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Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics)
by Marlies CasierThis book examines some of the most pressing issues facing the Turkish political establishment, in particular the issues of political Islam, and Kurdish and Turkish nationalisms. The authors explore the rationales of the main political actors in Turkey in order to increase our understanding of the ongoing debates over the secularist character of the Turkish Republic and over Turkey’s longstanding Kurdish issue. Original contributions from respected scholars in the field of Turkish and Kurdish studies provide us with many insights into the social and political fabric of Turkey, exploring Turkey’s secularist establishment, the ruling AKP government, the Kurdistan Workers' Party and the Institutions of the European Union. While the focus of concern in this book is with the social agents of contemporary politics in Turkey, the convictions they have and the strategies they employ, historical dimensions are also integrated in their analyses. In its approach, the book makes an important contribution to a widening investigation into the making of politics in the contemporary world. Incorporating the importance of the growing transnational connections between Turkey and Europe, this book is particularly relevant in the light of the ongoing negotiations over Turkey’s membership to the European Union, and will be of interest to scholars interested in Turkish studies, Kurdish studies and Middle Eastern Politics.
Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics)
by Marlies Casier Joost JongerdenThis book examines some of the most pressing issues facing the Turkish political establishment, in particular the issues of political Islam, and Kurdish and Turkish nationalisms. The authors explore the rationales of the main political actors in Turkey in order to increase our understanding of the ongoing debates over the secularist character of the Turkish Republic and over Turkey’s longstanding Kurdish issue. Original contributions from respected scholars in the field of Turkish and Kurdish studies provide us with many insights into the social and political fabric of Turkey, exploring Turkey’s secularist establishment, the ruling AKP government, the Kurdistan Workers' Party and the Institutions of the European Union. While the focus of concern in this book is with the social agents of contemporary politics in Turkey, the convictions they have and the strategies they employ, historical dimensions are also integrated in their analyses. In its approach, the book makes an important contribution to a widening investigation into the making of politics in the contemporary world. Incorporating the importance of the growing transnational connections between Turkey and Europe, this book is particularly relevant in the light of the ongoing negotiations over Turkey’s membership to the European Union, and will be of interest to scholars interested in Turkish studies, Kurdish studies and Middle Eastern Politics.
Nationalism's Bloody Terrain: Racism, Class Inequality, and the Politics of Recognition (Critical Interventions: A Forum for Social Analysis #8)
As many scholars have argued, racism and its passions are created by and subordinated to the nation. This volume places the practices of racism at the center of analysis of so-called post-racist or multi cultural nation-states. This way, each contributor analytically treats racism and its related concepts of race, identity, culture, and naturalizing symbols of blood to highlight the manner in which governing institutions use nationalist precepts to create "races". In the end, it is racism - the actual political practices of domination - that makes "race" salient, especially in its multi-cultural and liberal-democratic form.
Nationalisms in the European Arena: Trajectories of Transnational Party Coordination (Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology)
by Margarita Gómez-ReinoThis book explores how the multiplicity of nationalist parties across the European Union have embraced or refused the process of European integration and made it a platform for transnational coordination in the European arena. The author analyzes how opposing pro-European minority nationalist parties and Eurosceptic populist nationalist parties have diversely politicized European integration over the past three decades and engage in different patterns of Europeanization. Tracing their divergent trajectories of transnational coordination, the book examines the common challenges these opposing nationalist party families face and their systematic fragmentation in the European arena. The book offers a novel approach to understanding the conditions for the emergence of truly European nationalist party families, based on the interaction of ideological, strategic and institutional variables that underpin the Europeanization of heterogeneous nationalisms.Nationalisms in the European Arena will be of interest to students and scholars across a range of disciplines including sociology and political science. It contributes to the increasing literature on identity politics in the European Union and reveals the mechanisms behind why the European arena is adverse to the political translation and organization of domestic nationalisms as distinctive European actors.
Nationalisms Old and New (Explorations in Sociology.)
by Kevin J. Brehony Naz RassoolNationalism is a collection of papers from the British Sociological Association conference, Worlds of the Future. The central themes of the conference were ethnicity and nationalism in the contemporary world. Older discourses on national sovereignty and statehood are evaluated in terms of their validity within a world increasingly defined by transnational integration and global economic competition.
Nationalismus, Militarismus und Männlichkeit im Nachkriegs-Zypern
by Stratis Andreas EfthymiouIn diesem Buch wird anhand empirischer Untersuchungen die Beziehung zwischen Nationalismus, Militarismus und Männlichkeit dargestellt. Die Ko-Konstitution zwischen diesen drei Faktoren ist anfällig für Veränderungen und behindert die Versöhnung, so der Autor. Am Beispiel von Zypern, einem Land im Konflikt mit der Türkei, zeigt Efthymiou, wie Nationalismus, Militarismus und Männlichkeit nach dem Krieg konstruiert und nach der Öffnung der Binnengrenzen und dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Union neu angepasst wurden. Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus (Nationalismus, Militarismus und Männlichkeit in Zypern nach dem Konflikt) stützt sich auf eine umfangreiche Feldforschung mit Soldaten und Offizieren in Kasernen, Politikern wie dem ehemaligen Präsidenten der Republik Zypern, Glafkos Clerides, Führern radikaler rechtsextremer Bewegungen und der griechisch-zyprischen Öffentlichkeit. Das Buch bietet unschätzbare Einblicke in die Anwendung von Nationalismus, Militarismus und Männlichkeit in der Regierungspolitik, einschließlich des zypriotischen Verteidigungsministeriums, und wird für Studierende und Wissenschaftler in den Bereichen Soziologie, Gender Studies, Friedensforschung, Sicherheitsstudien, Politik und internationale Beziehungen sowie für Regierungen und NRO von Interesse sein..
Nationalist Passions
by Stuart J. KaufmanNationalist and ethnic conflict can take many forms, from genocidal violence and civil war to protest movements and peaceful squabbles in democracies. Nationalist Passions poses a stark challenge to extreme rationalist understandings of political conflict. Stuart J. Kaufman elaborates a compelling theory of ethnic politics to explain why ethnic violence erupts in some contexts and how peace is maintained in others. At the core of Kaufman’s theory is an assertion that conflicts are initiated due to popular "symbolic predispositions"—biases of all kinds—and perceptions of threat. Kaufman puts his theory to the test in a range of conflicts. He examines some highly violent episodes, among them the Muslim rebellion in the southern Philippines beginning in the 1970s; the civil war in southern Sudan that began in the 1980s; and the Rwanda genocide of 1994. Kaufman also analyzes other situations in which leaders attempted to tame the violence that nationalist passions can generate. In India, Mahatma Gandhi mobilized an overtly nonviolent movement but failed in his efforts to prevent the rise of Muslim-Hindu communal violence. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk ended apartheid, but not without terrible cost—more than fifteen thousand people died while the negotiations were under way. In Tanzania, however, Julius Nyerere led one of the few ethnically diverse countries in the world with almost no ethnic violence. Nationalist Passions is essential reading for policymakers, international aid workers, and all others who seek to find the best possible outcomes for future internal and interstate clashes.
Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town (PDF)
by Rogers Brubaker Margit Feischmidt Jon Fox Liana GranceaSituated on the geographic margins of two nations, yet imagined as central to each, Transylvania has long been a site of nationalist struggles. Since the fall of communism, these struggles have been particularly intense in Cluj, Transylvania's cultural and political center. Yet heated nationalist rhetoric has evoked only muted popular response. The citizens of Cluj--the Romanian-speaking majority and the Hungarian-speaking minority--have been largely indifferent to the nationalist claims made in their names. Based on seven years of field research, this book examines not only the sharply polarized fields of nationalist politics--in Cluj, Transylvania, and the wider region--but also the more fluid terrain on which ethnicity and nationhood are experienced, enacted, and understood in everyday life. In doing so the book addresses fundamental questions about ethnicity: where it is, when it matters, and how it works. Bridging conventional divisions of academic labor, Rogers Brubaker and his collaborators employ perspectives seldom found together: historical and ethnographic, institutional and interactional, political and experiential. Further developing the argument of Brubaker's groundbreaking Ethnicity without Groups, the book demonstrates that it is ultimately in and through everyday experience--as much as in political contestation or cultural articulation--that ethnicity and nationhood are produced and reproduced as basic categories of social and political life.
Nationalist Responses to the Crises in Europe: Old and New Hatreds (Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations Series)
by Cathrine ThorleifssonThe last few years have witnessed a remarkable resurgence of populist nationalism as indicated by Brexit, the Trump presidency and the rise of radical parties of the far right. Nationalist Responses to the Crises in Europe examines the drivers, methods and local appeal of populist nationalism. Based on multi-sited fieldwork in England, Hungary and Norway, Cathrine Thorleifsson explores the various material conditions, historical events and social contexts that shape distinct forms of xenophobia and intolerance toward migrants and minorities. Combining analysis of the discourses propagated by populist radical right parties like the UK Independence Party, Fidesz, Jobbik and the Norwegian Progress Party with an analysis of the fears and concerns of supporters, Thorleifsson develops wider conclusions about the drivers and character of populist nationalism and the way in which these differ across national contexts. An empirically grounded study of how the demand and supply sides of populist nationalism are reconfigured in response to the globalized crises of economy, culture and displacement, this book will appeal to scholars of anthropology, sociology and politics with interests in nationalism, populism, the radical right and contemporary xenophobia
Nationalist Responses to the Crises in Europe: Old and New Hatreds (Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations Series)
by Cathrine ThorleifssonThe last few years have witnessed a remarkable resurgence of populist nationalism as indicated by Brexit, the Trump presidency and the rise of radical parties of the far right. Nationalist Responses to the Crises in Europe examines the drivers, methods and local appeal of populist nationalism. Based on multi-sited fieldwork in England, Hungary and Norway, Cathrine Thorleifsson explores the various material conditions, historical events and social contexts that shape distinct forms of xenophobia and intolerance toward migrants and minorities. Combining analysis of the discourses propagated by populist radical right parties like the UK Independence Party, Fidesz, Jobbik and the Norwegian Progress Party with an analysis of the fears and concerns of supporters, Thorleifsson develops wider conclusions about the drivers and character of populist nationalism and the way in which these differ across national contexts. An empirically grounded study of how the demand and supply sides of populist nationalism are reconfigured in response to the globalized crises of economy, culture and displacement, this book will appeal to scholars of anthropology, sociology and politics with interests in nationalism, populism, the radical right and contemporary xenophobia
Nationality Between Poststructuralism and Postcolonial Theory: A New Cosmopolitanism
by P. LeonardNationality Between Poststructuralism and Postcolonial Theory: A New Cosmopolitanism examines and interrogates recent work on nationality in literal, critical and cultural theory. Focusing on the work of Derrida, Deleuze and Guattari, Kristeva, Spivak, and Bhabha, it explores how, for these theorists, the concepts of community, the new International, nomadism, deterritorialization, cosmopolitanism, hospitality, the native informant, hybridity and postcolonial agency can provoke a different understanding of national identity.
Nationalizing the Past: Historians as Nation Builders in Modern Europe (Writing the Nation)
by Stefan Berger, Chris LorenzHistorians traditionally claim to be myth-breakers, but national history since the nineteenth century shows quite a record in myth-making. This exciting new volume compares how national historians in Europe have handled the opposing pulls of fact and fiction and shows which narrative strategies have contributed to the success of national histories.
Nationalsozialismus auf dem Dorf: Über lokale NS-Herrschaft und ihre spätere Verdrängung (Histoire #214)
by Maria Anna WillerDie zahlreichen Schicksale der Verfolgten des Nationalsozialismus sind faktenreich belegt, stehen aber im Spannungsfeld zur regionalen Erinnerungskultur nach 1945. Was bedeuten diese Spannungen heute? Maria Anna Willer untersucht Strukturen und Prozesse der Ausgrenzung in der Face-to-Face-Gesellschaft eines Dorfes am bayrischen Alpenrand zur Zeit der NS-Herrschaft und beleuchtet dessen Erinnerungskultur. In Anlehnung an Foucault beschreibt sie im Modell eines »Dispositivs der NS-Verfolgung« die engmaschigen Strukturen der Kontrolle und Überwachung sowie Widerstand und Hilfeleistungen als Kategorien der NS-Diktatur auf dem Dorf. Es zeigt sich: Nach 1945 ist eine Kontinuität der Ausgrenzung erkennbar, wenn die Erinnerung an Opfer der NS-Verfolgung verdrängt wird.
Nationalsozialismus und Schule: Amtliche Erlasse und Richtlinien 1933–1945
by Renate Fricke-FinkelnburgNach verschiedenen Vorarbeiten kann nun durch die Unterstützung der Westfälisch - Lippischen Universitätsgesellschaft Bielefeld diese seit längerer Zeit geplante Auswahl amtlicher Erlasse und Richtlinien aus der Zeit 1933 bis 1945 erscheinen. Dafür ist Dank zu sagen. Dank gebührt aber auch den zahlreichen Bibliotheken, ohne deren geduldige Hilfe diese Dokumentation nicht hätte zusammengestellt werden können. Die Landesbibliothek Oldenburg, vor allem Frau Meyer, und die Bibliothek des Erziehungswissenschaftlichen Fachbereichs der Universität Hannover, be sonders Herr Pech, sind hier zu nennen. Nicht zuletzt ist Jörg Echternkamp und Kerstin Stockhecke, Studierende an der Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft der Universität Bielefeld, für die mühevolle und technisch nicht immer einfache Erstellung der Druckvorlage zu danken. Bielefeld und Norden, Oktober 1988 Renate Fricke - Finkelnburg Einleitung Mehr als vierzig Jahre nach dem Ende der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft in Deutschland ist der Bereich Schule und Nationalsozialismus trotz einer Vielzahl von Veröffentlichungen noch immer nicht hinreichend erforscht. Die Bearbeitung dieses historischen Problemfeldes begann in der Bundesre publik Mitte der sechziger Jahre mit einer ersten systematischen Studie zur 1 Schulpolitik der Zeit nach 1933. Darin wurden vor allem die strukturellen Veränderungen im Bildungswesen sowie die entscheidenden inhaltlichen Eingriffe und Umorientierungen untersucht. Wenig später erschien die erste 2 Quellensammlung. Die dafür ausgewählten Texte dokumentierten vor allem die Absichten und Ziele der nationalsozialistischen Erziehung. Schulpoliti sche Maßnahmen, wie sie sich in amtlichen Erlassen und Verordnungen 3 spiegeln, waren für diese Edition nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Dasselbe gilt für die erste Dokumentation zum Sportunterricht, die 1966 4 erschien.
Nationalsozialistische Propaganda und Weimarer Wahlen: Empirische Analysen zur Wirkung von NSDAP-Versammlungen (Studien zur Sozialwissenschaft #180)
by Dieter OhrWelche Rolle die nationalsozialistische Propaganda für den Aufstieg der NSDAP in den Weimarer Wahlen spielte, ist nach wie vor umstritten. Systematische empirische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung der NSDAP-Propaganda auf das Wählerverhalten liegen bislang kaum vor - eine Lücke, die diese Untersuchung zu schließen versucht. Sie geht der Frage nach, welchen Anteil die nationalsozialistischen Propagandaversammlungen an den Wahlerfolgen der NSDAP hatten. Ein zentrales Ergebnis ist, daß die nationalsozialistische Versammlungspropaganda in beachtlicher Weise zu den Stimmengewinnen der NSDAP beitrug. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit findet dabei die Gruppe rechter, nationalistischer Wähler; auf sie wirkten die NSDAP-Versammlungen offenbar in einem überdurchschnittlich hohen Maße.
Nationenimages und öffentliches Vertrauen zwischen Staaten: Der Wandel des politischen Deutschlandbildes in US-Tageszeitungen 1999 bis 2011 (Organisationskommunikation)
by Melanie BreunleinMelanie Breunlein zeigt den Wandel des politischen Deutschlandbildes und Nationenvertrauens gegenüber Deutschland in sechs führenden US-Tageszeitungen zwischen 1999 und 2011. Als theoretische Basis erarbeitet sie ein Nationenbild-Nationenvertrauens-Modell, das die Entstehungsprozesse beider Phänomene und mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen ihnen darstellt. Mithilfe der neu entwickelten Instrumente Nation Image Index und Nation Trust Index lassen sich Nationenbilder und Nationenvertrauen künftig systematischer analysieren. Die Autorin belegt theoretisch und empirisch, wie wichtig Vertrauensaspekte für Verständnis und Analyse von Nationenimages sind. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, die hohe Imagerelevanz von öffentlichem Vertrauen künftig stärker in den wissenschaftlichen Fokus zu rücken.
Nationhood from Below: Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
by Maarten Van Ginderachter and Marnix BeyenNationalism was ubiquitous in nineteenth-century Europe. Yet, we know little about what the nation meant to ordinary people. In this book, both renowned historians and younger scholars try to answer this question. This book will appeal to specialists in the field but also offers helpful reading for any college and university course on nationalism.
Nations against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland
by M. KeatingThis is a comparative study of nationalism and nation-building in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. All are historic nations within larger states. Nationalism is presented as a mechanism for dealing with the place of the territorial society in the new order. It is no longer concerned with the creation of a traditional nation state but with maximizing autonomy in a world where the nation state has lost its old powers and status.
Nations and Citizens in Yugoslavia and the Post-Yugoslav States: One Hundred Years of Citizenship
by Igor ŠtiksBetween 1914 and the present day the political makeup of the Balkans has relentlessly changed, following unpredictable shifts of international and internal borders. Between and across these borders various political communities were formed, co-existed and (dis)integrated.By analysing one hundred years of modern citizenship in Yugoslavia and post-Yugoslav states, Igor Štiks shows that the concept and practice of citizenship is necessary to understand how political communities are made, un-made and re-made. He argues that modern citizenship is a tool that can be used for different and opposing goals, from integration and re-unification to fragmentation and ethnic engineering. The study of citizenship in the 'laboratory' of the Balkands offers not only an original angle to narrate an alternative political history, but also an insight into the fine mechanics and repeating glitches of modern politics, applicable to multinational states in the European Union and beyond.
The Nation's Diet: The Social Science of Food Choice
by Anne Murcott'Why we eat what we eat?' is a key question for the 1990s, posed again and again in government departments, in sectors of the food industry, by professionals in health, in education, and in catering, to name a few. It is the same question adopted as the springboard for the UK Economic and Social Research Council's (ESRC) Research Programme on 'The Nation's Diet' (1992-1998), a wide ranging, multi-disciplinary set of co-ordinated basic research projects across the social sciences, including economics, psychology, social anthropology and sociology, as well as education and media studies.Contributors include;Annie S. Anderson, Hannah Bradby, Robert G. Burgess, Michael Burton, Helen Bush, Pat Caplan, Mark Conner, G. Jill Davies, Richard Dorsett, Alan Dowey, John Eldridge, Ben Fine, Andrew Flynn, Leslie Gofton, Susan Gregory, Malcolm Hamilton, Michelle Harrison, Michael Heasman, Spencer Henson, Pauline Horne, Rhiannon James, Anne Keane, Debbie Kemmer, Mike Lean, Diana Leat, Zara Lipsey, C. Fergus Lowe, Sally Macintyre, Terry Marsden, David Marshall, Lydia Martens, David Miller, Marlene Morrison, Elizabeth Murphy, Georgina OIiver, Susan Parker, Christine Phipps, Tessa M. Pollard, Rachel Povey, Jacquie Reilly, Richard Shepard, David Smith, Paul Sparks, Andrew Steptoe, Ann Walker, Alan Warde, Jane Wardle, Anna Willetts, Janice Williams, Rory Williams, Judith Wright, Neil Wrigley, Trevor Young.
The Nation's Diet: The Social Science of Food Choice
by Anne Murcott'Why we eat what we eat?' is a key question for the 1990s, posed again and again in government departments, in sectors of the food industry, by professionals in health, in education, and in catering, to name a few. It is the same question adopted as the springboard for the UK Economic and Social Research Council's (ESRC) Research Programme on 'The Nation's Diet' (1992-1998), a wide ranging, multi-disciplinary set of co-ordinated basic research projects across the social sciences, including economics, psychology, social anthropology and sociology, as well as education and media studies.Contributors include;Annie S. Anderson, Hannah Bradby, Robert G. Burgess, Michael Burton, Helen Bush, Pat Caplan, Mark Conner, G. Jill Davies, Richard Dorsett, Alan Dowey, John Eldridge, Ben Fine, Andrew Flynn, Leslie Gofton, Susan Gregory, Malcolm Hamilton, Michelle Harrison, Michael Heasman, Spencer Henson, Pauline Horne, Rhiannon James, Anne Keane, Debbie Kemmer, Mike Lean, Diana Leat, Zara Lipsey, C. Fergus Lowe, Sally Macintyre, Terry Marsden, David Marshall, Lydia Martens, David Miller, Marlene Morrison, Elizabeth Murphy, Georgina OIiver, Susan Parker, Christine Phipps, Tessa M. Pollard, Rachel Povey, Jacquie Reilly, Richard Shepard, David Smith, Paul Sparks, Andrew Steptoe, Ann Walker, Alan Warde, Jane Wardle, Anna Willetts, Janice Williams, Rory Williams, Judith Wright, Neil Wrigley, Trevor Young.
Nations Divided: American Jews and the Struggle over Apartheid
by M. FeldThe anti-apartheid struggle remains one of the most fraught episodes in the history of modern Jewish identity. Just as many American Jews proudly fought for principles of justice and liberation in the Civil Rights Movement, so too did they give invaluable support to the movement for racial equality in South Africa. Today, however, the memory of apartheid bedevils the debate over Israel and Palestine, viewed by some as a cautionary tale for the Jewish state even as others decry the comparison as anti-Semitic. This pioneering history chronicles American Jewish involvement in the battle against racial injustice in South Africa, and more broadly the long historical encounter between American Jews and apartheid. In the years following World War II and the Holocaust, Jewish leaders across the world stressed the need for unity and shared purpose, and while many American Jews saw the fight against apartheid as a natural extension of their Civil Rights activism, others worried that such critiques would threaten Jewish solidarity and diminish Zionist loyalties. Even as the immorality of apartheid grew to be universally accepted, American Jews continued to struggle over persistent analogies between South African apartheid and Israel's Occupation. As author Marjorie N. Feld shows, the confrontation with apartheid tested American Jews' commitments to principles of global justice and reflected conflicting definitions of Jewishness itself.
The Nation's Favourite: A Book of the UK's Best-loved Things
by Mathew ClaytonIn the last 100 years mankind has split the atom, walked on the moon and broken the sound barrier but... we haven't got any better at making biscuits. The nation's favourite biscuit, McVitie's Chocolate Digestive, was first baked in 1892. This is just one of the fascinating facts you will find in The Nation's Favourite. What is the UK's favourite karaoke song, or wedding first dance song? What is our favourite cereal, painkiller, pet or garden tool? The Nation's Favourite brings together 220 lists which provide the answers to these questions and many more. The result is amusing, surprising and reveals a fascinating picture of the tastes and habits of the UK population.
Nations, National Narratives and Communities in the Asia-Pacific (Comparative Development and Policy in Asia)
by Norman Vasu Yolanda Chin Kam-Yee LawMany states in the Asia Pacific region are not built around a single homogenous people, but rather include many large, varied, different national groups. This book explores how states in the region attempt to develop commonality and a nation and the difficulties that arise. It discusses the consequences which ensue when competing narratives clash, and examines the nature of resistance to dominant narratives which arise. It considers the problems in a wide range of countries in the region including Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
Nations, National Narratives and Communities in the Asia-Pacific (Comparative Development and Policy in Asia)
by Norman Vasu Yolanda Chin Kam-Yee LawMany states in the Asia Pacific region are not built around a single homogenous people, but rather include many large, varied, different national groups. This book explores how states in the region attempt to develop commonality and a nation and the difficulties that arise. It discusses the consequences which ensue when competing narratives clash, and examines the nature of resistance to dominant narratives which arise. It considers the problems in a wide range of countries in the region including Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, Australia and New Zealand.