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Community as Urban Practice (Urban Futures)
by Talja BloklandCommunity is a central idea in urban studies but remains conceptually vague and empirically difficult to work with. Building on existing theories of community, Talja Blokland offers an important contribution to defining and understanding this key theme. Blokland argues that there has been too much focus on community as a stable construct, formed by durable relationships with kin, friends, social groups or neighbours. She draws attention to the non-durable, fluid encounters that constitute community, theorizing communities as shared urban practices in a globalizing world. The book proposes two core ways of thinking about community: the dimension of familiarity, defined by our ability to construct identities, and the dimension of access, defined by our freedom to enter and leave urban spaces. These dimensions form various urban configurations which enable us to experience and practise community in diverse ways. As this book maintains, community is after all an urban practice, not a fixed state of affairs.
Community at Risk: Biodefense and the Collective Search for Security (High Reliability and Crisis Management)
by Thomas D. BeamishIn 2001, following the events of September 11 and the Anthrax attacks, the United States government began an aggressive campaign to secure the nation against biological catastrophe. Its agenda included building National Biocontainment Laboratories (NBLs), secure facilities intended for research on biodefense applications, at participating universities around the country. In Community at Risk, Thomas D. Beamish examines the civic response to local universities' plans to develop NBLs in three communities: Roxbury, MA; Davis, CA; and Galveston, TX. At a time when the country's anxiety over its security had peaked, reactions to the biolabs ranged from vocal public opposition to acceptance and embrace. He argues that these divergent responses can be accounted for by the civic conventions, relations, and virtues specific to each locale. Together, these elements clustered, providing a foundation for public dialogue. In contrast to conventional micro- and macro-level accounts of how risk is perceived and managed, Beamish's analysis of each case reveals the pivotal role played by meso-level contexts and political dynamics. Community at Risk provides a new framework for understanding risk disputes and their prevalence in American civic life.
Community-Based Education for Students with Developmental Disabilities in Tanzania (SpringerBriefs in Education)
by Angela Stone-MacDonaldBased on a yearlong ethnographic study, this book describes the daily life and work of the Irente Rainbow School, a special education school for students with developmental disabilities in Lushoto, Tanzania. It examines the use of local context, community funds of knowledge, culturally relevant pedagogy, and community support to teach students with disabilities important life skills, independence, self-advocacy and to fight for their human rights. This book offers several lessons for different audiences; it is a primer on disability and education in a rural African town, an alternative model for non-governmental agencies to consider in designing community-based and community-engaged programs, and a story about an exceptional group of teachers, students and families who took action to provide an education and a realization of rights for children with disabilities.
Community-Based Integrated Care and the Inclusive Society: Recent Social Security Reform in Japan (International Perspectives in Geography #12)
by Hitoshi Miyazawa Teruo HatakeyamaThis book discusses the building of comprehensive community support systems, which constitutes a key issue in social security reforms in Japan. The book comprises three parts: (I) Mapping Social Security in Japan, (II) Community-Based Integrated Care Systems in Japan, and (III) A Prospect of Community-Based Inclusive Society in Japan. The chapters in this book were composed on the basis of research into community-based integrated care systems and community-based inclusive society, conducted by members of the Association of Japanese Geographers’ Study Group “Regional Issues Related to the Birthrate Decline and Population Aging.” Choosing local governments with different regional characteristics, the authors conducted empirical research to uncover the characteristics of comprehensive community support systems, building processes, and challenges in the respective local governments. Non-Japanese readers will acquire an understanding of the characteristics of social security and the trends of the reforms in Japan. To support its use as a reference book, chapters in Part I include numerous maps and figures with the themes of welfare, medical care, and health levels in Japan.
Community-Based Interventions: Philosophy and Action (International Perspectives on Social Policy, Administration, and Practice)
by John W. MurphyFor decades, community-centered social services have been promoted as an admirable ideal. Yet the concept of decentralized services delivered where people live has proved to be an elusive ideal as well, with the promise of empowerment often giving way to disinterest and apathy.Community-Based Interventions examines the reasons community programs tend to founder and proposes a realistic framework for sustained success. The book's theoretical, philosophical and political foundations begin with the importance of context, as in local knowledge and community self-definition and engagement. Innovative, often startling, approaches to planning, design and implementation begin with the recognition that communities are not "targets" or "locations" to be "fixed," but social realities whose issues require concrete answers. The variety of examples described in these chapters demonstrate the power of community interventions in providing effective services, reducing inequities and giving individuals greater control over their health, their environment and in the long run, their lives. Included in the coverage:Redefining community: the social dimensions.A new epidemiology to inform community work.The role of research in designing community interventions.The conceptual flow of a community-based project.Building autonomy through leadership from below.Relating social interventions to social justice.Attuned to the current era of health and mental health reform, Community-Based Interventions represents a major step forward in its field and makes an inspiring text for social workers, clinical social workers, public health administrators and community activists.
Community-based Learning and Social Movements: Popular Education in a Populist Age
by Marjorie MayoThe rise of Far-Right populism poses major challenges for communities, exacerbating divisions, hate speech and hate crime. Mayo shows how communities and social justice movements can effectively tackle these issues, working together to mitigate their underlying causes and more immediate manifestations. Showing that community-based learning is integral to the development of strategies to promote more hopeful rather than more hateful futures, Mayo demonstrates how, through popular education and participatory action research, communities can develop their own understandings of their problems. Using case studies that illustrate education approaches in practice, she shows how communities can engineer democratic forms of social change.
Community-based Learning and Social Movements: Popular Education in a Populist Age
by Marjorie MayoThe rise of Far-Right populism poses major challenges for communities, exacerbating divisions, hate speech and hate crime. Mayo shows how communities and social justice movements can effectively tackle these issues, working together to mitigate their underlying causes and more immediate manifestations. Showing that community-based learning is integral to the development of strategies to promote more hopeful rather than more hateful futures, Mayo demonstrates how, through popular education and participatory action research, communities can develop their own understandings of their problems. Using case studies that illustrate education approaches in practice, she shows how communities can engineer democratic forms of social change.
Community-Based Participatory Research with Women in Prison: The Women’s Words/Women’s Worlds Peer Mentoring Program (SpringerBriefs in Anthropology)
by Susan Dewey Brittany VandeBerg Julie Tennant-CaineThis innovative work tells the story of a unique partnership between a state prison administration and a team of incarcerated women, prison administrators, researchers, artists, and students known as The WoW Collective due to their joint efforts in developing a peer mentoring program called “Women’s Words/Women’s Worlds (WoW).” Using the example of WoW, the book provides a guide to doing community-based participatory research (CBPR) with women in prison that takes a collaborative—rather than the typically adversarial—approach to working together toward the goal of transformative social change. This book provides a ground-breaking example of how incarcerated women, prison administrators, researchers, and artists successfully worked together on a community-based project that led to meaningful results in the form of a peer mentoring program designed by women in prison for women in prison. Remaining closely attuned to the ethical dimensions of doing CBPR in a highly structured prison environment, this book provides inspiration to CBPR practitioners who seek to work within the criminal justice system to create real and meaningful change for the better. Co-authored by two criminologists, a senior prison administrator, and the unique collective known as WoW, this book provides both a clear step-by-step CBPR guide and a visionary approach to working with criminal justice practitioners.
Community Based Research in Language Policy and Planning: The Language of Instruction in Education in Sint Eustatius (Language Policy #20)
by Nicholas Faraclas Ellen-Petra Kester Eric MijtsThis volume focuses on a case where community organizing, academic research and governmental responsibility were successfully mobilized and synchronized to bring about change in educational policy and practice. The focus of this book is the methodology implemented and the results obtained over the course of a year-long action research project on language and education in St. Eustatius, one of the islands of the Dutch Caribbean, commissioned by the educational authorities in both St. Eustatius and the European Netherlands. On the island, the language of instruction is Dutch, however, outside of the classroom most students only speak English and an English-lexifier Creole. The research project was set up to address the negative impact on school success of this disparity. It included a community-based sociolinguistic study that actively involved all of the stakeholders in the education system on the island. This was complemented by a multi-pronged set of research strategies, including a language attitude and use survey, a narrative proficiency test, in depth interviews, and a review of the relevant literature. The resulting report and recommendations were accepted by the government, which is now in the process of changing the language of instruction.
Community-based Research with Vulnerable Populations: Ethical, Inclusive and Sustainable Frameworks for Knowledge Generation (Palgrave Studies in Education Research Methods)
by Lesley WoodThis book advocates for community-based research with vulnerable populations within the field of higher education. The chapters outline how research can democratize knowledge generation to make it more accessible and socially relevant, and emphasizes the value of the lived and experiential knowledge of vulnerable and marginalized populations. Rooted in a critique of the current practices of higher education that fail to support participatory and transformative research, the research is structured at micro, macro and meso levels to ultimately emancipate colonized thinking of stakeholders about power, privilege and participation. Focusing primarily on various contexts within the Global South, the contributors argue that the time is ripe for community-based research which combines the theoretical knowledge of the academy with the local, experiential knowledge of those experiencing the consequences of social inequality to co-construct knowledge for change.
Community-Based Service Delivery: Theory and Implementation
by Jung Min ChoiThis book takes up the challenge of the failure of most initiatives in community-based service delivery to address the significant philosophical shift that is necessary to create, implement, and evaluate appropriately these sorts of projects. Challenging the tendency to focus entirely on practicalities, the authors emphasize the centrality of philosophy to any successful community-based undertaking. While fully acknowledging the importance of local knowledge and the guidance of projects by local people, this volume shows that these principles are often at odds with the ‘Cartesian’ mindset that underpins much project planning, with its emphasis on objectivity in science and knowledge. Since all knowledge is mediated by human activity and embedded in language and other modes of expression, this dualist approach must be reconsidered. A thorough rethinking of traditional service delivery, which takes into account issues of data, methodology, and bias together with questions of generalizability, community, power, and communication, this book will appeal to scholars of sociology, social policy, and social work with interests in community-based service delivery.
Community-Based Service Delivery: Theory and Implementation
by Jung Min Choi John W. MurphyThis book takes up the challenge of the failure of most initiatives in community-based service delivery to address the significant philosophical shift that is necessary to create, implement, and evaluate appropriately these sorts of projects. Challenging the tendency to focus entirely on practicalities, the authors emphasize the centrality of philosophy to any successful community-based undertaking. While fully acknowledging the importance of local knowledge and the guidance of projects by local people, this volume shows that these principles are often at odds with the ‘Cartesian’ mindset that underpins much project planning, with its emphasis on objectivity in science and knowledge. Since all knowledge is mediated by human activity and embedded in language and other modes of expression, this dualist approach must be reconsidered. A thorough rethinking of traditional service delivery, which takes into account issues of data, methodology, and bias together with questions of generalizability, community, power, and communication, this book will appeal to scholars of sociology, social policy, and social work with interests in community-based service delivery.
Community Based System Dynamics
by Peter S. HovmandCommunity Based System Dynamics introduces researchers and practitioners to the design and application of participatory systems modeling with diverse communities. The book bridges community- based participatory research methods and rigorous computational modeling approaches to understanding communities as complex systems. It emphasizes the importance of community involvement both to understand the underlying system and to aid in implementation. Comprehensive in its scope, the volume includes topics that span the entire process of participatory systems modeling, from the initial engagement and conceptualization of community issues to model building, analysis, and project evaluation. Community Based System Dynamics is a highly valuable resource for anyone interested in helping to advance social justice using system dynamics, community involvement, and group model building, and helping to make communities a better place.
Community Biodiversity Management: Promoting resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources (Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity)
by Walter Simon De Boef Abishkar Subedi Nivaldo Peroni Marja Thijssen Elizabeth O'KeeffeThe conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are issues that have been high on the policy agenda since the first Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. As part of efforts to implement in situ conservation, a methodology referred to as community biodiversity management (CBM) has been developed by those engaged in this arena. CBM contributes to the empowerment of farming communities to manage their biological resources and make informed decisions on the conservation and use of agrobiodiversity. This book is the first to set out a clear overview of CBM as a methodology for meeting socio-environmental changes. CBM is shown to be a key strategy that promotes community resilience, and contributes to the conservation of plant genetic resources. The authors present the underlying concepts and theories of CBM as well as its methodology and practices, and introduce case studies primarily from Brazil, Ethiopia, France, India, and Nepal. Contributors include farmers, leaders of farmers’ organizations, professionals from conservation and development organizations, students and scientists. The book offers inspiration to all those involved in the conservation and use of agrobiodiversity within livelihood development and presents ideas for the implementation of farmers’ rights. The wide collection of experiences illustrates the efforts made by communities throughout the world to cope with change while using diversity and engaging in learning processes. It links these grassroots efforts with debates in policy arenas as a means to respond to the unpredictable changes, such as climate change, that communities face in sustaining their livelihoods.
Community Biodiversity Management: Promoting resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources (Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity)
by Walter Simon de Boef Abishkar Subedi Nivaldo Peroni Marja Thijssen Elizabeth O’KeeffeThe conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are issues that have been high on the policy agenda since the first Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. As part of efforts to implement in situ conservation, a methodology referred to as community biodiversity management (CBM) has been developed by those engaged in this arena. CBM contributes to the empowerment of farming communities to manage their biological resources and make informed decisions on the conservation and use of agrobiodiversity. This book is the first to set out a clear overview of CBM as a methodology for meeting socio-environmental changes. CBM is shown to be a key strategy that promotes community resilience, and contributes to the conservation of plant genetic resources. The authors present the underlying concepts and theories of CBM as well as its methodology and practices, and introduce case studies primarily from Brazil, Ethiopia, France, India, and Nepal. Contributors include farmers, leaders of farmers’ organizations, professionals from conservation and development organizations, students and scientists. The book offers inspiration to all those involved in the conservation and use of agrobiodiversity within livelihood development and presents ideas for the implementation of farmers’ rights. The wide collection of experiences illustrates the efforts made by communities throughout the world to cope with change while using diversity and engaging in learning processes. It links these grassroots efforts with debates in policy arenas as a means to respond to the unpredictable changes, such as climate change, that communities face in sustaining their livelihoods.
Community-Built Databases: Research and Development
by Eric PardedeWikipedia, Flickr, You Tube, Facebook, LinkedIn are all examples of large community-built databases, although with quite diverse purposes and collaboration patterns. Their usage and dissemination will further grow introducing e.g. new semantics, personalization, or interactive media.Pardede delivers the first comprehensive research reference on community-built databases. The contributions discuss various technical and social aspects of research in and development in areas like in Web science, social networks, and collaborative information systems.Pardede delivers the first comprehensive research reference on community-built databases. The contributions discuss various technical and social aspects of research in and development in areas like in Web science, social networks, and collaborative information systems.
Community Care And The Law (PDF)
by Luke ClementsCommunity Care and the Law is the pre-eminent legal text on adult social care law. Its contributors are leading experts in the field and the lead author, Professor Luke Clements, was the expert adviser to the Parliamentary Committee that scrutinised the Bill that became the Care Act 2014. The sixth edition has involved a comprehensive revision of this established text to provide an up-to-date analysis of the law relating to the rights of adults in need and carers in England. Community Care and the Law is the leading text for lawyers, policy-makers, local authority and voluntary sector advisers and carers. The book presents this complex area of law with clarity but without over-simplification. It provides a detailed route map through the law and offers practical guidance on how it impacts on procedures and services. There is a comprehensive coverage of local authority duties and powers, to adults in need and to carers including assessments, care planning, ordinary residence, care and support services, direct payments, NHS responsibilities, housing, safeguarding and the rights of asylum-seekers. The remedies chapter has a step by step guide to complaints, ombudsman and judicial review procedures. Contents include: The statutory scheme, the well-being duty and other cross cutting obligations Assessments, care planning and care services Ordinary residence Charging Direct payments NHS Continuing Healthcare, hospital discharge and intermediate care Mental capacity Housing Group specific care and support duties for: older people, people with learning disabilities, autism, mental health difficulties, substance misuse, sensory impairments and prisoners People subject to immigration controls The regulation of care Safeguarding Remedies Community Care and the Law contains extensive cross referencing for easy navigation. The appendices include the text of the key provisions of the Care Act 2014 and other relevant legislation.
Community Care in England and France: Reforms and the Improvement of Equity and Efficiency (Routledge Revivals)
by Bleddyn Davies José FernándezFirst published in 1998, the aims of this book are: the comparison of community care service and financing systems, the comparison of reform arguments and history over the last decade, the comparison of who uses how much of what services, and with what impact on their needs and the probability of having to enter institutions for long-term care. The book breaks new ground by comparing systems from a new perspective and describing contemporary reform argument and proposals for the first time in the English language. It presents new evidence from the most ambitious collection and analysis of quantative data so far made for the comparison of the two countries (based on matched area samples collecting comparable information about cohorts of new users on two or more occasions). The book also shows how the need-related circumstances of users differ between countries and within each country between areas. The book shows how and why higher levels of the French cash benefit for community care had more effect on the central policy goal than its British counterpart, how higher levels of services generally had little impact on it in either country, but on average, how the effect of the British services were much greater.
Community Care in England and France: Reforms and the Improvement of Equity and Efficiency (Routledge Revivals)
by Bleddyn Davies José FernándezFirst published in 1998, the aims of this book are: the comparison of community care service and financing systems, the comparison of reform arguments and history over the last decade, the comparison of who uses how much of what services, and with what impact on their needs and the probability of having to enter institutions for long-term care. The book breaks new ground by comparing systems from a new perspective and describing contemporary reform argument and proposals for the first time in the English language. It presents new evidence from the most ambitious collection and analysis of quantative data so far made for the comparison of the two countries (based on matched area samples collecting comparable information about cohorts of new users on two or more occasions). The book also shows how the need-related circumstances of users differ between countries and within each country between areas. The book shows how and why higher levels of the French cash benefit for community care had more effect on the central policy goal than its British counterpart, how higher levels of services generally had little impact on it in either country, but on average, how the effect of the British services were much greater.
Community Care Social Policy & Ideology
by Harry CowenThis book offers a comprehensive evaluation of community care strategies within the context of government social policy, and assesses the recent shifts of political power from Conservative to Labour towards the end of the century. Unlike the majority of texts in the field of community care, it makes explicit the historical, philosophical, social and political inter-connections, and therefore provides an in-depth understanding of changing policy issues for students, practicioners and managers in health and social care.
Community Care Social Policy & Ideology
by Harry CowenThis book offers a comprehensive evaluation of community care strategies within the context of government social policy, and assesses the recent shifts of political power from Conservative to Labour towards the end of the century. Unlike the majority of texts in the field of community care, it makes explicit the historical, philosophical, social and political inter-connections, and therefore provides an in-depth understanding of changing policy issues for students, practicioners and managers in health and social care.
Community Carsharing and the Social–Ecological Mobility Transition (Networked Urban Mobilities Series)
by Luca NitschkeThis book investigates how practices of community carsharing are influencing everyday mobility. It argues that hegemonic practices of automobility are reconfigured through practices of community carsharing, thereby challenging capitalist mobilities in the realm of everyday life. Through a detailed empirical study of practices of community carsharing and its practitioners in the rural regions around Munich, Germany, this book reveals how the practice contributes to the emergence of alternative automobile practices, meanings, identities and subjectivities. It also explores the embedding of automobility into its ecological context, the connection of function and community in practices of community carsharing and the changing of ownership relations through a process of commoning mobility. This reconfiguration of everyday practices of automobility takes place through processes of everyday resistance, re-embedding and commoning, and ultimately results in the emergence of an alternative mobility culture, thereby facilitating the dissemination of an alternative common sense of community carsharing. This book on community carsharing provides a valuable insight into carsharing in rural settings and exemplifies how carsharing specifically, and sharing mobilities in general, can contribute to a social–ecological mobility transition. The work will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners working in mobility studies and mobilities.
Community Carsharing and the Social–Ecological Mobility Transition (Networked Urban Mobilities Series)
by Luca NitschkeThis book investigates how practices of community carsharing are influencing everyday mobility. It argues that hegemonic practices of automobility are reconfigured through practices of community carsharing, thereby challenging capitalist mobilities in the realm of everyday life. Through a detailed empirical study of practices of community carsharing and its practitioners in the rural regions around Munich, Germany, this book reveals how the practice contributes to the emergence of alternative automobile practices, meanings, identities and subjectivities. It also explores the embedding of automobility into its ecological context, the connection of function and community in practices of community carsharing and the changing of ownership relations through a process of commoning mobility. This reconfiguration of everyday practices of automobility takes place through processes of everyday resistance, re-embedding and commoning, and ultimately results in the emergence of an alternative mobility culture, thereby facilitating the dissemination of an alternative common sense of community carsharing. This book on community carsharing provides a valuable insight into carsharing in rural settings and exemplifies how carsharing specifically, and sharing mobilities in general, can contribute to a social–ecological mobility transition. The work will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners working in mobility studies and mobilities.
Community, Civic Engagement and Democratic Governance in Africa: The Case of Ghana (Development, Justice and Citizenship)
by Mary R. Anderson Kevin S. FridyThis book explores how community influences civic engagement, focusing on the case of Ghana. It offers an interdisciplinary perspective to those studying psychology, political development and civic engagement in African countries. Previous research has shown that the social and economic context in which an individual interacts influences their political behaviors and attitudes, and that personal characteristics account for differences in political behavior and attitudes. This work moves away from the cultural demographics of a person, which often take center stage in existing investigations of partisan political behavior in the African context, and addresses the following five questions: (1) To what extent do individual traits influence civic engagement in Ghana? (2) To what extent is community identity similar or different in small rural villages versus large metropolitan areas in Ghana and how does community identity influence civic engagement? (3) To what extent does trust influence civic engagement in Ghana? (4) What factors and activities influence political knowledge and how does political knowledge influence civic engagement? (5) What is the status of women in civic engagement?
Community Cohesion: A New Framework for Race and Diversity
by T. CantleIn this timely study, the author examines the historical approach to race and diversity and suggests that equality strategies have been a vital, but limited, means of addressing discrimination and community tensions. Community Cohesion, it argues, offers a new framework to break down the barriers between different communities and understand the more fundamental causes of racism and the 'fear of difference'. Concepts of multiculturalism, identity and citizenship are also reviewed and the developing practice of community cohesion is described.