keen argues that, on balance, the Internet has had a disastrous impact on all our lives. By tracing the history of the Internet, from its founding in the 1960s to the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989, through the waves of start-ups and the rise of the big data companies to the increasing attempts to monetize almost every human activity, Keen shows how the Web has had a deeply negative effect on our culture, economy and society. Informed by Keen's own research and interviews, as well as the work of other writers, reporters and academics, The Internet is Not the Answer is an urgent investigation into the tech world - from the threat to privacy posed by social media and online surveillance by government agencies, to the impact of the Internet on unemployment and economic inequality. Keen concludes by outlining the changes that he believes must be made, before it's too late. If we do nothing, he warns, this new technology and the companies that control it will continue to impoverish us all.
The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is: A History, a Philosophy, a Warning
by Justin E. SmithAn original deep history of the internet that tells the story of the centuries-old utopian dreams behind it—and explains why they have died todayMany think of the internet as an unprecedented and overwhelmingly positive achievement of modern human technology. But is it? In The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is, Justin Smith offers an original deep history of the internet, from the ancient to the modern world—uncovering its surprising origins in nature and centuries-old dreams of radically improving human life by outsourcing thinking to machines and communicating across vast distances. Yet, despite the internet’s continuing potential, Smith argues, the utopian hopes behind it have finally died today, killed by the harsh realities of social media, the global information economy, and the attention-destroying nature of networked technology.Ranging over centuries of the history and philosophy of science and technology, Smith shows how the “internet” has been with us much longer than we usually think. He draws fascinating connections between internet user experience, artificial intelligence, the invention of the printing press, communication between trees, and the origins of computing in the machine-driven looms of the silk industry. At the same time, he reveals how the internet’s organic structure and development root it in the natural world in unexpected ways that challenge efforts to draw an easy line between technology and nature.Combining the sweep of intellectual history with the incisiveness of philosophy, The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is cuts through our daily digital lives to give a clear-sighted picture of what the internet is, where it came from, and where it might be taking us in the coming decades.
Internet Memes and Society: Social, Cultural, and Political Contexts (Routledge Advances in Internationalizing Media Studies)
by Anastasia DenisovaThis book provides a solid, encompassing definition of Internet memes, exploring both the common features of memes around the globe and their particular regional traits. It identifies and explains the roles that these viral texts play in Internet communication: cultural, social and political implications; significance for self-representation and identity formation; promotion of alternative opinion or trending interpretation; and subversive and resistant power in relation to professional media, propaganda, and traditional and digital political campaigning. It also offers unique comparative case studies of Internet memes in Russia and the United States.
Internet Memes and Society: Social, Cultural, and Political Contexts (Routledge Advances in Internationalizing Media Studies)
by Anastasia DenisovaThis book provides a solid, encompassing definition of Internet memes, exploring both the common features of memes around the globe and their particular regional traits. It identifies and explains the roles that these viral texts play in Internet communication: cultural, social and political implications; significance for self-representation and identity formation; promotion of alternative opinion or trending interpretation; and subversive and resistant power in relation to professional media, propaganda, and traditional and digital political campaigning. It also offers unique comparative case studies of Internet memes in Russia and the United States.
Internet Newspapers: The Making of a Mainstream Medium (Routledge Communication Series)
by Xigen LiInternet Newspapers: The Making of a Mainstream Medium examines newspapers on the Internet, and addresses the emergence of online newspapers and the delivery of news through this outlet. Utilizing empirical research, chapters explore the theoretical and practical issues associated with Internet newspapers and examine the process through which online newspapers have grown into a mainstream medium. Contributions to this work emphasize three key areas: the structure and presentation of newspapers on the Internet; the medium as an interactive process; and the ways in which the public interacts with Internet newspapers.This collection makes a substantial contribution to the understanding of newspapers on the Internet, covering their development and changes as well as the impact that news delivery through this medium has had on other media, audiences, and society. It also sheds light on improving operation and performance of Internet newspapers to better serve the public and gain competitive knowledge. The volume encourages additional scholarship in this area, and also shows how researchers can benefit from an empirical approach to their examination of Internet newspapers.Internet Newspapers will appeal to scholars, researchers, and students of journalism and mass communications, and can be used as a supplementary text in advanced courses covering journalism, communication technology, and mass media and society.
Internet Newspapers: The Making of a Mainstream Medium (Routledge Communication Series)
by Xigen LiInternet Newspapers: The Making of a Mainstream Medium examines newspapers on the Internet, and addresses the emergence of online newspapers and the delivery of news through this outlet. Utilizing empirical research, chapters explore the theoretical and practical issues associated with Internet newspapers and examine the process through which online newspapers have grown into a mainstream medium. Contributions to this work emphasize three key areas: the structure and presentation of newspapers on the Internet; the medium as an interactive process; and the ways in which the public interacts with Internet newspapers.This collection makes a substantial contribution to the understanding of newspapers on the Internet, covering their development and changes as well as the impact that news delivery through this medium has had on other media, audiences, and society. It also sheds light on improving operation and performance of Internet newspapers to better serve the public and gain competitive knowledge. The volume encourages additional scholarship in this area, and also shows how researchers can benefit from an empirical approach to their examination of Internet newspapers.Internet Newspapers will appeal to scholars, researchers, and students of journalism and mass communications, and can be used as a supplementary text in advanced courses covering journalism, communication technology, and mass media and society.