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Genese, Konsolidierung und Transformation der neoklassischen Wissenschaftskultur: Zur Konturierung einer Soziologie der Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Edition Theorie und Kritik)
by Hanno PahlDas vorliegende Buch soll das Forschungsfeld einer Soziologie ökonomischen Wissens und der Wirtschaftswissenschaften konturieren. Zwar liegen mittlerweile einige soziologische Arbeiten in diesem Bereich vor, von einer klar identifizierbaren Forschungsrichtung mit ansatzweise kodifizierten Leitfragen, gesicherten Grundwissensbeständen und wohlsituiertem Methodenarsenal kann aber erst im Ansatz gesprochen werden. Die Ökonomik als Sozialwissenschaft mit der größten kognitiven Autorität, der besten Finanzierung und der stärksten Einbindung in politische Entscheidungsprozesse versagt angesichts relevanter Geschehnisse wie etwa der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise im Jahr 2007 in ihrem Objektbereich – und die allermeisten Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der anderen sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Fächer haben wenig bis gar nichts zu ihrer Nachbardisziplin auszusagen.
Genesis: On the Deep Origin of Societies
by Edward O. WilsonOf all species that have ever existed on earth, only one has reached human levels of intelligence and social organisation: us. Why? In Genesis, celebrated biologist Edward O. Wilson traces the great transitions of evolution, from the origin of life to the invention of sexual reproduction to the development of language itself.The only way for us to fully understand human behaviour, Wilson argues, is to study the evolutionary histories of nonhuman species. Of these, he demonstrates that at least seventeen - from the African naked mole rat and the sponge-dwelling shrimp to one of the oldest species on earth, the termite - have been found to have advanced societies based on altruism, cooperation and the division of labour. These rare eusocial species form the prehistory to our human social patterns, even, according to Wilson, suggesting the possible biological benefits of homosexuality and elderly grandmothers.Whether writing about midges who dance about like acrobats, schools of anchovies who protectively huddle to appear like a gigantic fish or well-organised flocks becoming potentially immortal, Genesis is a pathbreaking work of evolutionary theory filled with lyrical observations. It will make us rethink how we became who we are.work of evolutionary theory filled with lyrical observations. It will make us rethink how we became who we are.
Genetic Counseling: Ethical Challenges and Consequences
by Dianne M. Bartels Bonnie S. LeRoy Arthur L. CaplanGenetic counseling is fairly new. The fact that the field is an accepted professional enterprise in universities, clinics, and hospitals throughout the United States is remarkable. The contributors argue that genetics and medicine rest on beliefs widely held in American society. Scientific progress is good, and highly sophisticated technologies are appropriate means to solving medical problems. The better understanding they gain about the nature and evolution of disease, the more prepared clinicians will be to treat and prevent future occurrence of disease. A belief that medicine, including genetic medicine, is clear, factually based, and objective undergirds the strategies and norms of genetic counseling. This collection of original papers explores the history, values, and norms of that process, with focus on the value of non-directiveness in counseling practice. The contributors' examination of genetic counseling issues serves as a foundation from which to address the ethical, legal, and policy considerations of clinical genetics.
Genetic Counseling: Ethical Challenges and Consequences
by Dianne M. Bartels Bonnie S. LeRoy Arthur L. CaplanGenetic counseling is fairly new. The fact that the field is an accepted professional enterprise in universities, clinics, and hospitals throughout the United States is remarkable. The contributors argue that genetics and medicine rest on beliefs widely held in American society. Scientific progress is good, and highly sophisticated technologies are appropriate means to solving medical problems. The better understanding they gain about the nature and evolution of disease, the more prepared clinicians will be to treat and prevent future occurrence of disease. A belief that medicine, including genetic medicine, is clear, factually based, and objective undergirds the strategies and norms of genetic counseling. This collection of original papers explores the history, values, and norms of that process, with focus on the value of non-directiveness in counseling practice. The contributors' examination of genetic counseling issues serves as a foundation from which to address the ethical, legal, and policy considerations of clinical genetics.
Genetic Counseling
by Walter Fuhrmann Friedrich VogelThis third edition of Genetic Counseling has been thoroughly revised to reflect current practice. In particular, the chapter on prenatal diagnosis (Chapter 10) has been largely rewritten and considerably expanded, reflecting the rapid develop ment in this field and its increasing medical importance. This chapter provides a detailed description of the alpha-fetoprotein test and a brief description of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of morphologic defects. Further, we discuss fetoscopy and the sampling of fetal blood with the aid of a fetoscope. In this as in past editions, these descriptions are not meant as working instructions for actual practice, but rather as background for the general practitioner who is dealing with the problems of genetic counseling. We have added a chapter (Chapter 7) on the use of conditional probability (Bayes Principle) for the calculation of more exact specific risk figures. It is true that the daily practice of medicine sees far fewer situations in which these methods can reasonably be applied than some theoreticians like to think. However, the usefulness of these methods has recently increased, especially in cases of X-chromosomal recessive diseases where the termination of a preg nancy, if the fetus has been ascertained to be male and if the mother is "most probably" heterozygous, has become more commonplace. With such a trend, the degree of probability must be determined as exactly as possible.
Genetic Counseling and Preventive Medicine in Post-War Bosnia
by Philip C. AkaGenetic Counseling and Preventive Medicine in Post-War Bosnia offers a unique new perspective to longstanding debates on healthcare reforms in Bosnia. In this penetrating analysis, Philip C. Aka argues that twenty-five years after the ethnic war that shook Bosnia and Herzegovina to its foundations, healthcare reforms are a function of preventive medicine, defined as genetic counselling, backed by tobacco and alcohol control. At its core, the book offers a fresh examination of healthcare reforms in Bosnia set in the multidisciplinary field of bioethics, supplemented by comparative health studies, and comparative human rights. By offering an extensive list of electronically accessible literature on healthcare accessible in the public domain, Aka delivers an exemplar of research possibilities in the Information Age.
Genetic Counselling: Psychological Dimensions
by Seymour KesslerGenetic Counseling: Psychological Dimensions deals with the psychosocial aspects of genetic counseling, specifically the various issues and processes involved. This book is based on two premises: first, genetic counseling deals with human behavior and psychological functioning; and second, a strong kinship exists between genetic counseling and other areas of personal counseling. The book is organized into two major sections. The initial chapters focus on principles of genetic counseling, with an attempt to integrate these with specific counseling practices. The second section consists of eight chapters dealing with representative genetic disorders. This book, therefore, is of importance to all who deal with genetic problems and engage in genetic counseling, regardless of their background or specialty.
Genetic Databases: Socio-Ethical Issues in the Collection and Use of DNA
by Oonagh Corrigan Richard TuttonGenetic Databases offers a timely analysis of the underlying tensions, contradictions and limitations of the current regulatory frameworks for, and policy debates about, genetic databases. Drawing on original empirical research and theoretical debates in the fields of sociology, anthropology and legal studies, the contributors to this book challenge the prevailing orthodoxy of informed consent and explore the relationship between personal privacy and the public good. They also consider the multiple meanings attached to human tissue and the role of public consultations and commercial involvement in the creation and use of genetic databases. The authors argue that policy and regulatory frameworks produce a representation of participation that is often at odds with the experiences and understandings of those taking part. The findings present a serious challenge for public policy to provide mechanisms to safeguard the welfare of individuals participating in genetic databases.
Genetic Databases: Socio-Ethical Issues in the Collection and Use of DNA
by Richard Tutton Oonagh CorriganGenetic Databases offers a timely analysis of the underlying tensions, contradictions and limitations of the current regulatory frameworks for, and policy debates about, genetic databases. Drawing on original empirical research and theoretical debates in the fields of sociology, anthropology and legal studies, the contributors to this book challenge the prevailing orthodoxy of informed consent and explore the relationship between personal privacy and the public good. They also consider the multiple meanings attached to human tissue and the role of public consultations and commercial involvement in the creation and use of genetic databases. The authors argue that policy and regulatory frameworks produce a representation of participation that is often at odds with the experiences and understandings of those taking part. The findings present a serious challenge for public policy to provide mechanisms to safeguard the welfare of individuals participating in genetic databases.
Genetic Diversity and Human Behavior
by J.N. SpuhlerGenetic differences in humans, like those between individuals of any animal or plant species and those between species, are all products of the evolutionary development of the living world. These differences, with their behavioral consequences, can only be understood in the light of evolution. Our understanding of evolution, however, has itself evolved. The Darwin- Wallace theory of evolution appeared in the nineteenth century. Since then, development of evolutionary thought has gone through several stages. The contributions in this volume describe those stages.
Genetic Diversity and Human Behavior
by J.N. SpuhlerGenetic differences in humans, like those between individuals of any animal or plant species and those between species, are all products of the evolutionary development of the living world. These differences, with their behavioral consequences, can only be understood in the light of evolution. Our understanding of evolution, however, has itself evolved. The Darwin- Wallace theory of evolution appeared in the nineteenth century. Since then, development of evolutionary thought has gone through several stages. The contributions in this volume describe those stages.
Genetic Explanations: Sense And Nonsense
by Sheldon Krimsky Jeremy GruberNo longer viewed by scientists as the cell’s fixed master molecule, DNA is a dynamic script that is ad-libbed at each stage of development. What our parents hand down to us is just the beginning. Genetic Explanations urges us to replace our faith in genetic determinism with scientific knowledge about genetic plasticity and epigenetic inheritance.
Genetic Explanations: Sense And Nonsense
by Sheldon Krimsky Jeremy GruberNo longer viewed by scientists as the cell’s fixed master molecule, DNA is a dynamic script that is ad-libbed at each stage of development. What our parents hand down to us is just the beginning. Genetic Explanations urges us to replace our faith in genetic determinism with scientific knowledge about genetic plasticity and epigenetic inheritance.
Genetic Governance: Health, Risk and Ethics in a Biotech Era
by Robin Bunton Alan PetersenEthical and practical issues around genetic research are of major international concern, both in academia and in the public domain. Questions concerning what interventions are possible and appropriate with the increasing amount of genetic information available, challenge our understandings of ourselves, our health and wellbeing, and the role of medical ethics, public health, surveillance and risk. However there has been little reflection on the socio-political effects of this new genetic knowledge and the changes in practice that are currently impacting on our lives.Containing contributions from key international researchers, this book examines the broader issues of genetic debates and looks at how prediction and risk assessment is being changed in the arenas of health, medicine and reproduction, bringing new insight on the dangers of surveillance, regulation and increased inequality. Developed out of the Taylor and Francis journal Critical Public Health, the book considers the implications of developments in genetics for contemporary liberal governance, as well as for the future of healthcare and public health.
Genetic Governance: Health, Risk and Ethics in a Biotech Era
by Robin Bunton Alan PetersenEthical and practical issues around genetic research are of major international concern, both in academia and in the public domain. Questions concerning what interventions are possible and appropriate with the increasing amount of genetic information available, challenge our understandings of ourselves, our health and wellbeing, and the role of medical ethics, public health, surveillance and risk. However there has been little reflection on the socio-political effects of this new genetic knowledge and the changes in practice that are currently impacting on our lives.Containing contributions from key international researchers, this book examines the broader issues of genetic debates and looks at how prediction and risk assessment is being changed in the arenas of health, medicine and reproduction, bringing new insight on the dangers of surveillance, regulation and increased inequality. Developed out of the Taylor and Francis journal Critical Public Health, the book considers the implications of developments in genetics for contemporary liberal governance, as well as for the future of healthcare and public health.
Genetic Theory of Reality
by James Mark Baldwin Jaan ValsinerJames Mark Baldwin left a legacy that has yet to be fully examined, one with profound implications for science and the humanities. In some sense it paralleled that of his friend Charles Sanders Peirce, whose semiotics became understood only a century later. Baldwin was trying to make sense of complex biological and social processes that only now have come into the limelight as biological sciences have re-emerged in psychology. Baldwin's focus on development, based on the observation of his own children and extrapolated to his general theoretical scheme, is fully in line with where contemporary biological sciences are heading. This is exemplified by the bounded flexibility of the work of the genetic system. The general principle of persistent exploration of the environment with the result of creating novelty, which was the core of Baldwin's theoretical system, has since the 1960s become the guiding idea in genetics. Contemporary developmental science is rooted in Baldwin's thinking. In his new introduction, Jaan Valsiner shows that Baldwin's Genetic Theory of Reality demonstrates how human beings are in their nature social beings, establishes an alternative conceptualization of evolutionary theory, and formulates a system of developmental logic, all of which serve as the foundation for developmental psychology as a whole. This is a work of social science rediscovery long overdue.
Genetic Theory of Reality: Being The Outcome Of Genetic Logic - Scholar's Choice Edition
by James Mark Baldwin Jaan ValsinerJames Mark Baldwin left a legacy that has yet to be fully examined, one with profound implications for science and the humanities. In some sense it paralleled that of his friend Charles Sanders Peirce, whose semiotics became understood only a century later. Baldwin was trying to make sense of complex biological and social processes that only now have come into the limelight as biological sciences have re-emerged in psychology. Baldwin's focus on development, based on the observation of his own children and extrapolated to his general theoretical scheme, is fully in line with where contemporary biological sciences are heading. This is exemplified by the bounded flexibility of the work of the genetic system. The general principle of persistent exploration of the environment with the result of creating novelty, which was the core of Baldwin's theoretical system, has since the 1960s become the guiding idea in genetics. Contemporary developmental science is rooted in Baldwin's thinking. In his new introduction, Jaan Valsiner shows that Baldwin's Genetic Theory of Reality demonstrates how human beings are in their nature social beings, establishes an alternative conceptualization of evolutionary theory, and formulates a system of developmental logic, all of which serve as the foundation for developmental psychology as a whole. This is a work of social science rediscovery long overdue.
Genetics and Ethics in Global Perspective (International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine #17)
by Dorothy C. Wertz John C. FletcherDorothy Wertz and John Fletcher pioneered the first international study of ethical and social issues in genetics in 18 nations. This book reports and discusses their second and more representative study in 36 nations. The survey focused on actual situations that occur in the practice of medical genetics, presented as case vignettes that can also be used in teaching and policy discussion. Among the issues discussed are privacy, prenatal diagnosis, patient autonomy, directiveness in counseling, sex selection, forensic DNA banking, "genetic discrimination," and "eugenics". This is Dorothy Wertz's final book, as she died in April, 2003. It is a one of a kind cross-cultural study of complex ethical issues in the uses of genetic information. No one else has attempted to look at the international aspects of medical genetics on such a broad scale. The results provide a resource for discussion both within and among nations. Much bioethical and policy discussion now occurs in an information vacuum. The survey showed that what people would do, and their reasons for doing it, differed considerably from what ethicists think they "should" do. Many will be surprised at the results, especially in nations where bioethical discussion is just beginning. Genetics and Ethics in Global Perspective is of interest to medical geneticists, genetic counselors, social scientists and anthropologists who study cross-cultural issues, bioethicists and bioethics centers and health policy makers.
Genetics and Society: A Sociology of Disease
by Anne KerrGenetic science has advanced rapidly in recent years; things happen now that might have seemed like science fiction only ten years ago. Genetics and Society looks at the history of this science and the wide-ranging impact it has had on contemporary society. Using fascinating and cutting-edge examples throughout, Anne Kerr examines topics as diverse as: the institutional structures that have grown up around the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders the media representation of genetic debates from designer babies to the genetic sources of alcoholism the politics of genetic decision-making and the state regulation of both genetic research and the biomedicine industry. Each chapter begins with a summary and a definition of key terms and ends with annotated notes on further reading, meaning that it is as accessible for the layman as it is for the scientist. The resulting student-friendly text will be essential reading for anybody with an interest in genetic science and the impact it is having on society.
Genetics and Society: A Sociology of Disease
by Anne KerrGenetic science has advanced rapidly in recent years; things happen now that might have seemed like science fiction only ten years ago. Genetics and Society looks at the history of this science and the wide-ranging impact it has had on contemporary society. Using fascinating and cutting-edge examples throughout, Anne Kerr examines topics as diverse as: the institutional structures that have grown up around the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders the media representation of genetic debates from designer babies to the genetic sources of alcoholism the politics of genetic decision-making and the state regulation of both genetic research and the biomedicine industry. Each chapter begins with a summary and a definition of key terms and ends with annotated notes on further reading, meaning that it is as accessible for the layman as it is for the scientist. The resulting student-friendly text will be essential reading for anybody with an interest in genetic science and the impact it is having on society.
Genetics as Social Practice: Transdisciplinary Views on Science and Culture
by Barbara Prainsack Silke Schicktanz Gabriele Werner-FelmayerRecent debate about the ethical and regulatory dimensions of developments in genetics has sidelined societal and cultural aspects, which arguably are indispensable for a nuanced understanding of the complexities of the topic. Regulatory and ethical debates benefit from taking seriously this ’third dimension’ of culture, which often determines the configurations and limits of the space within which scientific, ethical and legal debate can take place. To fill this gap, this volume brings together contributions exploring the mutual relationships between genetics, markets, societies and identities in genetics and genomics. It draws upon the recent transdisciplinary debate on how socio-cultural factors influence understandings of ’genetics2.0' and shows how individual and collective identities are challenged or reinforced by cultural meanings and practices of genetics. This book will become a standard reference for everyone seeking to make sense of the controversies and shifts in the field of genetics in the second decade of the twenty-first century.
Genetics as Social Practice: Transdisciplinary Views on Science and Culture (Theory, Technology And Society Ser.)
by Barbara Prainsack Silke Schicktanz Gabriele Werner-FelmayerRecent debate about the ethical and regulatory dimensions of developments in genetics has sidelined societal and cultural aspects, which arguably are indispensable for a nuanced understanding of the complexities of the topic. Regulatory and ethical debates benefit from taking seriously this ’third dimension’ of culture, which often determines the configurations and limits of the space within which scientific, ethical and legal debate can take place. To fill this gap, this volume brings together contributions exploring the mutual relationships between genetics, markets, societies and identities in genetics and genomics. It draws upon the recent transdisciplinary debate on how socio-cultural factors influence understandings of ’genetics2.0' and shows how individual and collective identities are challenged or reinforced by cultural meanings and practices of genetics. This book will become a standard reference for everyone seeking to make sense of the controversies and shifts in the field of genetics in the second decade of the twenty-first century.
Genetics from Laboratory to Society: Societal Learning as an Alternative to Regulation (Health, Technology and Society)
by Gerard De Vries K. HorstmanBased on detailed studies of the actual use of genetic testing in context, this book looks at the ethical and political questions raised by the expanding role of genetic information in society. In contrast to the established perspective which focuses on individual freedom, the authors emphasize a pragmatic approach focussed on societal learning.
The Genetics of Political Behavior: How Evolutionary Psychology Explains Ideology
by Michael RyanIn this unique amalgam of neuroscience, genetics, and evolutionary psychology, Ryan argues that leftists and rightists are biologically distinct versions of the human species that came into being at different moments in human evolution. The book argues that the varying requirements of survival at different points in history explain why leftists and rightists have anatomically different brains as well as radically distinct behavioral traits. Rightist traits such as callousness and fearfulness emerged early in evolution when violence was pervasive in human life and survival depended on the fearful anticipation of danger. Leftist traits such as pro-sociality and empathy emerged later as environmental adversity made it necessary for humans to live in larger social groups that required new adaptive behavior. The book also explores new evolutionary theories that emphasize the role of the environment in shaping not only human political behavior but also humans' genetic architecture. With implications for the future of politics, the book explores how the niche worlds we build for ourselves through political action can have consequences for the evolution of the species. Proposing a new way of understanding human politics, this is fascinating reading for students and academics in psychology, the social sciences, and humanities, as well as general readers interested in political behavior.
The Genetics of Political Behavior: How Evolutionary Psychology Explains Ideology
by Michael RyanIn this unique amalgam of neuroscience, genetics, and evolutionary psychology, Ryan argues that leftists and rightists are biologically distinct versions of the human species that came into being at different moments in human evolution. The book argues that the varying requirements of survival at different points in history explain why leftists and rightists have anatomically different brains as well as radically distinct behavioral traits. Rightist traits such as callousness and fearfulness emerged early in evolution when violence was pervasive in human life and survival depended on the fearful anticipation of danger. Leftist traits such as pro-sociality and empathy emerged later as environmental adversity made it necessary for humans to live in larger social groups that required new adaptive behavior. The book also explores new evolutionary theories that emphasize the role of the environment in shaping not only human political behavior but also humans' genetic architecture. With implications for the future of politics, the book explores how the niche worlds we build for ourselves through political action can have consequences for the evolution of the species. Proposing a new way of understanding human politics, this is fascinating reading for students and academics in psychology, the social sciences, and humanities, as well as general readers interested in political behavior.